The sports alliance club Kristiania BK was founded through a merger of three separate clubs to provide
association football,
Nordic skiing, and
bandy to
Kristiania,
Norway. The club took on another club in 1925 becoming
Skeid, but still retained many of the club colors established in 1915.[23]
The municipality of
Edøy,
Norway was split up three ways to allow the creation of the municipalities of
Brattvær and
Hopen. All three were reunited again in 1960 as the municipality of
Smøla.[24]
Battle of Sarikamish — Russian artillery inflicted further casualties on Ottoman forces to the point all commanders reported in they were too weak to attack. Although initially insisting the offensive continue at "full strength", Ottoman Minister of War
Enver Pasha switched tactics to secure retreat routes by combining two Ottoman corps into a "left wing army."[26]
Born:John Hope Franklin, American historian, specialized in African-American history showcased in his 1947 best-seller From Slavery to Freedom, in
Rentiesville, Oklahoma (d.
2009)
Battle of Sarikamish — Ottoman forces were driven out to the Choruk Valley in the
Caucasus region while other forces attacked the Russian line to relieve the pressure on Ottoman soldiers positioned in front of the city of
Sarikamish.[30]
The national teams of
Catalonia and
Basque played their first recorded game in
Bilbao,
Spain, with Basque beating Catalan 6–1.[31]
Battle of Sarikamish — Ottoman commander
Hafiz Hakki Pasha toured the front line and concluded Ottoman forces would be unable to defend the line, after which he suggested headquarters give the order to fully retreat.[30]
Died:Anton von Werner, German painter, best known for his paintings on modern German history including Martin Luthor at Worms and Proclamation of the German Empire at Versailles (b.
1843)
Joseph E. Carberry set an altitude record of 11,690 feet (3,560 m), carrying Capt. Benjamin Delahauf Foulois as a passenger in a fixed-wing aircraft.[38]
Battle of Sarikamish — Russian forces advanced far enough it could fire on the headquarters of the
Ottoman Third Army and captured entire divisions, including eight senior officers. Captives transferred to
Sarikamish included 108 officers and 80 soldiers. Campaign commander
Hafiz Hakki Pasha eluded capture and reached main headquarters where he formally ordered a full retreat.[30]
The first and only attempt to use submarines to carry seaplanes was made by German
submarineU-12 which lashed a
Friedrichshafenseaplane to her deck before departing from
Zeebrugge for a strike on
England. The seaplane was forced to take off early during a reconnoiter off the coast of
Kent and fly all the way back to Zeebrugge when bad weather made returning to the sub impossible.[39]
Public sentiment in
Italy to enter
World War I grew exponentially following a state funeral for a fallen officer of the
Garibaldi Legion, a volunteer unit of 2,000 Italians fighting for
France. An estimated 300,000 people attended including ambassadors from
France,
Great Britain,
Russia,
Belgium and
Serbia.[40] The unit, under command of
Peppino who was also brother to the deceased and grandson to
Giuseppe Garibaldi, were involved in the first and second battles for
Argonne Forest and sustained 700 casualties before dissolving in March. Many of the Legion veterans enlisted in other Italian units when
Italy formally entered the war in May.[41]
The
Plan of San Diego was drafted in the Texas town of the same name, with the intention of creating civil unrest that would lead to "[freeing]
Texas,
New Mexico,
Arizona,
California, and
Colorado from U.S. control". The actual authors of the plan were unknown but the signatures on the plan document were from rebels being held inside a jail in
Monterrey,
Mexico.[42]
Members of the German navy landing party that were stranded in
Cocos Islands in the
Indian Ocean after their command ship
SMS Emden was damaged and beached during the
Battle of Cocos finally reached the Middle Eastern port city Hodeida (now
Al Hudaydah,
Yemen) after hitch-hiking on a freighter.[49]
German submarine
SM U-31 went missing while on patrol in the
North Sea. It was believed the sub had struck a mine off the east coast of
Great Britain and sank with the loss of all 31 crew.[65]
Captain
H. C. McNeile, an officer with the
Royal Engineers, published his story in the series "Reminiscences of Sergeant Michael Cassidy", in the Daily Mail (London) under the pseudonym "Sapper".[66]
Norwegian feminist
Katti Anker Møller delivered a ground-breaking lecture in
Oslo on
reproductive rights and decriminalizing
abortion in Norway, stating "The basis for all freedom is the governance over one's own body and everything that is in it. The opposite is the condition of a slave."[76]
British polar exploration ship Endurance came upon a massive glacier on the
Antarctic coast. While the edge formed a bay that provided a good landing place for the land expedition party, leading explorer
