From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
List of events during July, 1918
The following events occurred in July 1918 :
Sultan
Mehmed V , dies on the Ottoman throne
Tsar
Nicholas and his entire family are murdered by the
Bolsheviks .
Mehmed VI , last Sultan of the
Ottoman Empire
July 1 , 1918 (Monday)
Eight tons of
TNT exploded at a
shell factory in
Chilwell ,
Nottinghamshire ,
England , killing 134 people. The explosion was so great only 32 bodies were positively identified.
[1]
French president
Raymond Poincaré granted the
Czechoslovak National Council a special diplomatic charter in anticipation of it becoming a governing body for an independent
Czechoslovakia .
[2]
U.S. Navy
troopship
USS Covington was torpedoed and sunk in the
Atlantic Ocean off the coast of
France by German submarine
SM U-86 with the loss of six of her crew.
[3]
The
Royal Air Force established the
No. 80 Wing at
Serny ,
Pas-de-Calais ,
France .
[4]
[5]
The
New York City Subway added new stations to the
IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line , including
Whitehall Street ,
Rector Street ,
Cortlandt Street ,
Chambers Street ,
Franklin Street ,
Canal Street ,
Houston Street ,
Christopher Street ,
14th Street ,
18th Street ,
23rd Street , and
28th Street . As well, the
Anderson–Jerome Avenues and
Sedgwick Avenue stations for the
IRT Ninth Avenue Line also opened.
[6]
Japanese novelist
Miekichi Suzuki published the first edition of the children's magazine
Red Bird .
[7]
Born:
Ahmed Deedat , Indian-South African missionary and theologian, known for
Islam missionary work in
South Africa , author of The Choice: Islam and Christianity , in
Tadkeshwar ,
India (d.
2005 )
Died:
Charles I. D. Looff , American inventor, designer of popular carnival rides such as carousels for the
Santa Monica Pier (b.
1852 );
Theodore Lukens , American conservationist, noted advocate for forming forest reserves in the
United States including the
San Gabriel Timberland Reserve and the
San Bernardino Forest Reserve (b.
1848 )
July 2 , 1918 (Tuesday)
July 3, 1918 (Wednesday)
The
Siberian intervention was launched by the
Allies to extract the
Czechoslovak Legion from the
Russian Civil War .
[11]
Lord Lieutenant of Ireland
John French issued a proclamation banning
Sinn Féin , the
Irish Volunteers , the
Gaelic League and
The Irishwomen's Council .
[12]
The
Royal Air Force established air squadron
No. 139 .
[13]
The
New York City Subway added new stations to the
BMT Jamaica Line , including
121st Street .
[14]
The
National Assembly of
Azerbaijan established the state-run newspaper
Azerbaijan .
[15]
Born:
Benjamin Thompson , American architect, founder of
Design Research , in
Saint Paul, Minnesota (d.
2002 );
Ernest Vandiver , American politician, 73rd
Governor of Georgia , in
Canon, Georgia (d.
2005 )
Died:
Benjamin Tillman , American politician, 84th
Governor of South Carolina , U.S. Senator from
South Carolina from 1895 to 1918 (b.
1847 );
D. A. Thomas , Welsh industrialist and politician, leading developer of the coal industry in
Wales , cabinet minister for the
David Lloyd George administration (b.
1856 )
July 4 , 1918 (Thursday)
Australian and American troops dug in together during the
Battle of Hamel .
Mehmed VI succeeded as
Sultan of the Ottoman Empire upon the death of his half-brother
Mehmed V .
[16]
Battle of Hamel – The
Australian Corps under command of
Lieutenant General
John Monash captured
Hamel ,
France in what became regarded as one of the most prepared battles of the entire war. Australian casualties were 1,400 while German casualties were 2,000 along with 1,600 captured.
[17]
[18]
Austro-Hungarian submarine
SM U-20 was torpedoed and sunk in the
Adriatic Sea by an Italian submarine with the loss of all 18 crew.
[19]
The
Bristol fighter aircraft was first flown.
[20]
In a remarkable coincidence, two sets of famous twins were born on either side of the
Atlantic Ocean on the same day. The first set were the Lederer sisters in
Sioux City, Iowa , who later became known as the famous advice columnists
Ann Landers and
Abigail Van Buren .
