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Calendar year
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1861 .
1861 (
MDCCCLXI ) was a
common year starting on Tuesday of the
Gregorian calendar and a
common year starting on Sunday of the
Julian calendar , the 1861st year of the
Common Era (CE) and
Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 861st year of the
2nd millennium , the 61st year of the
19th century , and the 2nd year of the
1860s decade. As of the start of 1861, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
Calendar year
Statistically, this year is considered the end of the
whale oil industry and (in replacement) the beginning of the
petroleum oil industry.
[1]
Events
January–March
January 1
January 2 –
Friedrich Wilhelm IV of Prussia dies, and is succeeded by
Wilhelm I .
January 3 –
American Civil War :
Delaware votes not to secede from the
Union .
January 9 –
American Civil War :
Mississippi becomes the second state to secede from the Union.
January 10 –
American Civil War :
Florida secedes from the Union.
January 11 –
American Civil War :
Alabama secedes from the Union.
January 12 –
American Civil War : Major
Robert Anderson sends dispatches to Washington.
January 19 –
American Civil War :
Georgia secedes from the Union.
January 21 –
American Civil War :
Jefferson Davis resigns from the
United States Senate .
January 26 –
American Civil War :
Louisiana secedes from the Union.
January 29 –
Kansas is admitted as the 34th
U.S. state , being admitted as a free state.
February 1 –
American Civil War :
Texas secedes from the Union.
February 4 –
American Civil War : In
Montgomery, Alabama , the
Provisional Confederate States Congress is formed by representatives from the first seven break-away
states .
February 8 –
American Civil War : The
Confederate States of America are formed, comprising the first seven break-away States.
February 9 –
American Civil War : Jefferson Davis is elected Provisional President of the
Confederate States of America , by the Weed Convention at Montgomery, Alabama.
February 11
American Civil War : The U.S. House unanimously passes a resolution, guaranteeing non-interference with slavery in any state.
About 850 convicts at
Chatham Dockyard in England take over their prison in a riot.
[3]
February 13 –
Italian unification : The
Siege of Gaeta , stronghold of the Neapolitan King
Francis II , is ended by Piedmontese forces. Francis goes into exile.
February 18 –
American Civil War : In Montgomery, Alabama, Jefferson Davis is inaugurated as the provisional president of the Confederate States of America.
February 19 –
Alexander II , Czar of
Russian Empire , made a law against
serfdom .
February 20 – In Britain, storms damage the
Crystal Palace and cause the collapse of the steeple of
Chichester Cathedral .
[4]
February 21 –
Mariehamn , the capital city of
Åland , is founded.
[5]
February 23 – President-elect
Abraham Lincoln arrives secretly in Washington, D.C. after an
assassination attempt in
Baltimore .
February 24 –
Battle of Ky Hoa : the French and the Spanish defeat the Vietnamese.
[6]
February 27 – Russian troops fire upon a crowd in
Warsaw protesting Russian rule over Poland, killing 5 protesters.
February 28 –
Colorado is organized as a
United States territory .
March 2
March 3 (
February 19 O.S.) –
Emancipation reform of 1861 :
Serfdom is abolished in the
Russian Empire .
March 4
March 10 –
El Hadj Umar Tall seizes the city of
Ségou , destroying the
Bamana Empire of
Mali .
March 11 –
American Civil War : The
Constitution of the
Confederate States of America is adopted.
March 13 –
Tsushima incident : The Russian corvette Posadnik arrives at
Tsushima Island in the
Korea Strait , Japan, provoking a reaction from the Japanese Shogunate.
March 17 – Italian unification: The
Kingdom of Italy is proclaimed by the new Parliament, with
Victor Emmanuel II of
Piedmont-Sardinia becoming its
king .
March 19 – The
First Taranaki War ends in New Zealand.
March 20
March 21 –
Alexander Stephens ,
Vice President of the Confederacy , gives the infamous
Cornerstone Speech in
Savannah, Georgia , in which he declares that slavery is the natural condition of blacks, and the foundation of the
Confederacy .
