From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
Serum response factor , also known as SRF , is a
transcription factor protein .
[5]
Function
Serum response factor is a member of the
MADS (M CM1, A gamous, D eficiens, and S RF) box superfamily of transcription factors.
[6] This protein binds to the serum response element (SRE) in the
promoter region of target genes. This protein regulates the activity of many
immediate early genes , for example
c-fos , and thereby participates in
cell cycle regulation,
apoptosis , cell growth, and
cell differentiation . This gene is the downstream target of many pathways; for example, the
mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway (MAPK) that acts through the ternary complex factors (TCFs).
[7]
[8]
SRF is important during the development of the embryo, as it has been linked to the formation of
mesoderm .
[9]
[10] In the fully developed mammal, SRF is crucial for the growth of skeletal muscle.
[11] Interaction of SRF with other proteins, such as
steroid hormone receptors , may contribute to regulation of muscle growth by
steroids .
[12] Interaction of SRF with other proteins such as
myocardin or
Elk-1 may enhance or suppress expression of genes important for growth of
vascular smooth muscle .
Clinical significance
Lack of skin SRF is associated with
psoriasis and other skin diseases.
[13]
Interactions
Serum response factor has been shown to
interact with:
ASCC3 ,
[14]
ATF6 ,
[15]
CEBPB ,
[16]
[17]
CREB-binding protein ,
[18]
ELK4 ,
[15]
[19]
GATA4 ,
[20]
[21]
GTF2F1 ,
[22]
[23]
GTF2I ,
[24]
[25]
Myogenin ,
[26]
[27]
NFYA ,
[28]
Nuclear receptor co-repressor 2 ,
[29]
Promyelocytic leukemia protein
[18] and
Src ,
[30] and
TEAD1 .
[31]
See also
References
^
a
b
c
GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000112658 –
Ensembl , May 2017
^
a
b
c
GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000015605 –
Ensembl , May 2017
^
"Human PubMed Reference:" . National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine .
^
"Mouse PubMed Reference:" . National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine .
^ Norman C, Runswick M, Pollock R, Treisman R (December 1988). "Isolation and properties of cDNA clones encoding SRF, a transcription factor that binds to the c-fos serum response element". Cell . 55 (6): 989–1003.
doi :
10.1016/0092-8674(88)90244-9 .
PMID
3203386 .
S2CID
20004673 .
^ Shore P, Sharrocks AD (April 1995). "The MADS-box family of transcription factors". Eur. J. Biochem . 229 (1): 1–13.
doi :
10.1111/j.1432-1033.1995.0001l.x .
PMID
7744019 .
^ Dalton S, Marais R, Wynne J, Treisman R (June 1993). "Isolation and characterization of SRF accessory proteins". Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci . 340 (1293): 325–32.
Bibcode :
1993RSPTB.340..325D .
doi :
10.1098/rstb.1993.0074 .
PMID
8103935 .
^
"SRF serum response factor" . Entrez Gene . National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Institutes of Health.
^ Sepulveda JL, Vlahopoulos S, Iyer D, Belaguli N, Schwartz RJ (July 2002).
"Combinatorial expression of GATA4, Nkx2-5, and serum response factor directs early cardiac gene activity" . J. Biol. Chem . 277 (28): 25775–82.
doi :
10.1074/jbc.M203122200 .
PMID
11983708 .
^ Barron MR, Belaguli NS, Zhang SX, Trinh M, Iyer D, Merlo X, Lough JW, Parmacek MS, Bruneau BG, Schwartz RJ (March 2005).
"Serum response factor, an enriched cardiac mesoderm obligatory factor, is a downstream gene target for Tbx genes" . J. Biol. Chem . 280 (12): 11816–28.
doi :
10.1074/jbc.M412408200 .
PMID
15591049 .
^ Li S, Czubryt MP, McAnally J, Bassel-Duby R, Richardson JA, Wiebel FF, Nordheim A, Olson EN (January 2005).
"Requirement for serum response factor for skeletal muscle growth and maturation revealed by tissue-specific gene deletion in mice" . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A . 102 (4): 1082–7.
Bibcode :
2005PNAS..102.1082L .
doi :
10.1073/pnas.0409103102 .
PMC
545866 .
PMID
15647354 .
^ Vlahopoulos S, Zimmer WE, Jenster G, Belaguli NS, Balk SP, Brinkmann AO, Lanz RB, Zoumpourlis VC, Schwartz RJ (March 2005).
"Recruitment of the androgen receptor via serum response factor facilitates expression of a myogenic gene" . J. Biol. Chem . 280 (9): 7786–92.
doi :
10.1074/jbc.M413992200 .
PMID
15623502 .
^ Koegel H, von Tobel L, Schäfer M, Alberti S, Kremmer E, Mauch C, Hohl D, Wang XJ, Beer HD, Bloch W, Nordheim A, Werner S (April 2009).