[21]
[22] The second were the Bedser twins
Alec and
Eric in
Reading, Berkshire ,
England , who both became champion professional cricket players for the
Surrey County Cricket Club .
[23]
[24]
Born:
Tāufaʻāhau , Tongan noble,
King of Tonga from 1965 to 2006, son of
Sālote (d.
2006 );
Ron Ritchie , Canadian economist, founder of the
Institute for Research on Public Policy , in
Charing Cross ,
Ontario (d.
2007 )
July 5 , 1918 (Friday)
July 6 , 1918 (Saturday)
In the
Russian Civil War an
uprising starts in
Yaroslavl .
The
United States Army Air Service established the
1st Bombardment Wing at the
Toul-Croix de Metz Airfield in
France .
[29]
The
Royal Air Force established air squadron
No. 255 .
[30]
The
Gulfoss Tunnel opened for rail service in
Melhus ,
Norway .
[31]
Born:
Sebastian Cabot , English actor, best known for his supporting role in the
CBS
1960s
sitcom
Family Affair and voice work in
Disney films, including
Bagheera in
The Jungle Book and the narrator in the
Winnie the Pooh series, in
London (d.
1977 );
Eugene List , American classical musician, pianist for the
New York Philharmonic and noted instructor with the
Eastman School of Music , in
Philadelphia (d.
1985 );
Francisco Moncion , American principal dancer, choreographer and charter member of the
New York City Ballet (d.
1995 )
Died:
John Purroy Mitchel , American politician, 95th
Mayor of New York City (killed in a military plane crash) (b.
1879 )
July 7 , 1918 (Sunday)
July 8 , 1918 (Monday)
July 9 , 1918 (Tuesday)
Train wreck in
Nashville, Tennessee
An inbound local train in
Nashville, Tennessee
collided with an outbound express, killing 101 people and injuring 171 others in what was the deadliest train accident in American history.
[35]
British
flying ace
James McCudden was killed when his aircraft crashed on take-off at
Auxi-le-Château ,
France . He had 57 victories at the time of his death, making him the seventh-highest-scoring ace of
World War I .
[36]
The Swiss electrical engineering company
Anonymous Society of Sécheron Workshops was established in
Geneva .
[37]
The
U.S. Army Warrant Officer Corps was established, derived from the Coastal Artillery Mine Planters service.
[38]
[39]
The
Citation Star was established by the
United States Congress for Americans serving in
World War I , only to be replaced in 1932 by the
Silver Star .
[40]
The
football club
Independiente de Tandil was established in
Tandil ,
Argentina .
[41]
Born:
Jarl Wahlström , Finnish activist, 12th
General of The Salvation Army , in
Helsinki (d.
1999 );
U. G. Krishnamurti , Indian philosopher, noted critic of the concept of
enlightenment , in
Machilipatnam ,
India (d.
2007 );
Nile Kinnick , American football player,
halfback for the
Adel and
Omaha Benson High School Magnet football teams, recipient of the
Heisman Trophy , in
Adel, Iowa (d.
1943 , killed in a plane crash)
July 10 , 1918 (Wednesday)
Soviet emblem of Russia
Russia adopted a new
constitution that officially declared it a Soviet republic.
[42] The iconic
Soviet emblem was released, which included the hammer and sickle wreathed in wheat (to symbolize its agricultural roots) with the
red star on top. It contained the motto "
Workers of the world, unite! " in the coat of arms.
[43]
British colonial forces defeated
Egba rebels in
Nigeria . The fighting cost 600 lives and lead to heavy taxation and forced labor policies in the African region until 1925.
[44]
The Denver and Interurban Railroad in
Colorado ceased all operations as passenger service was replaced with buses.
[45]
Born:
Chuck Stevens , American baseball player,
first baseman for the
Cleveland Browns from 1941 to 1948, in
Colfax County, New Mexico (d. 2018);
James Aldridge , Australian journalist and writer, author of
The Sea Eagle and
The Diplomat , in
White Hills, Victoria ,
Australia (d.
2015 )
Died:
Fay Kellogg , American architect, advocated female membership into the
École des Beaux-Arts , designer of the Woman's Memorial Hospital in
Brooklyn ,
New York and the
YWCA National War Council houses at military bases during
World War I (b.
