The
German Empire declared war on the
Russian Empire, following Russia's full military
mobilization in support of
Serbia. The declaration of war also required Germany to begin mobilization.[1]
Italy declared itself neutral at the start of the war despite being part of the
Triple Alliance, citing it was a defensive nature and Austria-Hungary's aggression did not obligate the country to take part.[2]
Eleven players from the
Russian Empire, who participated in the interrupted
Mannheim chess tournament, were interned in
Rastatt,
Germany, when war began. Four of the players were freed and allowed to return home via
Switzerland in September, while two more were released in subsequent years.[10]
At 7:00 pm (local time)
Germany issued a 12-hour ultimatum to neutral
Belgium to allow German passage into
France.[20]
The first military action on the
Western Front occurred as a
skirmish at Joncherey in northeastern
France near the border. A small German cavalry illegally crossing the border (no formal declaration of war had yet been made) clashed with local French militia, resulting in at least two fatalities including
Jules-André Peugeot, the first French military casualty of the war, and
Albert Mayer, the first German casualty of the war.[21]
The first German soldiers appeared in
Kalisz,
Poland, considered to be the oldest city in the country.[22]
German cruiser SMS Augsburg bombarded Libau (now called Liepaja). This city was then part of the Russian empire and is now in Latvia.[23]
The German main force under command of Major
Hermann Preusker arrived in
Kalisz,
Poland. By late evening, gun battles erupted in the city, with Preusker blaming local civilians for shooting at his troops. Twenty-one civilians and six German soldiers were killed.[22]
The
Imperial German Navy leased the cargo-passenger ship Answald for conversion into Germany's first
seaplane tender, SMS Answald, designated Flugzeugmutterschiff I (Airplane Mothership I).[43]
English language teacher
Henry Hadley was shot in an altercation with a Prussian officer on a train at
Gelsenkirchen in
Germany, dying two days later shortly after the declaration of war and becoming the first civilian casualty of
World War I.[44]
Much of the general populace in
Germany celebrated in what became known as the
Spirit of 1914 after all political parties in the
Reichstag voted unanimously to support Germany's entry into war.[45]
An international conference of religious leaders organized by American industrialist
Andrew Carnegie with the goal for world peace went ahead as scheduled at
Lake Constance,
Germany, despite the fact the host country was already invading
Belgium. The conference led to the formation of the Church Peace Union with a focus on improved international relations following the end of
World War I. In 1986, it was renamed the
Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs.[52]
The Canadian government passed the
War Measures Act, which suspended some civil rights in
Canada during a crisis.[53]
Violence escalated in
Kalisz,
Poland as occupying German forces started shelling the city and massacring civilians as part of a pogrom to crack down on perceived rebellion. More than 10,000 civilians fled the city the following day.[22]
The
Royal Naval Air Service took inventory of its air fleet, which had only 26 out of 52 seaplanes that were serviceable for flight, with 46 more on order.[58]
Mahatma Gandhi learned that war had been declared just as he reached
London. Soon after, he began organizing the Indian Volunteer Corps to provide non-military support for the
British Empire.[65]
The
Bryan–Chamorro Treaty was signed between
Nicaragua and the
United States. The treaty guaranteed the Central American government's stability with U.S. military support, while ensuring the country did not compete against the
Panama Canal with construction of its own water route.[70]
Canadian Arctic Expedition – Captain
Robert Bartlett of the shipwrecked Karluk completed the first leg of his voyage to rescue the remaining survivors on
Wrangel Island in the
Bering Sea. He rendezvoused at Port Hope,
Alaska to provide new clothing and wages owed to his
Inuit guide and companion who traveled with him from Wrangel Island to
Siberia in an attempt to get back to civilization and arrange a rescue boat.[75]
Pursuit of Goeben and Breslau –
Italy refused to provide haven for the German ships under command of Rear-Admiral
Wilhelm Souchon in any of their ports. Despite having insufficient coal to guarantee the ships would reach
Constantinople, Souchon ordered his ships to make a run for the Turkish port, hoping the naval action would "force the Ottoman Empire, even against their will, to spread the war to the
Black Sea against their ancient enemy,
Russia."[86]
