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Eugeroic
Drug class
The chemical structure of modafinil, the prototypical drug of this class
Class identifiers
SynonymsWakefulness-promoting agent
Wakefulness-promoting drug
UsePromote wakefulness and alertness
ATC code N06B
Legal status
In Wikidata

Eugeroics (originally "eugrégorique" or "eugregoric"), [1] also known as wakefulness-promoting agents and wakefulness-promoting drugs, are a class of drugs that promote wakefulness and alertness. [2] [3] They are medically indicated for the treatment of certain sleep disorders including excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) in narcolepsy or obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). [2] [3] Eugeroics are also often prescribed off-label for the treatment of EDS in idiopathic hypersomnia. [4] In contrast to classical psychostimulants, such as methylphenidate and amphetamine, which are also used in the treatment of these disorders, eugeroics typically do not produce marked euphoria, and, consequently, have a lower addictive potential. [2] [3] [5]

Modafinil and armodafinil are each thought to act as selective, weak, atypical dopamine reuptake inhibitors (DRI), [2] [3] whereas adrafinil acts as a prodrug for modafinil. Other eugeroics include solriamfetol, which acts as a norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI), [6] [7] and pitolisant, which acts as a histamine 3 (H3) receptor antagonist/ inverse agonist. [8] [9] [10]

Recent research

Cephalon, the original U.S. market rights holder of modafinil, has demonstrated initiative in the development of a successor to the prototypical eugeroic. [11] Of the more than twenty compounds preclinically tested in Cephalon's three-part drug discovery series, the compound fluorenol was selected as a lead. Fluorenol was found to induce wakefulness to a greater degree than modafinil, despite possessing a lower affinity for the dopamine transporter. [12]

All currently marketed eugeroics are classified as central nervous system stimulants and possess some (attenuated) stimulant-like properties. [13] [14] It is expected that future developments will further distinguish eugeroics from classical CNS stimulants. [15] [11]

Examples

Marketed

Discontinued

Never marketed

In development

References

  1. ^ Milgram, Norton W.; Callahan, Heather; Siwak, Christina (2006). "Adrafinil: A Novel Vigilance Promoting Agent". CNS Drug Reviews. 5 (3): 193–212. doi: 10.1111/j.1527-3458.1999.tb00100.x. ISSN  1080-563X.
  2. ^ a b c d "Provigil: Prescribing information" (PDF). United States Food and Drug Administration. Cephalon, Inc. January 2015. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
  3. ^ a b c d "Nuvigil: Prescribing information" (PDF). United States Food and Drug Administration. Cephalon, Inc. April 2015. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
  4. ^ "Practice Parameters for the Treatment of Narcolepsy and other Hypersomnias of Central Origin" (PDF). American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM). September 2007.
  5. ^ Taneja, Indu; Haman, Kirsten; Shelton, Richard C.; Robertson, David (February 2007). "A randomized, double-blind, crossover trial of modafinil on mood". Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 27 (1): 76–79. doi: 10.1097/jcp.0b013e31802eb7ea. ISSN  0271-0749. PMID  17224718. S2CID  40801601.
  6. ^ Stahl, Stephen M.; Pradko, James F.; Haight, Barbara R.; Modell, Jack G.; Rockett, Carol B.; Learned-Coughlin, Susan (2004-08-13). "A Review of the Neuropharmacology of Bupropion, a Dual Norepinephrine and Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitor". The Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 06 (4): 159–166. doi: 10.4088/PCC.v06n0403. ISSN  1523-5998. PMC  514842. PMID  15361919.
  7. ^ Stahl, Stephen M. (2009-03-02). Stahl's Illustrated Antidepressants. Cambridge University Press. ISBN  978-0-521-75852-9.
  8. ^ Schwartz, Jean-Charles (2011). "The histamine H3 receptor: from discovery to clinical trials with pitolisant: H3 Receptor: from discovery to clinical trials". British Journal of Pharmacology. 163 (4): 713–721. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01286.x. PMC  3111674. PMID  21615387.
  9. ^ Kollb-Sielecka, Marta; Demolis, Pierre; Emmerich, Joseph; Markey, Greg; Salmonson, Tomas; Haas, Manuel (2017). "The European Medicines Agency review of pitolisant for treatment of narcolepsy: summary of the scientific assessment by the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use". Sleep Medicine. 33: 125–129. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2017.01.002. PMID  28449891.
  10. ^ Inocente, Clara; Arnulf, Isabelle; Bastuji, Hélène; Thibault-Stoll, Anne; Raoux, Aude; Reimão, Rubens; Lin, Jian-Sheng; Franco, Patricia (2012). "Pitolisant, an Inverse Agonist of the Histamine H3 Receptor: An Alternative Stimulant for Narcolepsy-Cataplexy in Teenagers With Refractory Sleepiness". Clinical Neuropharmacology. 35 (2): 55–60. doi: 10.1097/WNF.0b013e318246879d. ISSN  0362-5664. PMID  22356925. S2CID  36336966.
  11. ^ a b Dunn, Derek; Hostetler, Greg; Iqbal, Mohamed; Messina-McLaughlin, Patricia; Reiboldt, Alyssa; Lin, Yin Guo; Gruner, John; Bacon, Edward R.; Ator, Mark A.; Chatterjee, Sankar (2012-03-15). "Wake-promoting agents: search for next generation modafinil: part I". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 22 (6): 2312–2314. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.12.099. ISSN  1464-3405. PMID  22264475.
  12. ^ Dunn, Derek; Hostetler, Greg; Iqbal, Mohamed; Marcy, Val R.; Lin, Yin Guo; Jones, Bruce; Aimone, Lisa D.; Gruner, John; Ator, Mark A.; Bacon, Edward R.; Chatterjee, Sankar (2012-06-01). "Wake promoting agents: Search for next generation modafinil, lessons learned: Part III". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 22 (11): 3751–3753. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.04.031. ISSN  0960-894X. PMID  22546675.
  13. ^ Inocente, Clara; Arnulf, Isabelle; Bastuji, Hélène; Thibault-Stoll, Anne; Raoux, Aude; Reimão, Rubens; Lin, Jian-Sheng; Franco, Patricia (2012). "Pitolisant, an inverse agonist of the histamine H3 receptor: an alternative stimulant for narcolepsy-cataplexy in teenagers with refractory sleepiness". Clinical Neuropharmacology. 35 (2): 55–60. doi: 10.1097/WNF.0b013e318246879d. ISSN  1537-162X. PMID  22356925. S2CID  36336966.
  14. ^ a b "What is SUNOSI® (solriamfetol) Treatment ? | SUNOSI® for Patients". www.sunosi.com. Retrieved 2020-01-03.
  15. ^ Kim, Dongsoo (2012-02-22). "Practical Use and Risk of Modafinil, a Novel Waking Drug". Environmental Health and Toxicology. 27: e2012007. doi: 10.5620/eht.2012.27.e2012007. ISSN  2233-6567. PMC  3286657. PMID  22375280.
  16. ^ "How WAKIX Works | WAKIX® (pitolisant) tablets". wakix.com. Retrieved 2020-01-03.
  17. ^ "New Data Presented at World Sleep Congress Demonstrate Early Signs of Efficacy for TAK-925, a Selective Orexin Type-2 Receptor (OX2R) Agonist, in Patients with Narcolepsy Type 1". www.takeda.com. Retrieved 2019-12-06.
  18. ^ "Thiazole and diphenyl substituted sulfoxides for use in improving cognition functions and against addictions to substances. - Patent EP-3792252-A1 - PubChem". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2022-09-26.
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