1871 )
July 11 , 1918 (Thursday)
July 12 , 1918 (Friday)
Haiti declared war on
Germany as part of its alliance with the
United States .
[46]
[47]
Imperial Japanese Navy battleship
Kawachi exploded off
Tokuyama, Yamaguchi ,
Honshu ,
Japan , killing at least 621 sailors.
[48]
Pablo Picasso married Ukrainian ballet dancer
Olga Khokhlova in
Paris with poets and friends
Jean Cocteau and
Max Jacob as witnesses.
[49]
The
United States Army established the
12th Division at
Camp Devens ,
Massachusetts
[50] and the
100th Infantry Division at
Camp Bowie ,
Texas .
[51]
Born:
Doris Grumbach , American literary editor and writer, author of The Spoil of Flowers and Coming into the End Zone , in
New York City (d.
2022 );
Mary Glen-Haig , British fencer, gold medalist at the
1950 and
1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games , in
Islington ,
London ,
England (d.
2014 );
Daniel Aldrich , American academic, first chancellor of the
University of California, Irvine , in
Northwood, New Hampshire (d.
1990 )
Died:
Lord Edward Cecil , British army officer, best known for his collaborative efforts with
Herbert Kitchener and
Robert Baden-Powell during the
Second Boer War (b.
1867 );
George Whitefield Davis , American army officer, 4th
Military Governor of Puerto Rico , first
Governor of the Panama Canal Zone (b.
1839 )
July 13 , 1918 (Saturday)
July 14 , 1918 (Sunday)
Turkish defenders at the
Battle of Abu Tellul .
Battle of Abu Tellul – British and Indian forces combined to repel Ottoman forces at Abu Tellul,
Palestine , in what turned out to the last major offense by the
Central Powers in the
Middle East . Between 425 and 540 Ottoman soldiers were captured, with another 105 killed. The British forces sustained 183 casualties.
[52]
French passenger ship
Djemnah was torpedoed and sunk in the
Mediterranean Sea of the coast off
Libya by German submarine
SM UB-105 with the loss of 436 of the 754 passengers and crew on board.
[53]
The
Mensheviks and
Socialist Revolutionary Party established the
Transcaspian Government in
Tashkent (now
Uzbekistan ).
[54]
German submarine
SM UC-77 struck a mine and sank in the
North Sea off the coast of
West Flanders ,
Belgium .
[55]
American pilot
Quentin Roosevelt , the youngest son of former U.S. President
Theodore Roosevelt , was shot down and killed by a German fighter over
Chamery ,
France while on a mission with the
95th Aero Squadron .
[56]
The
Royal Air Force established air squadron
No. 157 .
[57]
The
association football league
Federação Norte-rio-grandense de Futebol was established to manage all football tournaments in
Rio Grande do Norte ,
Brazil .
[58]
Mammy Lou , the oldest person ever to star in a film at the claimed age of 114, appeared in the film drama
The Glorious Adventure .
[59]
Born:
Ingmar Bergman , Swedish film director, best known for his acclaimed international films including
The Seventh Seal ,
Wild Strawberries ,
Persona ,
Cries and Whispers , and
Fanny and Alexander , three-time recipient of the
Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film , in
Uppsala ,
Sweden (d.
2007 );
Jay Wright Forrester , American computer engineer, developer of
system dynamics , in
Anselmo, Nebraska (d.
2016 );
Egmont Prinz zur Lippe-Weißenfeld , Austrian air force officer, commander of several Nachtjagdgeschwader (Night Raider) squadrons for the
Luftwaffe during
World War II , recipient of the
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross , in
Salzburg ,
Austria (d.
1944 , killed in action);
Died:
Samuel Farr , English-New Zealand architect, designed many landmarks in
Christchurch including
Cranmer Court and
Christchurch Central City (b.
1827 );
Paul Cinquevalli , German performer, noted juggler for the English music hall scene (b.
1859 )
July 15 , 1918 (Monday)
Captured British
Mark tanks used by German troops during the
Second Battle of the Marne .