The
Royal Navylight cruiserHMS Amphion struck mines laid by
Königin Luise. (They were laid on 5th August before Konigen Luise was sunk by Amphion that day.) Some 150 British sailors were lost, the first British casualties of the war. Eighteen German crew members from the German minelayer had been lost.[89]
Relief forces from
Germany relieved soldiers under Major
Hermann Preusker in
Kalisz,
Poland but high tensions and panic caused more than 100 civilian deaths. German soldiers began a pogrom by burning private buildings, starting with City Hall. The following day, some 800 civilians were rounded up and 80 were executed.[22]
Togoland Campaign – British colonial troops of the
Gold Coast Regiment entered the German West African colony of
Togoland and encountered a German-led police force at a factory in
Nuatja, near
Lomé, where the police opened fire on the patrol.[99]Alhaji Grunshi returned fire, becoming the first soldier in British service to fire a shot in the war.[100]
Togoland Campaign – British and French soldiers officially prepared to take
Lomé, the capital of the German colony of
Togoland in
West Africa, only to learn
Germany allowed the colony government to give up the city in order to prevent it from being hit by a naval bombardment. The British officially occupied the city the following day.[108]
The Fidalgo Madureira Atlético Clube was formed in
Rio de Janeiro.[116] Business owners would change the name to Madureira Atlético Clube in 1933.[117] In 1971, the club merged with two others and became known by its present name
Madureira.[118]
The German socialist newspaper Unity and its counterpart Pioneer were banned by authorities.[119]
Mexican Revolution – Leaders of the
Constitutional Army met with Mexican president
Francisco S. Carvajal and negotiated a safe passage of all federal troops and senior government leaders out of
Mexico City in exchange for unconditional surrender. Carvajal agreed to the terms and ordered the federal army to evacuate from Mexico City the following day.[121]
Conducting a reconnaissance mission, the French dirigible (airship) Fleurus became the first
Allied aircraft to fly over
Germany during
World War I.[124]
Lieutenant Robin R. Skene and mechanic R. Barlow crashed their
Blériot monoplane on the way to Dover, becoming the first members of the
Royal Flying Corps to die on active duty.[143]
Austro-Hungarian troopship
SMS Baron Gautsch struck a mine laid by their own
navy in the
Adriatic Sea, killing 147 men. Another 150 survivors were rescued by nearby destroyers.[148]
Kamerun campaign – Captain Ernst von Raben, commander of the German colonial garrison in
Mora,
German Cameroon, relocated the fort from the plain to a mountain outpost and increased in troop strength from 125 to 200 troops to defend against
Allied invasion into German-held African colony.[150][151]
The
Carnegie Colored Library was established in
Savannah, Georgia, thanks to public donations from
Andrew Carnegie, to provide a public library for African-American children that were barred from the other public library in town under the state's segregation laws.[164]
Battle of Liège – The Germans captured the last of the military forts in the Belgium city. The siege lasted 11 days as opposed to the two days the Germans planned for, delaying their advance just enough for British and French forces to organize.[185]
German warships
SMS Goeben and
Breslau were transferred to the
Ottoman Navy, with Goeben becoming its flagship, Yavuz Sultan Selim and Breslau becoming Midilli.[189]
Irish Member of Parliament
John Redmond addressed over 2,000
Irish Volunteers in
Maryborough,
Ireland, saying "for the first time in the history ... it was safe to-day for England to withdraw her armed troops from our country and that the sons of Ireland themselves ... [would] defend her shores against any foreign foe.[190]
Battle of Stallupönen – The Russian
First Army under General
Paul von RennenkampfinvadedEast Prussia. The German
First Corps under command of General
Hermann von François went against orders and committed a frontal assault on Russian forces near
Stallupönen even though their forces were vastly outnumbered. The bold assault forced the Russians to retreat, with over 7,000 casualties, including nearly 5,000 prisoners. The Germans sustained around 1,300 casualties and continued to pursue the retreating army until Russian artillery forced them back.[197]
Battle of Mulhouse – The newly formed
Army of Alsace under command of General
Paul Pau mounted a second invasion into the
Alsace region. The army captured key bridges on the
Rhine as well as thousands of German soldiers and 24 pieces of artillery.[200]
U.S. President
Woodrow Wilson addressed
United States Congress and called for strict neutrality during
