From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Protein found in humans
Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2 , also known as SMAD family member 2 or SMAD2 , is a
protein that in humans is encoded by the SMAD2
gene .
[5]
[6] MAD homolog 2 belongs to the
SMAD , a family of proteins similar to the gene products of the
Drosophila gene 'mothers against decapentaplegic' (Mad) and the
C. elegans gene Sma. SMAD proteins are
signal transducers and
transcriptional modulators that mediate multiple signaling pathways.
Function
SMAD2 mediates the signal of the
transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta , and thus regulates multiple cellular processes, such as cell
proliferation ,
apoptosis , and
differentiation . This protein is recruited to the TGF-beta receptors through its interaction with the SMAD anchor for receptor activation (SARA) protein. In response to TGF-beta signal, this protein is
phosphorylated by the TGF-beta receptors. The phosphorylation induces the dissociation of this protein with SARA and the association with the family member
SMAD4 . The association with SMAD4 is important for the translocation of this protein into the
cell nucleus , where it binds to target
promoters and forms a transcription
repressor complex with other cofactors. This protein can also be phosphorylated by
activin type 1 receptor kinase , and mediates the signal from the activin. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been observed.
[7]
Like other Smads, Smad2 plays a role in the transmission of extracellular signals from ligands of the
Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGFβ) superfamily of growth factors into the cell nucleus. Binding of a subgroup of TGFβ superfamily ligands to extracellular receptors triggers phosphorylation of Smad2 at a Serine-Serine-Methionine-Serine (SSMS) motif at its extreme C-terminus. Phosphorylated Smad2 is then able to form a complex with
Smad4 . These complexes accumulate in the cell nucleus, where they are directly participating in the regulation of
gene expression .
Nomenclature
The SMAD proteins are homologs of both the drosophila protein, mothers against decapentaplegic (MAD) and the
C. elegans protein SMA. The name is a combination of the two. During
Drosophila research, it was found that a mutation in the gene MAD in the mother repressed the gene
decapentaplegic in the embryo. The phrase "Mothers against" was added, since mothers often form organizations opposing various issues, e.g.,
Mothers Against Drunk Driving , or (MADD). The nomenclature for this protein is based on a tradition of such unusual naming within the gene research community.
[8]
Interactions
Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2 has been shown to
interact with:
ANAPC10 ,
[9]
DAB2 ,
[10]
EP300 ,
[11]
[12]
FOXH1 ,
[11]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
HDAC1 ,
[11]
TGIF1 ,
[11]
[12]
Insulin receptor ,
[17]
LEF1 ,
[18]
Myc ,
[19]
MEF2A ,
[20]
PIAS3 ,
[21]
PIN1 ,
[22]
SKI protein ,
[23]
[24]
SKIL ,
[25]
[26]
SMAD3 ,
[27]
[28]
SMURF2 ,
[22]
[29]
[30]
SNW1 ,
[31]
STRAP
[32]
WWTR1
References
^
a
b
c
GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000175387 –
Ensembl , May 2017
^
a
b
c
GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000024563 –
Ensembl , May 2017
^
"Human PubMed Reference:" . National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine .
^
"Mouse PubMed Reference:" . National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine .
^ Eppert K, Scherer SW, Ozcelik H, Pirone R, Hoodless P, Kim H, Tsui LC, Bapat B, Gallinger S, Andrulis IL, Thomsen GH, Wrana JL, Attisano L (August 1996).
"MADR2 maps to 18q21 and encodes a TGFbeta-regulated MAD-related protein that is functionally mutated in colorectal carcinoma" . Cell . 86 (4): 543–52.
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10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80128-2 .
PMID
8752209 .
S2CID
531842 .
^ Riggins GJ, Thiagalingam S, Rozenblum E, Weinstein CL, Kern SE, Hamilton SR, Willson JK, Markowitz SD, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B (July 1996). "Mad-related genes in the human". Nat. Genet . 13 (3): 347–9.
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PMID
8673135 .
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10124489 .
^
"Entrez Gene: SMAD2 SMAD family member 2" .