Second Battle of the Marne –
Germany launched a major offensive against the
Allies on the
Western Front , with 52 German divisions attacking 44 French divisions east and west of
Reims ,
France . The French were supported by eight American divisions, four British divisions, and two Italian divisions in the battle. On the first day, German forces managed to secure a strategic crossing over the
Marne river at
Dormans .
[60]
[61]
Rationing was introduced for butter, margarine, lard, meat, and sugar in the
United Kingdom .
[62]
RAF Driffield was established west of
Driffield ,
England .
[63]
The
Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway opened a new
train station in
San Bernardino, California , to replace the former
California Southern Railroad station that was destroyed by fire in 1916.
[64]
The
Vancouver Police Union was established as the second unionized police force in
Canada .
[65]
Paramount Pictures released the
film adaptation of
Uncle Tom's Cabin with young actor
Marguerite Clark playing two of the child characters from the
Harriet Beecher Stowe novel. The film is now considered lost.
[66]
[67]
Born:
Bertram Brockhouse , Canadian physicist, recipient of the
Nobel Prize in Physics for the development of the
neutron spectroscopy used to study matter, in
Lethbridge ,
Alberta (d.
2003 );
Brenda Milner , British-Canadian medical psychologist, credited as the founder of
neuropsychology , in
Manchester
Died:
Lionel Ashfield , British air force officer, member of the
No. 202 Squadron , recipient of the
Distinguished Flying Cross (killed in action) (b.
1898 )
July 16 , 1918 (Tuesday)
General
Wilfrid Malleson led a British-Indian
force of 950 men to
Turkestan to counter the Soviet presence in the region and any threat against
British India and
Persia .
[68]
The
Mensheviks -supported daily newspaper
New Life ceased publication in
Petrograd .
[69]
Born:
Paul Farnes , British fighter pilot, one of "The Few" surviving pilots of the
Battle of Britain , recipient of the
Distinguished Flying Medal , in
Boscombe ,
England (d.
2020 );
John Frost , South African air force officer, commander of the
3rd and
5th South African Air Force Squadrons during
World War II , recipient of the
Distinguished Flying Cross , in
Queenstown, South Africa (d.
1942 , missing in action)
Born:
Leonard T. Schroeder , American army officer, first American soldier to land at
Utah Beach on
D-Day , recipient of the
Silver Star and
Bronze Star Medal , in
Linthicum, Maryland (d.
2009 );
John Robert Baldwin , British air force officer, commander of air squadrons
No. 146 and
No. 198 during
World War II , recipient of the
Distinguished Service Order ,
Distinguished Flying Cross from both the
United Kingdom and the
United States ,
Air Force Cross , the
Croix de guerre from
Belgium , and the
Order of Orange-Nassau from the
Netherlands , in
Bath, Somerset ,
England (d.
1952 , killed in action during the
Korean War );
George Mueller , American space engineer, associate manager of the
Apollo program and
Project Gemini from 1963 to 1969, in
St. Louis (d.
2015 )
Born:
Bayani Casimiro , Filipino dancer and actor, credited as the "
Fred Astaire of the
Philippines ", in
San Pablo, Laguna ,
Philippines (d.
1989 );
Samuel Victor Perry , British chemist and rugby player, noted for his research into muscle biochemistry, member of the
England national rugby union team from 1947 to 1948, on
Isle of Wight (d.
2009 );
Müzeyyen Senar , Turkish singer, promoter of classical
Ottoman music , in
Gököz, Keles ,
Turkey (d.
2015 )
Died:
José de Diego , Puerto Rican revolutionary leader and poet, leading figure of the
independence movement in Puerto Rico (b.
1866 )
July 17 , 1918 (Wednesday)
By order of the
Bolshevik Party and carried out by the
Cheka , former
tsar
Nicholas II of Russia and his wife
Alexandra Feodorovna were
shot dead at the
Ipatiev House in
Ekaterinburg ,
Russia . Also murdered were their children
Olga ,
Tatiana ,
Maria ,
Anastasia , and
Alexei . The royal family's physician
Eugene Botkin , maid
Anna Demidova , footman
Alexei Trupp , and cook
Ivan Kharitonov were also killed.
[70]
Second Battle of the Marne – Counteroffensives near
Reims ,
France stalled the German offensive.