World War I: "Such divisions amongst us would be fatal to our peace of mind and might seriously stand in the way of the proper performance of our duty as the one great nation at peace, the one people holding itself ready to play a part of impartial mediation and speak the counsels of peace and accommodation, not as a partisan, but as a friend."[207]
Kamerun campaign – Captain Ernst von Raben, commander of the German colonial garrison in
Mora, surprised a British column of 50 men from
Maiduguri,
Nigeria with a crack force of 30 troops, driving them away from the fort.[210]
Zaian War – French forces launched a series of counterattacks on the
Zayanes around
Khenifra,
Morocco over three days, inflicting considerable losses and forcing the weeks-long siege to begin winding down.[211]
Mexican Revolution –
Venustiano Carranza and his supporters entered
Mexico City to set up a new Mexican government, backed by
Álvaro Obregón. An estimated 150,000 city residents lined the streets to view the Carranza procession as it headed to the Presidential Palace.[216]
Pope Pius X died at 1:20 a.m. with his last words reported to be "Together in one: all things in Christ," referencing the motto he used in his 1903 encyclical shortly after he was elevated to Pontificate of the
Catholic Church. His body was immediately lain in state at
St. Peter's Basilica.[217]
Battle of Lorraine – The battles of
Sarrebourg and
Morhange began when German forces counter-attacked, forcing several separate battles against the French armies. French forces retreated in disorder but
Germany was slow to pursue, allowing
France to regroup.[218]
Battle of Gumbinnen – Trying to capitalize on his successful attack on the Russians three days earlier, General
Hermann von François persuaded his commanding officer
Maximilian von Prittwitz to launch a major offensive against the
Russian First Army. Despite initial successful advances with infantry, German forces were forced back by Russian artillery. The Russian army counterattacked and captured 6,000 German soldiers. Faced with already 14,000 in casualties, Prittwitz panicked and ordered a general retreat, leaving
East Prussia in the hands of the Russians.[219]
Battle of Dinant – German forces launched a disorganized night attack on
Dinant,
Belgium, that mistakenly led them to believe the city was full of hostile civilians.[229]
Two Imperial Germany Army Zeppelins on their first combat missions became the second and third airships lost in combat after being damaged by French infantry and artillery fire during low-altitude missions in the
Vosges mountains.
Z VII limped back into Germany to crash near St. Quirin in
Lorraine, while
Z VIII crash-landed in a forest near
Badonviller,
France, where French
cavalry drove off her crew and looted her. The loss of three airships on their first combat missions in August soured the German Army on the further combat use of airships.[231][232]
German colonial forces
captured the colonial capital of
Laï from the French in what is now
Chad.[233]
Reconnaissance cyclist Private
John Parr (perhaps aged 15) was the first British soldier to be killed on the
Western Front, at
Obourg in Belgium.[234]
Canadian Arctic Expedition – Captain
Robert Bartlett of the sunken Karluk met Burt McConnell, secretary for expedition leader
Vilhjalmur Stefansson, at Point Barrow,
Alaska, who gave details of Stefansson's movements after leaving the ship the previous September when it was trapped in ice. McConnell reported in April that Stefansson had headed north with two companions, searching for new lands.[235] McConnell later left Point Barrow for
Nome aboard the American fishing schooner
King and Winge while Bartlett's rescue ship, the Bear, finally sailed for Wrangel Island.[236]
A total
solar eclipse occurred that was visible in
Northern Europe and most of
Asia. It was also the first of four total solar eclipses that would be seen from
Sweden during the next 40 years.[244]
Battle of Lorraine – The right flank of the French First Army was attacked and driven back from where it began its offensive on August 14 was still able to remain in contact with the Second Army.[218]
While commanding the French 24th Infantry Division at the battle of
Robelmont (near
Meix-devant-Virton,
Belgium), French general
Achille Pierre Deffontaines was shot in the head and grievously wounded, among the other 27,000 fellow soldiers that fell in battle that day. He died at a military hospital in
Reims four days later, the youngest French general to die in the war.[250][251][252]
The German army ended the
destruction of Kalisz in
Poland with 95 per cent of the city's buildings burned or demolished, and only 5,000 of the 65,000 residents left in the city (most had fled when the pogrom started on August 2).[22]
