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Calendar year
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1849 .
March 22 :
Battle of Novara (1849)
1849 (
MDCCCXLIX ) was a
common year starting on Monday of the
Gregorian calendar and a
common year starting on Saturday of the
Julian calendar , the 1849th year of the
Common Era (CE) and
Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 849th year of the
2nd millennium , the 49th year of the
19th century , and the 10th and last year of the
1840s decade. As of the start of 1849, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
Calendar year
Events
January–March
January 1 – France begins issue of the
Ceres series , the nation's first
postage stamps .
January 5 –
Hungarian Revolution of 1848 : The Austrian army, led by
Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz , enters in the Hungarian capitals,
Buda and
Pest . The Hungarian government and parliament flee to
Debrecen .
January 8 –
Hungarian Revolution of 1848 :
Romanian armed groups massacre 600 unarmed Hungarian civilians, at
Nagyenyed .
[1]
January 13
January 21
January 23 –
Elizabeth Blackwell is awarded her M.D. by the Medical Institute of
Geneva, New York , thus becoming the United States' first woman doctor.
January 27
February 1 – The abolition of the
Corn Laws by the United Kingdom's Importation Act
1846 comes fully into effect.
February 2 – The
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo is signed, ending the
Mexican–American War (effective on exchange of ratifications, May 30; proclaimed July 4).
February 4 –
Hungarian Revolution of 1848 :
Battle of Vízakna – The Austrian army, led by Anton Puchner, defeats the Hungarians, led by general
Josef Bem .
February 5 –
Hungarian Revolution of 1848 : The Hungarian revolutionary army, led by
Richard Guyon , breaks through the pass of
Branyiszkó , defeating the Austrian defenders.
February 8 – The new
Roman Republic is proclaimed.
February 9 –
Hungarian Revolution of 1848 :
Battle of Piski –
Josef Bem 's Hungarian army defeats Anton Puchner.
February 14 – In New York City,
James Knox Polk becomes the first President of the United States to have his photograph taken.
February 21 –
Second Anglo-Sikh War :
Battle of Gujrat – Forces of the British
East India Company defeat those of the
Sikh Empire in
Punjab .
February 27 –
Hungarian Revolution of 1848 :
Battle of Kápolna – The Austrians defeat the Hungarians.
February 28 – Regular
steamboat service from the west to the east coast of the United States begins, with the arrival of the
SS California in
San Francisco Bay . The California leaves
New York Harbor on
October 6 ,
1848 , rounds
Cape Horn at the tip of South America, and arrives at
San Francisco after the 4-month, 21-day journey.
March – The
Frankfurt Parliament completes its drafting of a liberal constitution, and elects
Frederick William IV emperor of the new German national state.
March 3
March 4
March 5
March 11 –
Hungarian Revolution of 1848 : The Hungarian army of
Transylvania , under general
Josef Bem , defeats the Russian-Austrian army at
Second Battle of Nagyszeben , capturing the city which is the headquarters of Austrian general Anton Puchner. Most of Transylvania is liberated from the Austrian rule. The Austrian and the Russian troops flee to
Wallachia .
March 22 –
23 –
First Italian War of Independence :
Battle of Novara – The
Kingdom of Sardinia suffers a huge defeat, and
Charles Albert abdicates.
March 28 – Four Christians are ordered to be burnt alive in
Antananarivo ,
Madagascar , by Queen
Ranavalona I , and 14 others are executed.
March 30 – The
Second Anglo-Sikh War ends, with the United Kingdom annexing the
Punjab .
March 30 –
Maharaja Duleep Singh is exiled to England.
April–June
April 1
April 2
April 4 –
Hungarian Revolution of 1848 –
Battle of Tápióbicske : Hungarian forces, under the generals
György Klapka and
János Damjanich , defeat the Austrian-Croatian army, led by
Franz Schlik and
Josip Jelačić .