[71]
[72]
British
ocean liner
RMS Carpathia , famed for rescuing survivors of the
Titanic , was torpedoed and sunk off the east coast of
Ireland by German submarine
U-55 , with 218 of the 223 passengers and crew on board rescued.
[73]
The
United States Army established the
13th Division at
Camp Lewis ,
Washington .
[74]
The
Communist Party of Ukraine was established.
[75]
The
New York City Subway opened the
IRT Lexington Avenue Line , with stations including
42nd Street ,
51st Street ,
59th Street ,
68th Street ,
77th Street ,
86th Street ,
96th Street ,
103rd Street ,
110th Street ,
116th Street , and
125th Street .
[76] As well, the
138th station for the
IRT Jerome Avenue Line opened.
[77]
Japanese chemical manufacturer
Teijin was established in
Osaka .
[78]
The
Roman Catholic Diocese of Luz was established in
Luz ,
Brazil .
[79]
Born:
Geoffrey Lane , British judge, 12th
Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales , in
Derby ,
England (d.
2005 );
Carlos Manuel Arana Osorio , Guatemalan state leader, 24th
President of Guatemala , in
Barberena ,
Guatemala (d.
2003 );
Chandler Robbins , American biologist, organizer of the
North American Breeding Bird Survey , author of Birds of North America: A Guide to Field Identification , in
Belmont, Massachusetts (d.
2017 );
Abdullah Tal , Arab military leader, noted
Arab Legion commander during the
Battle for Jerusalem in 1948, in
Irbid ,
Jordan (d.
1973 )
July 18 , 1918 (Thursday)
Battle of Soissons – French commander
Ferdinand Foch ordered 24 French divisions, supported by British and American divisions and 478 tanks, to counterattack German forces around
Soissons ,
France .
[80]
Battle of Château-Thierry – American forces successfully drove the Germans out of
Château-Thierry ,
France at a cost of 1,908 casualties, while inflicting 5,328 German casualties.
[81]
Agents with
Cheka executed several Russian nobles related to the
Romanov family in
Alapayevsk ,
Russia including princes and brothers
Constantine ,
Igor and
John ,
Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich ,
Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna ,
Vladimir Paley and
Sister Barbara Yakovleva .
[82]
Born:
Nelson Mandela , South African state leader, 1st
President of South Africa , recipient of the
Nobel Peace Prize for opposing and eventually dissolving
apartheid in
South Africa , author of
Long Walk to Freedom , in
Mvezo ,
South Africa (d.
2013 )
Died:
George Dilboy , American soldier, member of the
103rd Infantry Regiment , recipient of the
Medal of Honor (killed in action) (b.
1896 )
July 19 , 1918 (Friday)
July 20 , 1918 (Saturday)
Battle of Soissons – The French and American counteroffensive broke the German advance and forced them back, recovering most of the ground lost in the
Spring Offensive .
[94]
Royal Navy submarine
HMS E34 struck a mine and sank off the coast of the
Netherlands with the loss of all 30 crew.
[95]
Royal Navy
troopship
Justicia , already damaged by torpedo from German submarine
SM UB-64 the previous day, was torpedoed while at anchor in
Lough Swilly ,
Ireland by German submarine
SM UB-124 , killing 16 of her crew.
[96]
Born:
Sergei Scherbakov , Russian boxer, silver medalist at the
1952 Summer Olympics , in
Moscow (d.
1994 );
Cindy Walker , American country music songwriter, author of many country music hit singles including "
You Don't Know Me ", in
Mart, Texas (d.
2006 )
Died:
Francis Lupo , American soldier, longest U.S. enlisted man to be missing in action (remains were discovered in 2003 and repatriated in 2006) (b.
1895 )
July 21 , 1918 (Sunday)
July 22 , 1918 (Monday)
Battle of Soissons – German commander
Erich Ludendorff ordered the German line to be reorganized from
Ourcq to
Marfaux ,
France to prevent the
Allies from breaking through, ending most of the fighting around
Soissons .
[99]
Spain established
Picos de Europa National Park , the first
national park in the country , around the
Lakes of Covadonga in the
Picos de Europa mountain range.
[100] It was followed soon after with
Ordesa y Monte Perdido National Park in the
Pyrenees mountain range.