"Loss of serum response factor in keratinocytes results in hyperproliferative skin disease in mice" . J. Clin. Invest . 119 (4): 899–910.
doi :
10.1172/JCI37771 .
PMC
2662566 .
PMID
19307725 .
^ Jung DJ, Sung HS, Goo YW, Lee HM, Park OK, Jung SY, Lim J, Kim HJ, Lee SK, Kim TS, Lee JW, Lee YC (July 2002).
"Novel transcription coactivator complex containing activating signal cointegrator 1" . Mol. Cell. Biol . 22 (14): 5203–11.
doi :
10.1128/mcb.22.14.5203-5211.2002 .
PMC
139772 .
PMID
12077347 .
^
a
b Zhu C, Johansen FE, Prywes R (September 1997).
"Interaction of ATF6 and serum response factor" . Mol. Cell. Biol . 17 (9): 4957–66.
doi :
10.1128/MCB.17.9.4957 .
PMC
232347 .
PMID
9271374 .
^ Hanlon M, Sealy L (May 1999).
"Ras regulates the association of serum response factor and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta" . J. Biol. Chem . 274 (20): 14224–8.
doi :
10.1074/jbc.274.20.14224 .
PMID
10318842 .
^ Sealy L, Malone D, Pawlak M (March 1997).
"Regulation of the cfos serum response element by C/EBPbeta" . Mol. Cell. Biol . 17 (3): 1744–55.
doi :
10.1128/mcb.17.3.1744 .
PMC
231899 .
PMID
9032301 .
^
a
b Matsuzaki K, Minami T, Tojo M, Honda Y, Saitoh N, Nagahiro S, Saya H, Nakao M (March 2003).
"PML-nuclear bodies are involved in cellular serum response" . Genes Cells . 8 (3): 275–86.
doi :
10.1046/j.1365-2443.2003.00632.x .
PMID
12622724 .
S2CID
9697837 .
^ Hassler M, Richmond TJ (June 2001).
"The B-box dominates SAP-1-SRF interactions in the structure of the ternary complex" . EMBO J . 20 (12): 3018–28.
doi :
10.1093/emboj/20.12.3018 .
PMC
150215 .
PMID
11406578 .
^ Belaguli NS, Sepulveda JL, Nigam V, Charron F, Nemer M, Schwartz RJ (October 2000).
"Cardiac tissue enriched factors serum response factor and GATA-4 are mutual coregulators" . Mol. Cell. Biol . 20 (20): 7550–8.
doi :
10.1128/mcb.20.20.7550-7558.2000 .
PMC
86307 .
PMID
11003651 .
^ Morin S, Paradis P, Aries A, Nemer M (February 2001).
"Serum response factor-GATA ternary complex required for nuclear signaling by a G-protein-coupled receptor" . Mol. Cell. Biol . 21 (4): 1036–44.
doi :
10.1128/MCB.21.4.1036-1044.2001 .
PMC
99558 .
PMID
11158291 .
^ Joliot V, Demma M, Prywes R (February 1995). "Interaction with RAP74 subunit of TFIIF is required for transcriptional activation by serum response factor". Nature . 373 (6515): 632–5.
Bibcode :
1995Natur.373..632J .
doi :
10.1038/373632a0 .
PMID
7854423 .
S2CID
47196160 .
^ Zhu H, Joliot V, Prywes R (February 1994).
"Role of transcription factor TFIIF in serum response factor-activated transcription" . J. Biol. Chem . 269 (5): 3489–97.
doi :
10.1016/S0021-9258(17)41889-8 .
PMID
8106390 .
^ Grueneberg DA, Henry RW, Brauer A, Novina CD, Cheriyath V, Roy AL, Gilman M (October 1997).
"A multifunctional DNA-binding protein that promotes the formation of serum response factor/homeodomain complexes: identity to TFII-I" . Genes Dev . 11 (19): 2482–93.
doi :
10.1101/gad.11.19.2482 .
PMC
316568 .
PMID
9334314 .
^ Kim DW, Cheriyath V, Roy AL, Cochran BH (June 1998).
"TFII-I enhances activation of the c-fos promoter through interactions with upstream elements" . Mol. Cell. Biol . 18 (6): 3310–20.
doi :
10.1128/mcb.18.6.3310 .
PMC
108912 .
PMID
9584171 .
^ Groisman R, Masutani H, Leibovitch MP, Robin P, Soudant I, Trouche D, Harel-Bellan A (March 1996).
"Physical interaction between the mitogen-responsive serum response factor and myogenic basic-helix-loop-helix proteins" . J. Biol. Chem . 271 (9): 5258–64.
doi :
10.1074/jbc.271.9.5258 .
PMID
8617811 .
^ Biesiada E, Hamamori Y, Kedes L, Sartorelli V (April 1999).
