Adapromine is an
antiviral drug of the
adamantane group related to
amantadine (1-aminoadamantane),
rimantadine (1-(1-aminoethyl)adamantane), and
memantine (1-amino-3,5-dimethyladamantane) that is marketed in
Russia for the treatment and prevention of
influenza.[1][2][3][4] It is an
alkylanalogue of rimantadine and is similar to rimantadine in its antiviral activity but possesses a broader spectrum of action, being effective against influenza viruses of both type A and B.[1][2][5] Strains of type A influenza virus with
resistance to adapromine and rimantadine and the related drug
deitiforine were encountered in
Mongolia and the
Soviet Union in the 1980s.[6][7]
Electroencephalography (EEG) studies of animals suggest that adapromine and related adamantanes including amantadine,
bromantane (1-amino-2-bromophenyladamantane), and memantine have
psychostimulant-like and possibly
antidepressant-like effects, and that these effects may be mediated via
catecholaminergic processes.[8][9][10][11] These psychostimulant effects differ qualitatively from those of conventional psychostimulants like
amphetamine however, and the adamantane derivatives have been described contrarily as "
adaptogens" and as "actoprotectors".[12]
In 2004, it was discovered that
amantadine and
memantine bind to and act as
agonists of the
σ1 receptor (Ki = 7.44 μM and 2.60 μM, respectively) and that activation of the σ1 receptor is involved in the
dopaminergic effects of amantadine at therapeutically relevant concentrations.[13] These findings might also extend to the other adamantanes such as adapromine,
rimantadine, and
bromantane and could explain the psychostimulant-like effects of this family of compounds.[13]
^
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^Gavrilova NA, Frolenko TA, Semichenko ES, Suboch GA (2010). "Synthesis of naphtho[1,2-d]imidazoles containing an adamantyl fragment". Russian Journal of Organic Chemistry. 46 (5): 777–778.
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^Leneva IA, Glushkov RG, Gus'kova TA (2004). "Drugs for chemotherapy and prophylaxis of influenza: Mechanisms, efficacy, and safety (a review)". Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal. 38 (11): 590–596.
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^Kozeletskaia KN, Grinbaum EB, Zhamsrangiĭn M, Burmistrova VV, Kiselev OI (1990). "[The isolation and study of the properties of current influenza A viruses (H1N1) with a natural resistance to remantadine]". Voprosy Virusologii (in Russian). 35 (4): 289–293.
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^Kozeletskaia KN, Karginov VA, Kiseleva OI, Mishin VP, Grinbaum EB, Burmistrova VV (1995). "[The origin of resistance to chemicals of naturally occurring isolates of influenza A virus]". Vestnik Rossiiskoi Akademii Meditsinskikh Nauk (in Russian) (9): 36–41.
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^Krapivin SV, Sergeeva SA, Morozov IS (1992). "[A spectral analysis of the effect of adapromine on brain bioelectrical activity]". Eksperimental'naia i Klinicheskaia Farmakologiia (in Russian). 55 (3): 6–8.
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^Krapivin SV, Sergeeva SA, Morozov IS (1998). "Comparative analysis of the effects of adapromine, midantane, and bromantane on bioelectrical activity of rat brain". Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine. 125 (2): 151–155.
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^Krapivin SV, Voronina TA (1995). "[Comparative quantitative pharmacological-EEG analysis of the effects of psychostimulants]". Vestnik Rossiiskoi Akademii Meditsinskikh Nauk (in Russian) (6): 7–16.
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^Krapivin SV, Sergeeva SA, Morozov IS, Dulpe IU (1991). "Spectral analysis of the effect of midantane on bioelectrical activity of the rat brain". Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine. 112 (1): 975–978.
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^Morozov IS, Ivanova IA, Lukicheva TA (2001). "Actoprotector and Adaptogen Properties of Adamantane Derivatives (A Review)". Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal. 35 (5): 235–238.
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^
abPeeters M, Romieu P, Maurice T, Su TP, Maloteaux JM, Hermans E (April 2004). "Involvement of the sigma 1 receptor in the modulation of dopaminergic transmission by amantadine". The European Journal of Neuroscience. 19 (8): 2212–2220.
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