[101]
The 1st and 2nd Mounted Divisions of the
Egyptian Expeditionary Force were renumbered the
4th and
5th Cavalry Divisions . As well, the
10th ,
11th and
12th Cavalry Brigades for renumbered for the 4th Division and the
13th ,
14th and
15th Cavalry Brigades for the 5th Division.
[102]
The
Fowler Airplane Corporation relocated its offices and manufacturing plant in
San Francisco , following a massive fire that destroyed its original factory in May.
[103]
[104]
The
Cranbrook School in
Sydney was established as a boys only school headed by
Frederick Perkins .
[105]
Victor Records released the
Marion Harris single "
After You've Gone ", which became a staple for many artists including
Bessie Smith ,
Louis Armstrong ,
Bing Crosby ,
Al Jolson ,
Judy Garland ,
Ella Fitzgerald ,
Dinah Washington and
Frank Sinatra .
[106]
The play
Friendly Enemies by
Aaron Hoffman held its
Broadway premier at
Hudson Theatre in
New York City .
[107]
Died:
Indra Lal Roy , Indian air force officer, first Indian member of the
Royal Air Force , recipient of the
Distinguished Flying Cross , in
Calcutta (b.
1898 );
Manuel González Prada , Peruvian writer and activist, leading social reformer and promoter of
modernism in
Peru (b.
1844 );
Helen Stuart Campbell , American educator and industrialist, considered the pioneer of
home economics (b.
1839 )
July 23 , 1918 (Tuesday)
A protest in
Uozu, Toyama ,
Japan by farmers over inflated rice prices escalated into a riot that spread to other farming communities across
Japan . The
unrest lasted for two months, with 417 reported disputes involving more than 66,000 workers, that eventually lead to the collapse of the government under
Terauchi Masatake . In all, some 25,000 persons were arrested and 8,200 charged and convicted for various crimes.
[108]
[109]
The
United States Army established the
393rd ,
[110]
394th ,
[111] and
395th Infantry Regiments .
[112]
Born:
Pee Wee Reese , American baseball player, shortstop for the
Brooklyn and Los Angeles Dodgers from 1940 to 1958, in
Ekron, Kentucky (d.
1999 )
July 24 , 1918 (Wednesday)
July 25 , 1918 (Thursday)
The
Royal Air Force established air squadrons
No. 244 ,
[116]
No. 258 ,
[117]
No. 260 ,
[118] and
No. 272 .
[119]
The Passing Show of 1918 , a
Broadway musical
revue by
Harold R. Atteridge with music by
Sigmund Romberg and
Jean Schwartz , opened at
Winter Garden Theatre in
New York City .
[120] The revue featured famous song standards including "
I'm Forever Blowing Bubbles " and "Smiles".
[121]
Born:
Jane Frank , American artist, leading creator of
aerial landscape art , in
Baltimore (d.
1986 );
Alexander McKee , British journalist and deep sea explorer, discoverer of the
Mary Rose , in
Ipswich ,
England (d.
1992 );
Jay Zeamer Jr. , American air force officer, commander of the
63rd Bombardment Squadron during
World War II , recipient of the
Medal of Honor , two-time recipient of the
Distinguished Flying Cross ,
Air Medal , and
Silver Star , in
Carlisle, Pennsylvania (d.
2007 )
Died:
Richard Travis , New Zealand soldier, recipient of the
Victoria Cross ,
Military Medal ,
Distinguished Conduct Medal , and
Croix de guerre for action in
Gallipoli campaign and
Battle of the Somme (killed in action at
Couin ,
France ) (b.
1884 );
Walter Rauschenbusch , American theologian, leading figure of the
Social Gospel and
Georgism movements in the
United States (b.
1861 )
July 26 , 1918 (Friday)
July 27 , 1918 (Saturday)
Second Battle of the Marne – German forces reorganized behind
Fère-en-Tardenois and built an alternate rail to supply the line, allowing them also to retain
Soissons ,
France despite ongoing
Allied assaults.
[124]
British-Canadian labor and anti-conscription activist
Albert Goodwin was shot dead outside
Cumberland, British Columbia , following a police manhunt to capture him and others evading conscription. A former police officer and member of the arrest party claimed to have killed in him in self defense, and charges of manslaughter were subsequently dismissed due to the lack of witnesses. Goodwin's popularity among the labor movement in
British Columbia led to calls of protest and
general strike the following month in
Vancouver .