^
"Sonic Hedgehog, DICER, and the Problem With Naming Genes" , Sep 26, 2014, Michael White. psmag.com
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^
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^
a
b Pessah M, Prunier C, Marais J, Ferrand N, Mazars A, Lallemand F, Gauthier JM, Atfi A (May 2001).
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^ Liu B, Dou CL, Prabhu L, Lai E (January 1999).
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^ Liu F, Pouponnot C, Massagué J (December 1997).
"Dual role of the Smad4/DPC4 tumor suppressor in TGFβ-inducible transcriptional complexes" . Genes Dev . 11 (23): 3157–67.
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^ Dou C, Lee J, Liu B, Liu F, Massague J, Xuan S, Lai E (September 2000).
"BF-1 Interferes with Transforming Growth Factor β Signaling by Associating with Smad Partners" . Mol. Cell. Biol . 20 (17): 6201–11.
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^ Chen X, Weisberg E, Fridmacher V, Watanabe M, Naco G, Whitman M (September 1997). "Smad4 and FAST-1 in the assembly of activin-responsive factor".
Nature . 389 (6646): 85–9.
Bibcode :
1997Natur.389...85C .
doi :
10.1038/38008 .
ISSN
0028-0836 .
PMID
9288972 .
S2CID
11927346 .
^ O'Neill TJ, Zhu Y, Gustafson TA (April 1997).
"Interaction of MAD2 with the carboxyl terminus of the insulin receptor but not with the IGFIR. Evidence for release from the insulin receptor after activation" . J. Biol. Chem . 272 (15): 10035–40.
doi :
10.1074/jbc.272.15.10035 .
ISSN
0021-9258 .
PMID
9092546 .
^ Labbé E, Letamendia A, Attisano L (July 2000).
"Association of Smads with lymphoid enhancer binding factor 1/T cell-specific factor mediates cooperative signaling by the transforming growth factor-β and Wnt pathways" .
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 (15): 8358–63.
Bibcode :
2000PNAS...97.8358L .
doi :
10.1073/pnas.150152697 .
ISSN
0027-8424 .
PMC
26952 .
PMID
10890911 .
^ Feng XH, Liang YY, Liang M, Zhai W, Lin X (January 2002).
"Direct interaction of c-Myc with Smad2 and Smad3 to inhibit TGF-beta-mediated induction of the CDK inhibitor p15(Ink4B)" . Mol. Cell . 9 (1): 133–43.
doi :
10.1016/S1097-2765(01)00430-0 .
ISSN
1097-2765 .
PMID
11804592 .
^ Quinn ZA, Yang CC, Wrana JL, McDermott JC (February 2001).
"Smad proteins function as co-modulators for MEF2 transcriptional regulatory proteins" . Nucleic Acids Res . 29 (3): 732–42.
doi :
10.1093/nar/29.3.732 .
PMC
30396 .
PMID
11160896 .
^ Long J, Wang G, Matsuura I, He D, Liu F (January 2004).
"Activation of Smad transcriptional activity by protein inhibitor of activated STAT3 (PIAS3)" .
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101 (1): 99–104.
Bibcode :
2004PNAS..101...99L .
doi :
10.1073/pnas.0307598100 .
ISSN
0027-8424 .
PMC
314145 .
PMID
14691252 .
^
a
b Nakano A, Koinuma D, Miyazawa K, Uchida T, Saitoh M, Kawabata M, Hanai J, Akiyama H, Abe M, Miyazono K, Matsumoto T, Imamura T (March 2009).
"Pin1 down-regulates transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) signaling by inducing degradation of Smad proteins" . J. Biol. Chem . 284 (10): 6109–15.
doi :
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ISSN
0021-9258 .
PMID
19122240 .
^ Harada J, Kokura K, Kanei-Ishii C, Nomura T, Khan MM, Kim Y, Ishii S (October 2003).
"Requirement of the co-repressor homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2 for ski-mediated inhibition of bone morphogenetic protein-induced transcriptional activation" . J. Biol. Chem . 278 (40): 38998–9005.
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^ Luo K, Stroschein SL, Wang W, Chen D, Martens E, Zhou S, Zhou Q (September 1999).
"The Ski oncoprotein interacts with the Smad proteins to repress TGFβ signaling" . Genes Dev . 13 (17): 2196–206.