April 6 –
Hungarian Revolution of 1848 –
Battle of Isaszeg : The main Hungarian forces, led by
Arthur Görgey , defeat the main imperial forces, led by
Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz , forcing them to retreat westward.
April 10 –
Hungarian Revolution of 1848 –
Battle of Vác : The Hungarians, led by
János Damjanich , defeat the Austrians, led by Christian Götz, who dies after the battle due to his injuries.
April 12
April 14 –
Hungarian Revolution of 1848 : The Hungarian revolutionary parliament in
Debrecen
declares independence from the
Habsburg Empire .
April 19 –
Hungarian Revolution of 1848 –
Battle of Nagysalló : The Hungarian revolutionary army, led by
György Klapka and
János Damjanich , defeat the Austrian army, led by Lt. Gen.
Ludwig von Wohlgemuth .
April 21
April 22 – The first
Kennedy arrives in America.
April 25 –
James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin , the
Governor General of Canada , signs the
Rebellion Losses Bill , outraging
Montreal 's
English population and triggering the
Montreal Riots .
April 26 –
Hungarian Revolution of 1848 –
Battle of Komárom : Hungarian forces relieve the city and castle with the same name from a long Austrian siege. The Austrian imperial forces and their
Croatian ,
Romanian and
Serbian allies are chased out from Hungary, or near the borders of the country.
April 27 –
Giuseppe Garibaldi enters Rome, to defend it from the French troops of General
Charles Oudinot .
May – The
Second Carlist War ends in Spain.
May 2 –
Hungarian Revolution of 1848 : A new independent Hungarian government, led by
Bertalan Szemere , is formed. The head of state of Hungary becomes
Lajos Kossuth , as governor president.
May 3
May 9 – The
May Uprising in Dresden is suppressed by the
Kingdom of Saxony .
May 10 – The
Astor Place Riot takes place in
Manhattan , over a dispute between two Shakespearean actors; over 20 people are killed when troops fire on the rioters.
May 15 – Troops of the
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies take
Palermo , and crush the
republican government of
Sicily .
May 17 – The
St. Louis Fire starts when a
steamboat catches fire and nearly burns down the entire city.
May 21 –
Hungarian Revolution of 1848 : The Hungarian army, led by
Arthur Görgey , captures the
Castle of Buda , liberating the Hungarian capital city completely. The leader of the defending Austrian forces, General
Heinrich Hentzi , dies because of his injuries. The Hungarian government moves back from
Debrecen to
Budapest .
May 30 –
Hungarian Revolution of 1848 :
Julius Jacob von Haynau replaces
Ludwig von Welden as leader of the Austrian forces in Hungary, because of the failure of the latter to stop the advance of the Hungarian forces.
June 5
June 6 – The settlement of
Fort Worth, Texas , is founded.
June 17 –
Hungarian Revolution of 1848 : The main Russian forces, led by
Ivan Paskevich , cross the Hungarian border, and together with the Austrian troops, led by
Julius Jacob von Haynau , start the final attack against the
Hungarian Revolution . Now the Hungarian revolutionary troops, numbering 173,000 soldiers, which even before the Russian attack were in inferiority regarding their numbers, and the quality of their weapons and war industry, face a force of 370,000 Austro-Russian forces,
[4] and other tens of thousands of Croatian, Serbian and Romanian insurgents, who serve the Habsburg imperial interests.
June 20 –
Hungarian Revolution of 1848 : Russian troops, under the command of
Alexander von Lüders , break in
Transylvania , and, together with the Austrian forces, start to operate against the Hungarian troops, led by
Józef Bem .
June 21 –
Hungarian Revolution of 1848 : The Russo-Austrian army, led by
Julius Jacob von Haynau , defeats the Hungarians under the command of
Arthur Görgey in the
Battle of Pered .
June 28 –
Hungarian Revolution of 1848 : The Austrian army, led by
Julius Jacob von Haynau , defeats the Hungarians, led by
Ernő Poeltenberg , in the
Battle of Győr . The Hungarian army is forced to retreat towards
Budapest .