Battle of Chra – Combined British and French forces defeated German soldiers and paramilitary police at Chra, a village on the River Chra in
Togoland,
West Africa. The Allied forces sustained 75 casualties while the German defenders lost 13, but most of the army deserted by the time the battle was over.[253]
An early attempt to get a
Lewis gun into action in air-to-air combat failed when a
Royal Flying CorpsFarman armed with one scrambled to intercept a German
Albatros and took 30 minutes to climb to 1,000 feet (300 meters) because of the gun's weight. On landing, the pilot was ordered to remove the Lewis gun and carry a rifle on future missions.[257]
The 38th season of
Victorian Football Association in
Australia ended with the
North Melbourne Football Club defeating
Footscray by 35 points in the premier final. It was the club's fourth VFA premiership, and marked the beginning of a period of unprecedented dominance for
North Melbourne, which included three consecutive premierships, and a 58-match winning streak which lasted from 1914 to 1919.[258]
The first issue of the British war magazine The War Illustrated was published. It was discontinued in 1919 but restarted again in 1939 at the start of
World War II.[259]
Battle of Dinant – The
German 3rd Army forced the French out of
Dinant,
Belgium. In the ensuing confusion of where enemy fire was coming from, the German troops began shooting civilians. In all, 654 civilians were killed and 1,200 homes burned in what was considered the largest massacre in what was deemed the "
Rape of Belgium".[265]
Maurice Dease became the first British officer of
World War I to die in combat. Dease was commanding a machine gun unit defending the main bridge to
Nimy,
Belgium, and when it came under attack by German forces. Eyewitnesses reported Dease continued to command fire from the machine guns despite being shot three times until all the men under his command were killed and he had died from his wounds. He was awarded the
Victoria Cross posthumously, the first to be awarded in
World War I.[266]
French Chief of Staff General
Joseph Joffre ordered all French forces to withdraw from
Verdun with orders to destroy rail stations along the way and inflict as many German casualties as possible for a counter-attack, in what became known as the
Great Retreat.[269]
Battle of Lorraine – The French First and Second Army repelled the German offensive and were eventually able to regain all the ground lost by September.[218]
Siege of Antwerp – The Belgian army made a first
sortie from Antwerp to the defensive line east of the city in an attempt to distract German reserve troops observing the city and to cut German communications through
Leuven and
Brussels. However, the military maneuver was halted two days later when Allied forces withdrew, forcing the Belgian troops to return to the city.[270]
Battle of Dinant – The battle ended with
Dinant,
Belgium, firmly in German control. The French lost between 1,200 and 1,400 casualties, while the Germans had 4,275 killed or wounded.[177][265]
German troops entered the French village of
Gerbéviller and destroyed 80% of its buildings.[274]
Maziua raid – German colonial troops raided
Portuguese Mozambique and destroyed the military outpost Maziua, killing a dozen Portuguese soldiers in the process.[276][277]
German troops ravaged the city of
Leuven,
Belgium, at the height of violence against civilians in what historians referred to as the
Rape of Belgium. The entire population of 10,000 people were expelled from the city, along with 248 civilian deaths. More civilian deaths were reported in eastern and central Belgium including
Aarschot (156 dead),
Andenne (211 dead),
Tamines (383 dead), and
Dinant (674 dead).[281]
German artillery bombardments on forts forced most defending Belgium troops to retreat from
Namur,
Belgium, allowing German forces to take the city.[282]
Battle of Kraśnik – After days of cavalry and infantry attacks on both sides,
Austria-Hungary was able to route
Russia and inflict some 20,000 casualties, including 6,000 prisoners, while sustaining 15,000 casualties.[283]
Mexican Revolution – Mexican revolutionary leader
Emiliano Zapata agreed to lay down arms and recognize the new Mexican government on condition it accepted the agrarian reforms laid out in the
Plan of Ayala.[286]
Flying a
Morane-Saulnier Type G
monoplane,
Imperial Russian Army pilot
Pyotr Nesterov became the first pilot to down an enemy aircraft in aerial combat. After firing unsuccessfully with a pistol at an Austro-Hungarian
Albatros B.II crewed by Franz Malina (pilot) and Baron Friederich von Rosenthal (observer), Nesterov rammed the Albatros. Both aircraft crashed, killing all three men.[287]