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ISSN
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^ Stroschein SL, Bonni S, Wrana JL, Luo K (November 2001).
"Smad3 recruits the anaphase-promoting complex for ubiquitination and degradation of SnoN" . Genes Dev . 15 (21): 2822–36.
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ISSN
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^ Nakao A, Imamura T, Souchelnytskyi S, Kawabata M, Ishisaki A, Oeda E, Tamaki K, Hanai J, Heldin CH, Miyazono K, ten Dijke P (September 1997).
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^ Lebrun JJ, Takabe K, Chen Y, Vale W (January 1999).
"Roles of pathway-specific and inhibitory Smads in activin receptor signaling" . Mol. Endocrinol . 13 (1): 15–23.
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^ Lin X, Liang M, Feng XH (November 2000).
"Smurf2 is a ubiquitin E3 ligase mediating proteasome-dependent degradation of Smad2 in transforming growth factor-beta signaling" . J. Biol. Chem . 275 (47): 36818–22.
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^ Datta PK, Moses HL (May 2000).
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Further reading
PDB gallery
1dev : CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF SMAD2 MH2 DOMAIN BOUND TO THE SMAD-BINDING DOMAIN OF SARA
1khx : Crystal structure of a phosphorylated Smad2
1mjs : MH2 domain of transcriptional factor SMAD3
1mk2 : SMAD3 SBD complex
1u7f : Crystal Structure of the phosphorylated Smad3/Smad4 heterotrimeric complex
1u7v : Crystal Structure of the phosphorylated Smad2/Smad4 heterotrimeric complex
(1) Basic domains
(1.1) Basic
leucine zipper (
bZIP )(1.2) Basic helix-loop-helix (
bHLH )
Group A Group B Group C bHLH-
PAS Group D Group E Group F bHLH-COE
(1.3)
bHLH-ZIP (1.4) NF-1 (1.5) RF-X (1.6) Basic helix-span-helix (bHSH)
(2)
Zinc finger DNA-binding domains
(2.1)
Nuclear receptor (Cys4 )
subfamily 1 subfamily 2 subfamily 3 subfamily 4 subfamily 5 subfamily 6 subfamily 0
(2.2) Other Cys4 (2.3) Cys2 His2 (2.4) Cys6 (2.5) Alternating composition (2.6) WRKY
(4) β-Scaffold factors with minor groove contacts
(0) Other transcription factors
Type I
ALK1 (
ACVRL1 )
ALK2 (
ACVR1A )
ALK3 (
BMPR1A )
ALK4 (
ACVR1B )
ALK5 (
TGFβR1 )
ALK6 (
BMPR1B )
Agonists:
BMP (
2 ,
4 ,
5 ,
6 ,
7 ,
8A ,
8B ,
15 (GDF9B) )
Dibotermin alfa
Eptotermin alfa
GDF (
5 (BMP14) ,
6 (BMP13) ,
7 (BMP12) ,
9 ,
15 )
Radotermin
ALK7 (
ACVR1C )
Type II
TGFβR2
BMPR2
ACVR2A (
ACVR2 )
Agonists:
Activin (
A ,
B ,
AB )
BMP (
2 ,
4 ,
5 ,
6 ,
7 ,
8A ,
8B ,
15 (GDF9B) )
Dibotermin alfa
Eptotermin alfa
GDF (
1 ,
3 ,
5 (BMP14) ,
6 (BMP13) ,
7 (BMP12) ,
9 ,
11 (BMP11) ,
15 )
Myostatin (GDF8)
Nodal
Radotermin
ACVR2B
Agonists:
Activin (
A ,
B ,
AB )
BMP (
2 ,
4 ,
6 ,
7 )
Dibotermin alfa
Eptotermin alfa
GDF (
1 ,
3 ,
5 (BMP14) ,
6 (BMP13) ,
7 (BMP12) )
Myostatin (GDF8)
Nodal
Osteogenin (BMP3, BMP3A)
Radotermin
AMHR2 (
AMHR )
Type III
Unsorted
This article incorporates text from the
United States National Library of Medicine , which is in the
public domain .