[125]
[126]
The
Catholic University of Lublin was established in
Lublin ,
Poland , after
Vladimir Lenin allowed the
Catholic Church in Poland to transfer the library and equipment from the defunct
Saint Petersburg Roman Catholic Theological Academy . The university was later renamed after
Pope John Paul II , who was an alumnus.
[127]
Born:
Leonard Rose , American classical musician, cellist for the
New York Philharmonic and noted instructor for the
Juilliard School and
Curtis Institute of Music , in
Washington, D.C. (d.
1984 )
Died:
Lemuel Wilmarth , American painter, founder of the
Art Students League of New York and noted instructor for the
National Academy of Design (b.
1835 )
July 28 , 1918 (Sunday)
July 29 , 1918 (Monday)
July 30 , 1918 (Tuesday)
The
Islamic Army of the Caucasus sent troops to counter the forming
Centrocaspian Dictatorship in
Baku ,
Azerbaijan , forcing British forces under command of
Lionel Dunsterville to send
Allied troops to the city.
[132]
Boris Donskoy , a member of the
Left Socialist-Revolutionaries , assassinated
German Field Marshal
Hermann von Eichhorn in
Kiev by throwing at bomb at his vehicle. Donskoy was arrested on-scene and confessed he was ordered by political party leaders to prevent von Eichhorn from undermining revolutionary change in the
Ukraine and bringing to power the
Hetman of Ukraine as the governing body of the country. He was executed on August 10.
[133]
Lieutenant
Frank Linke-Crawford , the fourth-highest-scoring flying ace for
Austria-Hungary , was shot down and killed in aerial combat. He had scored 27 victories.
[134]
The 1st Marine Aviation Force arrived at
Brest, France , becoming the first
United States Marine Corps aviation force to serve in combat.
[135]
The
United States Army Air Service established the
3rd Pursuit Group at the
Vaucouleurs Aerodrome in
France .
[136]
The
Royal Air Force established air squadron
No. 273 .
[137]
Cook County, Georgia , named after
Confederate States Army General
Philip Cook , was established with the county seat in
Adel .
[138]
Born:
Henri Chammartin , Swiss equestrian, gold medalist at the
1964 Summer Olympics (d.
2011 )
Died:
Joyce Kilmer , American journalist and poet, known for his collection
Trees and Other Poems (killed in action) (b.
1886 )
July 31 , 1918 (Wednesday)
A
Royal Air Force bombing raid over
Germany involving a dozen
Airco planes ended in disaster, with 10 of the aircraft shot down.
[139]
British pilot Stewart Culley took off in a
Sopwith Camel from a lighter towed barge behind a British warship, the first time a feat was undertaken.
[140]
Born:
Paul D. Boyer , American chemist, recipient of the
Nobel Prize in Chemistry for research in the
ATP synthase , in
Provo, Utah (d.
2018 );
Mustapha Harun , Malaysian politician, first
Governor of Sabah , in
Kudat ,
North Borneo (d.
1995 );
Alan Rawlinson , Australian air force officer, commander of the
No. 79 Squadron during
World War II , recipient of the
Order of the British Empire ,
Distinguished Flying Cross , and
Air Force Cross , in
Fremantle ,
Australia (d.
2007 )
Born:
Göthe Hedlund , Swedish speed skater, bronze medalist at the
1948 Winter Olympics , in
Orkesta ,
Sweden (d.
2003 );
Robert K. Morgan , American air force officer, commander of bombers
Memphis Belle and
Dauntless Dotty during
World War II , in
Asheville, North Carolina (d.
2004 );
Hank Jones , American jazz pianist, known for his collaborations with
Cannonball Adderley ,
Ella Fitzgerald ,
Charlie Parker , and
Salena Jones , in
Vicksburg, Mississippi (d.
2010 )
Died:
George McElroy , British air force officer, recipient of the
Distinguished Flying Cross and
Military Cross (killed in action) (b.
1893 );
Henry Suter , Swiss-New Zealand biologist, leading researcher of
mollusks in
New Zealand (b.
1841 )
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