Canadian Arctic Expedition – Efforts to rescue the remaining survivors of the Karluk on
Wrangel Island in the
Bering Sea were delayed when Bear, the rescue ship, was stopped by ice 20 miles (32 km) from the island. After failing to force a way through, the ship returned to
Nome for more coal.[289]
Battle of Lorraine – The battle officially ended in a French victory, but with a loss of 65,000 casualties. German casualties remained unknown although analysis of German army records in 2009 suggested the
German Sixth and
German Seventh Armies sustained over 36,000 casualties.[293]
Battle of Le Cateau – British and French
Allies retreated from
Le Cateau under withering German artillery fire to
Saint Quentin,
France, sustaining over 7,800 casualties, including 2,600 taken prisoner and 38 artillery guns abandoned. The battle began the start of the
Great Retreat.[294]
A pair of Russian battle cruisers shelled German cruiser
SMS Magdeburg after she ran aground on an island in the
Gulf of Finland, killing 15 crewmen.[299]
The
2nd Royal Munster Fusiliers of the
British Expeditionary Forcehalted a German advance for 14 hours while allowing the rest of the force to retreat. By nightfall, the Munsters were surrounded and forced to surrender but succeeded in allowing the British Army to escape.[307]
Siege of Antwerp – The Belgian army lost its offensive capacity and ordered its troops to
Péronne in France to bolster defenses.[308]
Kamerun campaign – Captain R. W. Fox, commander of British colonial forces in
Nigeria, led a force to assault the German garrison dug in on a mountain near
Mora,
German Cameroon but were pushed back, in part due to heavy fog the following day.[312]
The funeral mass for
Pope Pius X was held in the
Sistine Chapel at
Vatican City with nearly 50 cardinals in attendance. The conclave to choose a new pope began the next day.[318]
Battle of St. Quentin – The
French Fifth Army attacked
Saint-Quentin,
France, but German forces were alerted of the attack by a captured French officer. The Germans prevented French troops from entering the town although successful French attacks forced some of the units to fall back. In all, the French sustained 10,000 casualties while Germany took 7,000 casualties.[320]
Battle of Tannenberg – German forces almost completely annihilated the
Russian Second Army with 92,000 captured, 78,000 killed or wounded, and only 10,000 escaping. German forces only lost 12,000 out of the 150,000 men committed to the battle.[330] Rather than notify
Tsar Nicholas of the defeat, commanding general
Alexander Samsonov left his field headquarters and disappeared into the nearby woods. A German search party came across his body a year later, with evidence the Russian officer had committed suicide with his own pistol. The
Red Cross arranged to return his body to his family.[331]
Battle of Gnila Lipa – Austrian-Hungarian forces attempted to take advantage of a 48-hour delay for the
Imperial Russian Army to reorganize for attack with a new assault, but the opposing side had more artillery guns. The defense line collapsed and 20,000 Austrian-Hungarian troops were taken prisoner during the retreat.[333]
German aircraft bombed
Paris for the first time, killing one civilian. German warplanes also attacked the city the following day.[334]
American ambassador to the
Ottoman EmpireHenry Morgenthau Sr. reported Jewish Palestine settlements were deteriorating as fighting was cutting off supply channels in a telegraph to American Jewish banker
Jacob Schiff. Schiff then organized the
American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee to campaign and collect private aid funding through other Jewish organizations to support the Middle East settlements.[346]
^"The Calcutta Scottish"(PDF). The Saint Andrew's Society of San Francisco Newsletter. May 2009. Archived from
the original(PDF) on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 31 July 2014.
^Gerard E. Silberstein, "The Central Powers and the Second Turkish Alliance, 1915." Slavic Review 24.1 (1965): 77-89.
in JSTOR
^Crowe, David (2001). The Essentials of European History: 1914 to 1935, World War I and Europe in Crisis. Research & Education Assoc. pp. 4–5.
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^Dell, Pamela (2013). A World War I Timeline (Smithsonian War Timelines Series). Capstone. pp. 10–12.
ISBN978-1-4765-4159-4.
^Lis, Marek; Zalewski, Ksawery; Myjak, Józef (2008). Podpułkownik Antoni Jabłoński (in Polish). Sandomierz-Lipnik: Wydawnictwo PAIR Myjakpress.
ISBN978-83-86436-89-7.
^Günter Wegner, Stellenbesetzung der deutschen Heere 1815–1939. (Biblio Verlag, Osnabrück, 1993), Bd. 1, pp.33–36
^Ellis, John; Cox, Michael (1993). The World War I Databook. Aurum Press Ltd. p. 126.