July–September
July 2 –
Hungarian Revolution of 1848 –
Second Battle of Komárom : The Hungarian army, led by
Arthur Görgey , repulses the combined attack of the Austrian and Russian troops led by
Julius Jacob von Haynau . During the battle Görgey suffers a heavy head injury, which prevents him from taking advantage of this success.
July 3 – French troops occupy Rome; the
Roman Republic surrenders.
July 6 –
Battle of Fredericia : The Danish Army beats the
Prussian army at
Fredericia ,
Jutland , thereby putting an end to the Prussian-Danish War until
1864 .
July 11 –
Hungarian Revolution of 1848 –
Third Battle of Komárom : The Hungarian army, led by
Arthur Görgey , is defeated by the Austrians, led by
Julius Jacob von Haynau .
July 14
July 17 –
Hungarian Revolution of 1848 : Hungarians, led by
Arthur Görgey , and the Russians, led by
Ivan Paskevich , battle indecisively in the
Second Battle of Vác . The Russians are unsuccessful in destroying the Hungarian army, which retreats towards the east.
July 23 – The French scientist
Hippolyte Fizeau measures the
speed of light , with an instrument placed on the Earth.
July 28 –
Hungarian Revolution of 1848 : The Hungarian government, led by
Bertalan Szemere promulgates the Nationality Law, which gives important rights to the nationalities of Hungary, like the right to use their mother tongue in school, church, army, court and administration. The
Romanians are declared a nation, and not a minority, in
Transylvania . The
Jews receive equality thanks to the Emancipation Decree.
[5]
July 31 –
Hungarian Revolution of 1848 –
Battle of Segesvár : The Russian troops in
Transylvania , led by
Alexander von Lüders , crush the Hungarian forces, under the lead of
Józef Bem . Hungarian poet and revolutionary
Sándor Petőfi is killed in the battle by the Russians.
July 31 –
August 1 –
Joven Daniel wrecks at the coast of
Araucanía , Chile, leading to allegations that local
Mapuche tribes murdered survivors and kidnapped
Elisa Bravo .
[6]
August 2 –
Hungarian Revolution of 1848 : The Russian main forces, under
Ivan Paskevich , defeat the Hungarian army under
József Nagysándor , in the
Battle of Debrecen .
August 3 –
Hungarian Revolution of 1848 : The Hungarian defenders of
Komárom , led by
György Klapka , destroy the besieging Austrian forces in the
Fourth Battle of Komárom , liberating
Győr and
Székesfehérvár . But this victory comes too late to change the course of military events in the eastern part of the country, where the Hungarian forces are about to crumble under the heavy Austro-Russian pressure.
August 5 –
Hungarian Revolution of 1848 –
Battle of Szőreg : Austrian forces, under
Julius Jacob von Haynau , defeat the Hungarian main forces under
Henryk Dembiński .
August 9 –
Hungarian Revolution of 1848 –
Battle of Temesvár : The main Russo-Austrian forces, led by
Julius Jacob von Haynau , win a decisive victory against the
Hungarians , led by
Józef Bem .
August 11 –
Hungarian Revolution of 1848 :
Lajos Kossuth and the Hungarian Government of
Bertalan Szemere resign, and give all powers to the hands of
Arthur Görgey . After this Kossuth, the ministries and many military officers leave Hungary, and ask asylum in Turkey.
August 13 –
Hungarian Revolution of 1848 : The main Hungarian army, under the lead of
Arthur Görgey , capitulates to the Russian troops, led by
Theodor von Rüdiger , at
Világos . The official end of the
Hungarian Revolution , although the fortress of Komárom continue to resist.
August 23 –
William Ernest Henley , English poet, writer, critic (d.
1903 )
August 28 –
Venice (the
Republic of San Marco ) surrenders to Austrian troops after a 4-month siege.
September 1 – The first segment of the
Pennsylvania Railroad , from
Lewistown to
Harrisburg , opens for service.