"Myogenic basic helix-loop-helix proteins and Sp1 interact as components of a multiprotein transcriptional complex required for activity of the human cardiac alpha-actin promoter" . Mol. Cell. Biol . 19 (4): 2577–84.
doi :
10.1128/MCB.19.4.2577 .
PMC
84050 .
PMID
10082523 .
^ Yamada K, Osawa H, Granner DK (October 1999).
"Identification of proteins that interact with NF-YA" . FEBS Lett . 460 (1): 41–5.
doi :
10.1016/s0014-5793(99)01311-3 .
PMID
10571058 .
S2CID
28576187 .
^ Lee SK, Kim JH, Lee YC, Cheong J, Lee JW (April 2000).
"Silencing mediator of retinoic acid and thyroid hormone receptors, as a novel transcriptional corepressor molecule of activating protein-1, nuclear factor-kappaB, and serum response factor" . J. Biol. Chem . 275 (17): 12470–4.
doi :
10.1074/jbc.275.17.12470 .
PMID
10777532 .
^ Kim HJ, Kim JH, Lee JW (October 1998).
"Steroid receptor coactivator-1 interacts with serum response factor and coactivates serum response element-mediated transactivations" . J. Biol. Chem . 273 (44): 28564–7.
doi :
10.1074/jbc.273.44.28564 .
PMID
9786846 .
^ Gupta M, Kogut P, Davis FJ, Belaguli NS, Schwartz RJ, Gupta MP (March 2001).
"Physical interaction between the MADS box of serum response factor and the TEA/ATTS DNA-binding domain of transcription enhancer factor-1" . J. Biol. Chem . 276 (13): 10413–22.
doi :
10.1074/jbc.M008625200 .
PMID
11136726 .
Further reading
Esnault C, Stewart A, Gualdrini F, East P, Horswell S, Matthews N, Treisman R (May 2014).
"Rho-actin signaling to the MRTF coactivators dominates the immediate transcriptional response to serum in fibroblasts" . Genes & Development . 28 (9): 943–58.
doi :
10.1101/gad.239327.114 .
PMC
4018493 .
PMID
24732378 .
Huh S, Song HR, Jeong GR, Jang H, Seo NH, Lee JH, Lee TH (Feb 2018).
"Suppression of the ERK–SRF axis facilitates somatic cell reprogramming" . Experimental & Molecular Medicine . 50 (2): e448.
doi :
10.1038/emm.2017.279 .
PMC
5903827 .
PMID
29472703 .
Pellegrino R, Thavamani A, Calvisi DF, Budczies J, Neumann A, Geffers R, et al. (January 2021).
"Serum Response Factor (SRF) Drives the Transcriptional Upregulation of the MDM4 Oncogene in HCC" . Cancers . 13 (2): 199.
doi :
10.3390/cancers13020199 .
PMC
7829828 .
PMID
33429878 .
Hu X, Wu Q, Zhang J, Kim J, Chen X, Hartman AA, et al. (January 2021).
"Reprogramming progressive cells display low CAG promoter activity" . Stem Cells . 39 (1): 43–54.
doi :
10.1002/stem.3295 .
PMC
7821215 .
PMID
33075202 .
Kepser LJ, Khudayberdiev S, Hinojosa LS, Macchi C, Ruscica M, Marcello E, et al. (February 2021).
"Cyclase-associated protein 2 (CAP2) controls MRTF-A localization and SRF activity in mouse embryonic fibroblasts" . Scientific Reports . 11 (1): 4789.
Bibcode :
2021NatSR..11.4789K .
doi :
10.1038/s41598-021-84213-w .
PMC
7910472 .
PMID
33637797 .
External links
This article incorporates text from the
United States National Library of Medicine (
[1] ), which is in the
public domain .
PDB gallery
1hbx : TERNARY COMPLEX OF SAP-1 AND SRF WITH SPECIFIC SRE DNA
1k6o : Crystal Structure of a Ternary SAP-1/SRF/c-fos SRE DNA Complex
1srs : SERUM RESPONSE FACTOR (SRF) CORE COMPLEXED WITH SPECIFIC SRE DNA
(1) Basic domains
(1.1) Basic
leucine zipper (
bZIP )(1.2) Basic helix-loop-helix (
bHLH )
Group A Group B Group C bHLH-
PAS Group D Group E Group F bHLH-COE
(1.3)
bHLH-ZIP (1.4) NF-1 (1.5) RF-X (1.6) Basic helix-span-helix (bHSH)
(2)
Zinc finger DNA-binding domains
(2.1)
Nuclear receptor (Cys4 )
subfamily 1 subfamily 2 subfamily 3 subfamily 4 subfamily 5 subfamily 6 subfamily 0
(2.2) Other Cys4 (2.3) Cys2 His2 (2.4) Cys6 (2.5) Alternating composition (2.6) WRKY
(4) β-Scaffold factors with minor groove contacts
(0) Other transcription factors