ISBN1-85410-766-6.
^Cron, Hermann (2002) [1937]. Imperial German Army 1914-18: Organisation, Structure, Orders-of-Battle. Helion & Co. p. 301.
ISBN1-874622-70-1.
^Rongved, Gjermund Forfang (2017-09-02). "The Gold War: the dissolution of the Scandinavian Currency Union during the First World War". Scandinavian Economic History Review. 65 (3): 243–262.
doi:
10.1080/03585522.2017.1364292.
ISSN0358-5522.
S2CID158598433.
^「東武スカイツリーライン」誕生! あわせて駅ナンバリングを導入し、よりわかりやすくご案内します [Tobu Sky Tree Line created! Station numbering to be introduced at same time] (PDF). Tobu News (in Japanese). Tobu Railway. 9 February 2012. Archived from
the original(pdf) on 8 August 2012. Retrieved 22 October 2013.
^Judym-Englert, Adam, ed. (1934). "Pierwsza Kompania Kadrowa". 6 sierpień: 1914–1934 (in Polish). Warsaw: Zarząd Główny Związku Legjonistów Polskich. p. 14.
^Forstmeier, Friedrich (1972). "SMS Emden, Small Protected Cruiser 1906–1914". In Preston, Antony (ed.). Warship Profile 25. Windsor, UK: Profile Publications. pp. 3–4.
^Layman, R.D. (1989). Before the Aircraft Carrier: The Development of Aviation Vessels 1849–1922. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. pp. 20–3.
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^Verhey, Jeffrey (2000). The Spirit of 1914: Militarism, Myth and Mobilization in Germany. New York: Cambridge University Press.
^Griffiths, William R. (1986). Griess, Thomas E. (ed.). The Great War. Wayne, NJ: Avery Publishing Group. p. 22.
ISBN0-89529-312-9.
^Beckett, Ian Frederick William (2006). Home Front 1914–1918: How Britain Survived the Great War. London: The National Archives. p. 216.
ISBN978-1-903365-81-6.
^"Ten Years After". Lawrence Journal World. July 28, 1924. Retrieved July 24, 2012.
^Odgers, George (1994). Diggers: The Australian Army, Navy and Air Force in Eleven Wars. Volume 1. London: Lansdowne. p. 58.
ISBN1-86302-385-2.
^Roger Graham, "Through the First World War," in The Canadians, 1867–1967, eds.
J.M.S. Careless and Robert Craig Brown (Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1967), p. 178
^Eric D. Weitz, "'Rosa Luxemburg Belongs to Us!'" German Communism and the Luxemburg Legacy, Central European History, Vol. 27, No. 1 (1994), pp. 27–64
^Ellsworth-Jones, Will (2008). We Will Not Fight ... : The Untold Story of World War One's Conscientious Objectors. London: Aurum.
ISBN978-1-84513-300-9.
^Humphries, M. O.; Maker, J. (2013). Der Weltkrieg: 1914 The Battle of the Frontiers and Pursuit to the Marne. Germany's Western Front: Translations from the German Official History of the Great War I. Part 1 (1st ed.). Waterloo, Canada: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. pp. 99–100.
ISBN978-1-55458-373-7.
^Becke, Major A.F. (1936). Order of Battle of Divisions Part 2A. The Territorial Force Mounted Divisions and the 1st-Line Territorial Force Divisions (42–56). London:
His Majesty's Stationery Office. p. 7.
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^Strachan, H (2001). The First World War: To Arms. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 211.
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^Lehman, Ernst A., Captain, and Howard Mingos, The Zeppelins: The Development of the Airship, with the Story of the Zeppelins Air Raids in the World War, Kingsport, Tennessee: Kingsport Press, 1927, Chapter I (online). Whitehouse, Arch, The Zeppelin Fighters, New York: Ace Books, 1966, no ISBN, p. 48, states that Z VI, which he identifies as L 6, had attacked the French "garrison town" of "
Lutetia outside Paris" when she was destroyed.
^*McBride, Keith (1991). "British 'M' Class Destroyers of 1913–14". In Gardiner, Robert (ed.). Warship 1991. London: Conway Maritime Press. p. 44.