Ernest Shackleton considered it too far north of
Vahsel Bay where he had intended for landing and would only consider under pressure of necessity".[77]
King Constantine established the
Order of George in honor of his father for Greek citizens that has given exceptional public service to
Greece. The decoration was abolished twice and in 1973 replaced with the
Order of Honour.[83]
Battle of Sarikamish — The remaining Ottoman soldiers that had attempted to capture
Sarikamish were rounded up in the woods outside the city while the Choruk Valley in the
Caucasus region was cleared out of Ottoman troops. The battle officially ended with the Ottoman Empire in defeat.[84] The
Ottoman Third Army was reduced to 42,000 men from 118,000, with casualties ranging from 50,000 to 60,000, including 7,000 imprisoned soldiers and 200 captured officers. Russian forces sustained 16,000 casualties, along with another 12,000 men lost to sickness, including exposure and frostbite.[85]
Rival Arab royal houses
Āl Rashīd and
Āl Saʻūd clashed at the
Battle of Jarrab north of
Al Majma'ah. The battle resulted in victory of the Āl Rashīd but the only recorded casualty was British military adviser
William Shakespear, who came in contact with
Ibn Saud, the head of Āl Saʻūd, in the early 1900s. His death resulted in tensions between
Ibn Saud and the British and may have had some influence in the
Arab Revolt the following year.[86]
The ship Endurance reached a latitude of 76°27′S, where explorer
Ernest Shackleton named the distant land
Caird Coast, after his principal backer. The ship then took shelter in the lee of a grounded iceberg to wait out bad weather.[77]
Battle of Jassin — British forces surrendered at Jassin after two days of fighting. The battle cost 86 lives and 200 wounded but did little to improve defenses between the colonial
British East Africa and
German East Africa.[94]
Kiwanis was founded in
Detroit, as The Supreme Lodge Benevolent Order Brothers. It would become the organization's original club and within 15 years would grow to more than 100,000 members.[105]
Battle of Hartmannswillerkopf — French soldiers on
Hartmannswillerkopf summit surrendered after running out of ammunition and supplies. However, both
France and
Germany consolidated forces as France intended to retake the peak, leading to more battles for the summit later in 1915.[95]
Siege of Mora – The
Allies in
German Cameroon attempted to force the German defenders on
Mora mountain into surrendering by cutting off food and water sources at the start of the dry season.[109]
An Austro-Hungarian force of 175,000 men launched an offensive against the Russians in the
Carpathian Mountains.[111]
Chilembwe uprising —
Baptist minister
John Chilembwe organised an ultimately unsuccessful uprising against British colonial rule in
Nyasaland,
Africa (now
Malawi). Chilembwe preached African independence through a form of
Millenarianism through the
Providence Industrial Mission that attracted many followers, allowing enough to be willing to take arms. An armed group met at the mission that night where Chilembwo warned "...we will all die by the heavy storm of the whiteman's army. The whitemen will then think, after we are dead, that the treatment they are treating [sic] our people is bad, and they might change to the better for our people."[112]
Battle of Dogger Bank — The Germans first used their airship Zeppelins in a naval battle, when one attempted to engage one of the British light cruisers. After being pushed back by gunfire, it tried to track the action and pass on information to commanding German admiral,
Franz von Hipper, although the contributions to battle were minimal at best.[122]
Chilembwe uprising — Rebel leader
John Chilembwe split up his rebel group, sending one group to the towns of
Blantyre and
Limbe in hopes of liberating weapons from stores owned by the
African Lakes Company. The other group went to a plantation owned by
A. L. Bruce Estates, the largest agricultural estate owner in the African colony of
Nyasaland, in search of more weapons. The raid on the plantation resulted in the deaths of plantation manager
William Jervis Livingstone and two associates along with an African servant. Chilembwe also sent a letter to the Governor of
German East Africa requesting military and diplomatic support from
Germany, but the letter was intercepted and never received.[123]
Chilembwe uprising — After capturing only a half a dozen rifles and ammunition from raiding, rebels loyal to
John Chilembwe returned to his mission where they were met by soldiers with the
King's African Rifles. The resulting battle resulted in the deaths of 20 rebels and two soldiers.[126]
The
U.S. Supreme Court released decisions on the following federal cases:
A
pardon is only legitimate if entered into court proceedings and the person receiving it accepts the pardon, otherwise it cannot be forced upon a person. The