September 17 – African-American abolitionist
Harriet Tubman escapes from slavery.
October–December
October 4 –
Hungarian Revolution of 1848 :
Komárom , the last bastion of the Hungarian Revolution, surrenders to the Austrian forces.
October 6 –
Hungarian Revolution of 1848 :
The 13 Martyrs of Arad are executed after the Hungarian War of Independence, in repression by the Austrian authorities led by
Julius Jacob von Haynau (these martyrs being the generals of the Hungarian revolutionary army, who did not flee from Hungary after the suppression of the Hungarian revolution by the Russo-Austrian forces). Also today,
Lajos Batthyány , the first Hungarian
prime minister , is executed by Austrian authorities in
Pest .
November –
Austin College receives a charter in
Huntsville, Texas .
November 13
The
Constitution of California is ratified in a general election.
Swiss-born
Marie Manning and her husband Frederick are publicly hanged for the murder of her lover in London, before a crowd of 30,000-50,000.
November 16 – A Russian court sentences
Fyodor Dostoyevsky to death for anti-government activities linked to a radical intellectual group, the
Petrashevsky Circle . Facing a firing squad on
December 23 , the group members are reprieved at the last moment, and exiled to the
katorga prison camps in
Siberia .
December 3
German missionaries
Johann Ludwig Krapf and
Johannes Rebmann become the first Europeans to see
Mount Kenya .
[7]
The Abgeordnetenhaus , lower house of the parliament of the
Kingdom of Bavaria , passes a bill granting German Jews the same legal rights as German Christians.
[8] The measure draws a strong reaction from Christians across Bavaria, who sign petitions urging the upper house to prevent the equal rights measure from becoming law.
[9]
December 22 – After 17 days of deadlock and 63 votes, Democrat
Howell Cobb of Georgia is elected
Speaker of the United States House of Representatives , by a plurality of 102 votes to 99 for the former Speaker, the Whig Party's
Robert C. Winthrop of Massachusetts. Neither the Democrats nor the Whigs have a majority of the 230 seats in the House, and after neither candidate can obtain the required 116 votes, the Representatives agree that the plurality will decide the leadership.
[10]
Date unknown
Births
January–June
Edmund Barton
Aleksander Świętochowski
August Strindberg
Oscar Hertwig
Lord Randolph Churchill
Alfred von Tirpitz
Bernhard von Bülow
Empress Shōken
January 8 –
Stepan Makarov , Russian admiral (d.
1904 )
January 9 –
John Hartley , English tennis player, double winner of Wimbledon (d.
1935 )
January 11 –
Ignacio Pinazo Camarlench , Spanish impressionist painter (d.
1916 )
January 14 –
James Moore , English winner of the first ever cycle race (d.
1935 )
January 18
January 22 –
August Strindberg , Swedish author, playwright, and painter (d.
1912 )
February 13 –
Lord Randolph Churchill , British statesman (d.
1895 )
February 18 –
Alexander Kielland , Norwegian author (d.
1906 )
February 19 –
Giovanni Passannante , Italian anarchist (d.
1910 )
March 6 –
Georg Luger , Austrian firearm designer (d.
1923 )
March 7 –
Luther Burbank , American biologist, botanist (d.
1926 )
March 19 –
Alfred von Tirpitz , German admiral (d.
1930 )
March 24 –
Franz S. Exner , Austrian physicist (d.
1926 )
April 6 –
John William Waterhouse , Italian-born British artist (d.
1917 )
April 20 –
Nikolai Nebogatov , Russian admiral (d.
1922 )
April 21 –
Oscar Hertwig , German zoologist (d.
1922 )
April 24
April 25 –
Felix Klein , German mathematician (d.
1925 )
April 28 –
Augusto Aubry , Italian admiral, politician (d.
1912 )
May 1 –
Kamimura Hikonojō , Japanese admiral (d.
1916 )
May 3
May 9 –
Empress Shōken , consort of
Emperor Meiji of Japan (d.