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^"The Gold Coast Mobilized, A Proud Record: The case of Sergeant Grunshi". The Times. No. 48572. London. 1940-03-25. p. 7.
^Thompson, J. Lee (2007). Forgotten Patriot: a life of Alfred, Viscount Milner of St. James's and Cape Town, 1854–1925. Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. p. 311.
ISBN978-0-8386-4121-7.
^Wilson, Michael (1999). Royal Australian Navy 21st Century Warships, Naval auxiliaries 1911 to 1999 including Defence Maritime Services, Profile No. 4 (Revised ed.). Marrickville, New South Wales: Topmill. p. 50.
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^Harley, Simon; Lovell, Tony. "Seventh Battle Squadron (Royal Navy) - The Dreadnought Project". www.dreadnoughtproject.org. Harley & Lovell, 10 November 2016.
^DeLancey, Mark W.; DeLancey, Mark Dike (2000). Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Cameroon (3rd ed.). Lanham, Maryland: The Scarecrow Press. p. 236.
^Austen, Ralph A.; Derrick, Jonathan (1999). Middlemen of the Cameroons Rivers: The Duala and their Hinterland, c. 1600–c. 1960. Cambridge University Press. p. 129.
^Alexander, Caroline (1998). The Endurance: Shackleton's Legendary Antarctic Expedition. London: Bloomsbury Publications. pp. 15–18.
ISBN0-7475-4123-X.
^Enciclopédia do Futebol Brasileiro Lance Volume 1. Rio de Janeiro: Aretê Editorial S/A. 2001. pp. 200–201.
ISBN85-88651-01-7.
^Thorpe, Wayne (June 2000). "Keeping the Faith: The German Syndicalists in the First World War". Central European History. 2 (33): 195–216.
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^Friedman, Norman (1988). British Carrier Aviation: The Evolution of the Ships and Their Aircraft. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. p. 30.
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^"4th Light Horse Regiment". First World War, 1914–1918 units. Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 6 December 2011.
^K.u.K. Staatsanwaltschaft in Rovigno: Anklageschrift gegen Kapitän Paul Winter und den Ersten Offizier Josef Luppis, Übersetzung, Wien o. J (Quelle: Allg. Verwaltungsarchiv, Abt. Verkehrsarchiv) Capitaneria di porto di Trieste, Denuncia di identificazione di relitto, No. 16806, 26. Ago. 1958
^Raleigh, Walter (1922). The War in the Air: Being the Story of the part played in the Great War by The Royal Air Force: Vol I. History of the Great War. Oxford: The Clarenden Press. pp. 285–6.
^Jackson, A.J. (1968). Blackburn Aircraft since 1909. London: Putnam Publishing. pp. 89=93.
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^Taylor, Michael J. H. (1989). Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation. London: Studio Editions. pp. 431–32.
^London, Peter. "Bognor's Boats: The Aircraft of Norman Thompson". Air Enthusiast, No. 66, November–December 1996. Stamford, UK:Key Publishing.
ISSN0143-5450. p. 71
^Crosby, Francis, The Complete Guide to Fighters & Bombers of the World: An Illustrated History of the World's Greatest Military Aircraft, From the Pioneering Days of Air Fighting in World War I Through the Jet Fighters and Stealth Bombers of the Present Day, London: Hermes House, 2006,
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^"12 de Octubre". Ogol (in Portuguese). Retrieved 23 October 2015.
^Kenrick, John.
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^The History of the Australian Voluntary Hospital, manuscript, pp. 1–7,
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^Gullett, H.S.
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^Jose, Arthur (1941). "The Royal Australian Navy, 1914–1918 (9th ed.)". Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918. 1. Canberra: Australian War Memorial: 75.
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^Edmonds, J. E. (1926). Military Operations France and Belgium, 1914: Mons, the Retreat to the Seine, the Marne and the Aisne August–October 1914 (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan. p. 33.
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^Neiberg, Michael S.; Jordan, David (2008). The Eastern Front, 1914–1920: from Tannenberg to the Russo-Polish War. Amber. pp. 36–37.
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^[1]Archived 2012-02-13 at the
Wayback Machine Lehman, Ernst A., Captain, and Howard Mingos, The Zeppelins: The Development of the Airship, with the Story of the Zeppelins Air Raids in the World War, Kingsport, Tennessee: Kingsport Press, 1927, Chapter I (online).