case came about after George Burdick, editor of the New-York Tribune, refused a pardon from U.S. President
Woodrow Wilson after being convicted of refusing to reveal the source of information on a story covering the
Treasury Department.[131]
It is outside
state police power to prohibit employment contracts that bar workers from joining a union,
upholding a Kansas company's right to issue such
contracts.[132]
Chilembwe uprising — A group of rebels raided a Catholic mission at
Nguludi,
Nyasaland,
Africa (now
Malawi) while rebel leader
John Chilembwe and many of his followers slipped past army blockades disguised as civilians. The rebels' church was then destroyed with dynamite, effectively ending the rebellion.[136]
American schooner SS Elizabeth Palmer sank in the
Atlantic Ocean off
Fenwick Island, Delaware, after colliding with the
Washingtonian. The Washingtonian rescued the Palmer crew before foundering herself. All 52 sailors from both vessels were then rescued by SS Hamilton.[139]
British newspaper publisher
Arthur Pearson, who was legally blind, established The Blinded Soldiers and Sailors Care Committee for British soldiers blinded by trauma or in gas attacks during
World War I. The committee eventually formed the charity organization
Blind Veterans UK.[149]
German submarine
SM U-21 sunk British cargo ships Linda Blanche and Kilcuan, and scuttled the British
collierBen Cruachan, all in a single day within the
Irish Sea.[151]
Raid on the Suez Canal — British forces prepared for the first major offensive by an estimated 13,500 Ottoman troops to capture the canal.[156]
Battle of Bolimów — Forces with the
German Ninth Army attacked the
Russian Second Army near the
Polish village of
Bolimów which contained a key railway connecting
Łódź and
Warsaw. It was the first battle where Germany used
poison gas on an enemy. But despite firing 18,000
artillery shells containing liquid
xylyl bromide — a type of
tear gas — on Russian lines, freezing temperatures prevented it from being effective. As a result, German commanders had to call off the attack, allowing the Russians to counterattack with 11 divisions. German artillery repelled the attack, inflicting 40,000 casualties. Germany also sustained 20,000 casualties.[157]
^"Election results". Toronto Star. No. January 1, 1915. January 1, 1915.
^Stevens, Christine. Tin Mosques and Ghantowns; A History of Afghan Cameldrivers in Australia. Oxford University Press. Melbourne 1989, p. 163
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^"Squadron 8". Royal Air Force. UK Crown. Archived from
the original on 4 April 2012. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
^"Squadron 10". Royal Air Force. UK Crown. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
^Cron, Hermann (2002). Imperial German Army 1914-18: Organisation, Structure, Orders-of-Battle [first published: 1937]. Helion & Co. p. 88.
ISBN1-874622-70-1.
^Rendel, David (1975) Civil Aviation in New Zealand: An Illustrated History. Wellington. A.H. & A.W. Reed.
ISBN0-589-00905-2
^"The Great Escape". Pawn Stars. Season 4. Episode 28. 2011-05-09. History.
^Dupuy, Trevor Nevitt; Onacewicz, Wlodzimiez (1967). "Triumphs and Tragedies in the East, 1915–1917". The Military History of World War I. 4. New York: Franklin Watts: 15–16.
OCLC67010130.
^Layman, R.D., Before the Aircraft Carrier: The Development of Aviation Vessels 1849-1922, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1989,
ISBN0-87021-210-9, pp. 29-30.
^Heyriès, Hubert (2005). Les Garibaldiens de 14: splendeurs et misères des chemises rouges en France de la grande guerre à la seconde guerre mondiale (in French). SERRE EDITEUR. p. 63.
ISBN9782864104384.
^Hager, William (Winter 1963). "The Plan of San Diego: Unrest on the Texas Border in 1915". Arizona and the West. 5 (4): 327–336.
^Maj A.F. Becke,History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 2b: The 2nd-Line Territorial Force Divisions (57th–69th), with the Home-Service Divisions (71st–73rd) and 74th and 75th Divisions, London: HM Stationery Office, 1937/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007,
ISBN1-847347-39-8, pp. 11-23
^Shinano Mainichi Shimbun (2011). Nagano Prefecture All Railway Stations, revised edition (長野県鉄道全駅 増補改訂版) (in Japanese). Shinano Mainichi Shinbun Publishing. pp. 92–99.
ISBN9784784071647.
^Falls, Cyril; MacMunn, G. (1930). "Military Operations Egypt & Palestine from the Outbreak of War with Germany to June 1917". Official History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. 1. London: H.M. Stationery Office: 29.
OCLC610273484.
^Cron, Hermann (2002). Imperial German Army 1914–18: Organisation, Structure, Orders-of-Battle [first published: 1937]. Helion & Co. p. 82.
ISBN1-874622-70-1.
^Quayle, Howard (2007). Whitehaven: The Railways and Waggonways of a Unique Cumberland Port.