1914 )
May 19 –
John Hubbard , American admiral (d.
1932 )
May 22
May 23 –
Károly Khuen-Héderváry , 2-time prime minister of Hungary (d.
1918 )
May 27 –
Alzina Stevens , American labor leader, social reformer, and editor (d.
1900 )
June 9 –
Michael Ancher , Danish painter (d.
1927 )
June 29 –
Pedro Montt , 14th president of Chile (d.
1910 )
July–December
Emma Lazarus
Maurice Barrymore
Sarah Orne Jewett
Ivan Pavlov
James Whitcomb Riley
Georg Frobenius
Frances Hodgson Burnett
August 28 –
Benjamin Godard , French composer (d.
1895 )
September 2 –
Emma Curtis Hopkins , American spiritual writer (d.
1925 )
September 3 –
Sarah Orne Jewett , American writer (d.
1909 )
September 11 –
Sir Edmund Poë , British admiral (d.
1921 )
September 12 –
Alexander von Krobatin , Austro-Hungarian field marshal and politician (d.
1933 )
September 14 –
Ivan Pavlov , Russian physiologist, recipient of the
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d.
1936 )
September 18 –
Martha Place , American murderer, first woman executed in the
electric chair (d.
1899 )
September 21 –
Maurice Barrymore , British-American stage actor, playwright (d.
1905 )
September 23 –
Hugo von Seeliger , German astronomer (d.
1924 )
October 7 –
James Whitcomb Riley , American poet and author (d.
1916 )
October 10 –
Mary Baker McQuesten , Canadian letter writer and missionary (d.
1934 )
October 26 –
Ferdinand Georg Frobenius , German mathematician (d.
1917 )
October 28 –
Oskar Enkvist , Russian admiral (d.
1912 )
October 31 –
Marie Louise Andrews , American author and editor (d.
1891 )
November 24 –
Frances Hodgson Burnett , English-American playwright, author (d.
1924 )
November 29 –
Sir Ambrose Fleming , English electrical engineer, inventor (d.
1945 )
December 5 –
Eduard Seler , Prussian scholar, Mesoamericanist (d.
1922 )
December 6 –
August von Mackensen , German field marshal (d.
1945 )
December 7 –
Saionji Kinmochi , Japanese prince and prime minister (d.
1940 )
December 12 –
William Kissam Vanderbilt , American railway magnate (d.
1920 )
December 18 –
Laura M. Johns , American suffragist, journalist (d.
1935 )
December 19 –
Henry Clay Frick , American industrialist, art collector (d.
1919 )
December 20
December 25 –
Nogi Maresuke , Japanese general (d.
1912 )
Date unknown
Muhammad Abduh , Islamic reformer (d.
1905 )
Elisabeth Cavazza , American author, journalist, and music critic (d.
1926 )
Harriet Abbott Lincoln Coolidge , American philanthropist, author and reformer (d.
1902 )
Ellen Eglin , American inventor
Pavlos Karolidis , Greek historian (d.
1930 )
Aleksandr Loran , Russian inventor (d.
1911 )
Euphemia Wilson Pitblado , American activist, social reformer, and writer (d.
1928 )
Deaths
January–June
Maria Edgeworth
January 14 –
Pierre Roch Jurien de La Gravière , French admiral (b.
1772 )
January 18 –
Panoutsos Notaras , Greek politician (b.
1752 )
January 30 –
Jonathan Alder , American settler (b.
1773 )
February 8 –
France Prešeren , Slovenian poet (b.
1800 )
February 28 –
Regina von Siebold , German physician,
obstetrician (b.
1771 )
March 14 – King
Willem II of the Netherlands (b.
1792 )
March 15 –
Giuseppe Caspar Mezzofanti , Italian Catholic cardinal, linguist (b.
1774 )
March 18 –
Antonin Moine , French sculptor (b.
1796 )
March 20 –
James Justinian Morier , British diplomat, author (b.
1780 )
March 24 –
Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner , German chemist (b.