^Whitehouse, Arch, The Zeppelin Fighters, New York: Ace Books, 1966, no ISBN, p. 48.
^Moberly, F. J. (1995) [1931]. Military Operations Togoland and the Cameroons 1914–1916. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. London: Imperial War Museum. p. [page needed].
ISBN0-89839-235-7.
^Niven, Jennifer (2001). The Ice Master. London: Pan Books. pp. 324–27.
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^Murphy, David: Irish Regiments in the World Wars, The Irish Divisions, 1914–18, The 10th (Irish) Division: p.10, Osprey Publishing (2007)
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^Garlicki, Andrzej (1981). "Piłsudski, Józef Klemens". Polish Biographical Dictionary (Polski Słownik Biograficzny) (in Polish). XXVI. Wrocław: Polska Akademia Nauk: 311–324.
^Beasley, Major Rex W. (1933). "Critical analysis of the operations of the French Colonial Corps in the Battle of the Ardennes, with particular attention to the operations of the 3d Colonial Division at Rossignol". Command and General Staff School Student Papers, 1930–1936. Combined Arms Research Library: 41.
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^Skinner, H. T.; Stacke, H. Fitz M. (1922). "Principal Events 1914–1918". History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. London: HMSO: 8–10.
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^Brody, Paul (2014). In Which Milne's Life Is Told: A Biography of Winnie the Pooh Author A.A. Milne. BookCaps Study Guides. p. 25.
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^John N. Horne & Alan Kramer (2001) German Atrocities, 1914: A History of Denial, Yale University Press, New Haven, Appendix I, German Atrocities in 1914 (since 5 August until 21 October and from Berneau (
Liège Province) to
Esen (province of
West Flanders),
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^Farwell, Byron (1989). The Great War in Africa, 1914–1918. W.W. Norton. p. 353.
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^Reynolds, Francis J.; Churchill, Allen L.; Miller, Francis T. (1916). "Chapter 77 - The Cameroons". The Story of the Great War. Vol. III (of VIII). p. 62.
^Showalter, Dennis E. (1991). Tannenberg: Clash of Empires, 1914 (2004 ed.). Brassey's. pp. 233–263.
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^Tyng, S. (2007). The Campaign of the Marne 1914. New York: Longmans, Green. pp. 131–132.
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^Herwig, H. (2009). The Marne, 1914: The Opening of World War I and the Battle that Changed the World. New York: Random House. pp. 217–218.
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^Thomas, N. (2003), The German Army in World War I, 1914-15 I, Osprey Publishing,
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^Colledge, J. J.; Warlow, Ben (1969). Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy (2006 ed.). London: Chatham Publishing.
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^Birinci Dünya Harbi'nde Türk Harbi: Irak-İran Cephesi, 1914–1918, Vol. III, Part I, Genelkurmay Basım Evi, 1979, p. 42. (in Turkish)
^Layman, R.D., Before the Aircraft Carrier: The Development of Aviation Vessels 1849-1922, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1989,
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^Thetford, Owen, British Naval Aircraft Since 1912, Sixth Edition, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1991,
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^Coslett, Paul (October 2008).
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^David Bilton, Hull Pals, 10th, 11th 12th and 13th Battalions East Yorkshire Regiment – A History of 92 Infantry Brigade, 31st Division, Barnsley: Pen & Sword, 2014,
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^Fierro, Alfred (1996). Laffont, Robert (ed.). Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris (in French). p. 216.
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^McGibbon, Ian (2007). "The Shaping of New Zealand's War Effort August–October 1914 (The Occupation of German Samoa". In Crawford, John; McGibbon, Ian (eds.). New Zealand's Great War: New Zealand, the Allies and the First World War. Auckland: Exisle. pp. 63–65.
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^Washington post dispatch. The Washington post Friday, November 12, 1914. ARMENIANS JOIN RUSSIANS (this is about
Siege of Van) AND 20,000 SCATTER TURKS NEAR FEITUN (this is about Zeitun Resistance), '(see
image detail for explanation)
^Bentwich, Norman (1954) For Zion's Sake. A Biography of Judah L. Magnes. First Chancellor and First President of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. The Jewish Publication Society of America, Philadelphia. Library of Congress Number: 54 7440, pp. 99–108
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