Pinner: Cumbrian Railways Association. pp. 79–80.
ISBN978-0-9540232-5-6.
^Jaillant, Lise (2011). "Sapper, Hodder & Stoughton, and the Popular Literature of the Great War". Book History. 14. Johns Hopkins University Press: 140.
ISSN1098-7371.
^Burt, R. A. (2012b). British Battleships of World War One (2nd ed.). Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. p. 318.
ISBN978-0-87021-863-7.
^McIlvaine-Newsad, Heather (2009). "Hidden in Plain View: An Overview of Abortion in Rural Illinois and Around the Globe". In Martinelli-Fernandez, Susan A.; Baker-Sperry, Lori; McIlvaine-Newsad, Heather (eds.). Interdisciplinary Views on Abortion: Essays from Philosophical, Sociological, Anthropological, Political, Health and Other Perspectives. McFarland. p. 86.
^Hinterhoff, Eugene. "The Campaign in Armenia". Marshall Cavendish Illustrated Encyclopedia of World War I. II: 499–503.
^Erickson, Edward J. (2001). Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 59–60.
ISBN978-0-313-31516-9.
^Philby, H. St. John (1930). Arabia. London. pp. 233–234.{{
cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
link)
^William Z. Foster From Bryan to Stalin New York; International Publishers, 1937 pp.73-74
^Chen, Jerome. Yuan Shih-k'ai. Stanford University Press, 1972, p. 152.
^Maj A.F. Becke,History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 2b: The 2nd-Line Territorial Force Divisions (57th–69th), with the Home-Service Divisions (71st–73rd) and 74th and 75th Divisions, London: HM Stationery Office, 1937/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007,
ISBN1-847347-39-8, p. 49
^Lyon, David (1977). "The First Town Class 1908–31: Part 1". Warship. 1 (1). London: Conway Maritime Press: 50–54.
ISBN0-85177-132-7.
^Rotberg, R. I. (1967). Strike a Blow and Die: A Narrative of Race Relations in Colonial Africa by George Simeon Mwase. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
OCLC184725.
^Cron, Hermann (2002). Imperial German Army 1914-18: Organisation, Structure, Orders-of-Battle [first published: 1937]. Helion & Co. p. 94.
ISBN1-874622-70-1.
^Shepperson, George; Price, Thomas (1958). Independent African: John Chilembwe and the Origins, Setting and Significance of the Nyasaland Native Rising of 1915. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 296.
OCLC421086.
^Iarocci, Andrew (2008). Shoestring soldiers: the 1st Canadian Division at war, 1914–1915. University of Toronto Press.
ISBN978-0-8020-9822-1.
^Musselman, Lloyd K. (July 1971).
Rocky Mountain National Park: Administrative History, 1915-1965 (Online ed.). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, National Park Service, Office of History and Historic Architecture, Eastern Service Center. Retrieved 18 November 2014.
^"Eitel Friedrich in U.S. port". The Times. No. 40800. London. 12 March 1915. col C, p. 9.
^Histories of Two Hundred and Fifty-One Divisions of the German Army which Participated in the War (1914-1918), compiled from records of Intelligence section of the General Staff, American Expeditionary Forces, at General Headquarters, Chaumont, France 1919 (1920), pp. 153-155
^The Hospital of Arc en Barrois, Haute Marne, France. Being a brief record of British Work for the French Wounded(Privately printed by the subscribers, London: 1915)
^"About The Frostburg spirit". Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Library of Congress. Retrieved 28 November 2018.
^Strother, French (2004). Fighting Germany's Spies. Kessinger Publishing. p. 40.
ISBN1-4179-3169-8.
^Rose, June (1970). Changing Focus – The Development of Blind Welfare in Britain.
Hutchinson.
ISBN0-09-100490-X.
^Appleby, David P. 1988. Heitor Villa-Lobos: A Bio-Bibliography. New York: Greenwood Press.
ISBN0-313-25346-3
^Gray, Edwyn A. (1994). The U-Boat War: 1914–1918. London: L. Cooper. pp. 78–79.
ISBN0-85052-405-9.
^"Tokomaru". Uboat.net. Retrieved 27 September 2012.
^"The sinking of the Tokomaru". The Times. No. 40767. London. 2 February 1915. col D, p. 6.
^Clifton J. Child (1938). "German-American Attempts to Prevent the Exportation of Munitions of War, 1914-1915". The Mississippi Valley Historical Review. 25 (3). The Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol. 25, No. 3: 351–368.
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^Grosz, Peter M. (2000). Gotha G.I. Berkhamstead, Hertfordshire: Albatros Productions. p. 7.