1780 )
April 11 –
Pedro Ignacio de Castro Barros , Argentine statesman, priest (b. 1777)
May 10 –
Hokusai , Japanese Ukiyo-e Artist (b. 1760)
May 11
May 22 –
Maria Edgeworth ,
Irish novelist (b.
1767 )
May 25 –
Benjamin D'Urban , British general, colonial administrator (b.
1777 )
May 28 –
Anne Brontë , English author (b.
1820 )
[12]
June 10 –
Thomas Robert Bugeaud ,
Marshal of France , duke of Isly (b.
1784 )
June 15 –
James Knox Polk , 53, 11th president of the United States (b.
1795 )
July–December
Edgar Allan Poe
Frédéric Chopin
July 12 –
Dolley Madison , 81,
First Lady of the United States (b.
1768 )
July 28 – King
Charles Albert of Sardinia (b.
1798 )
July 31 –
Sándor Petőfi , Hungarian poet (b.
1823 )
August 2 –
Muhammad Ali of Egypt (b.
1769 )
August 23 –
Edward Hicks American folk artist (b.
1780 )
September 4 –
Friedrich Laun , German novelist (b.
1770 )
September 6 –
Andreas Joseph Hofmann , German philosopher and revolutionary (b.
1752 )
September 23 –
Mary Elizabeth Lee , American writer (b.
1813 )
September 25 –
Johann Strauss, Senior , Austrian composer (b.
1804 )
[13]
October 6 –
Lajos Batthyány , Hungarian statesman (executed) (b.
1807 )
October 7 –
Edgar Allan Poe , American writer (b.
1809 )
October 17 –
Frédéric Chopin , Polish-French musician, composer (b.
1810 )
October 22 –
William Miller , American Baptist preacher, leader of the Second Advent Movement (b.
1782 )
December 2 –
Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen , queen of
William IV of the United Kingdom (b.
1792 )
Date unknown
References
^ Hungarian History:
January 8, 1849 And the Genocide of the Hungarians of Nagyenyed
^
"Plank Roads Chartered in North Carolina" . North Carolina Business History . 2006. Archived from
the original on March 29, 2017. Retrieved May 10, 2013 .
^
"Railroads — prior to the Civil War" . North Carolina Business History . 2006. Archived from
the original on July 26, 2011. Retrieved May 10, 2013 .
^ Egy évszázados per. A Görgey-kérdés tegnap és ma:
The Görgey-Question Yesterday and Today
Archived May 21, 2015, at the
Wayback Machine
^ Történelmi Szemle:
Szász Zoltán A nemzetiségek és az 1848-as magyar forradalom
^ Muñoz Sougarret, Jorge (2010). "El naufragio del bergantín Joven Daniel, 1849. El indígena en el imaginario histórico de Chile". Tiempo Histórico (in Spanish) (1): 133–148.
^ J. W. Gregory, The Great Rift Valley: Being the Narrative of a Journey to Mount Kenya and Lake Baringo with Some Account of the Geology, Natural History, Anthropology and Future Prospects of British East Africa (Frank Cass and Company, 1896) (reprinted 1968) p182
^ James F. Harris, The People Speak!: Anti-Semitism and Emancipation in Nineteenth-century Bavaria (University of Michigan Press, 1994) p159
^ Helmut Walser Smith, The Continuities of German History: Nation, Religion, and Race across the Long Nineteenth Century (Cambridge University Press, 2008) p133
^ Holman Hamilton, Prologue to Conflict: The Crisis and Compromise of 1850 (University Press of Kentucky, 2015) p42
^ Lubbock, Basil (1933). The Opium Clippers . Boston, MA: Charles E. Lauriat Co. p. 310.
^
"Anne Brontë | British author" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved April 17, 2019 .
^ Randel, Don Michael (October 30, 2002).
The Harvard Concise Dictionary of Music and Musicians . Harvard University Press. p. 866.
ISBN
978-0-674-25572-2 .