March 28 –
Confederate Arizona : convention in present-day Tucson ratified the ordinance of secession of southern part of
New Mexico Territory .
March 30 –
Discovery of the chemical elements : Sir
William Crookes announces his discovery of
thallium .
March 4 :
Lincoln inaugurated
March 4 :
Confederate flag
American Civil War : in 1861
April–June
April 7 – A population
census is taken in the United Kingdom.
April 12 – The
American Civil War begins with
the bombardment of
Fort Sumter ,
South Carolina .
April 13 –
American Civil War :
Fort Sumter surrenders to Southern forces.
April 12 –
April 13 :
Fort Sumter
April 15 –
American Civil War : President Abraham Lincoln issues a Proclamation calling for 75,000 men to confront in the South, "combinations too powerful to be suppressed in the ordinary way".
April 17 –
American Civil War : The state of
Virginia secedes from the Union.
April 20 –
American Civil War :
Robert E. Lee resigns his commission in the United States Army, in order to command the forces of the state of
Virginia .
April 24 (N.S.) –
Bezdna , Russia is the scene of a peasant uprising; the military open fire and about 90 are killed.
[8]
April 25 –
American Civil War : The
Union Army arrives in Washington, D.C.
April 26 –
Giovanni Schiaparelli discovers the
asteroid
69 Hesperia .
April 27 –
American Civil War : President
Abraham Lincoln suspends the
writ of habeas corpus in the United States.
May 6 –
American Civil War :
Arkansas secedes from the
Union .
May 7 –
American Civil War :
Tennessee secedes from the
Union .
May 8 –
American Civil War :
Richmond, Virginia is named the capital of the
Confederate States of America .
May 13
May 14 – The Canellas meteorite, an 859
gram chondrite type
meteorite , strikes Earth near
Barcelona , Spain.
May 20 –
American Civil War :
May 21 – Russian sailors clash with a group of Japanese samurai and farmers, at
Tsushima island .
[10]
May 23 –
American Civil War : The state of
Virginia's ordinance of secession from the
United States is ratified in a referendum held on
May 23 , 1861.
May 29 – The
Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce is established.
June 9 – The
Règlement Organique : With the approval of European powers, the
Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate is established as a semi-autonomous sub-division separate from the
Sidon Eyalet . An Ottoman Armenian, Davud Pasha, is appointed
Mutasarrıf by the Ottoman Sultan.
June 15 –
Benito Juárez is formally elected President of Mexico; he temporarily stops the payments of
foreign debt .
June 22 –
Tooley Street fire starts and takes the life of
James Braidwood first director of the
London Fire Brigade .
June 25 –
Abdülmecid I ,
Sultan of the
Ottoman Empire (
1839 –1861) dies and is succeeded by
Abdülaziz (1861–
1876 ).
July–September
June 25 :
Abdülaziz
August 1 – The first public
weather forecast : measured and predicted correctly by Admiral
Robert FitzRoy
August 5
August 10 –
American Civil War : The first major battle west of the
Mississippi River , the
Battle of Wilson's Creek , is fought, with a
Confederate victory.
August 15 – First description of
Archaeopteryx , based on a feather found in
Bavaria ;
[11] in September the first complete identified skeleton is found near
Langenaltheim in Germany.
[12]
August 19 –
Weisshorn , the fifth highest summit in the Alps, is first ascended.
August 20 –
22 – The first modern
Welsh National Eisteddfod takes place in
Aberdare .
[13]
August 27 – Martin Doyle's is the last
execution in Britain for
attempted murder .
September 3 –
American Civil War :
Confederate General
Leonidas Polk invades neutral
Kentucky , prompting the state legislature to ask for Union assistance.
September 6 –
American Civil War : Forces under Union General
Ulysses S. Grant bloodlessly capture
Paducah, Kentucky , which gives the Union control of the mouth of the
Tennessee River .
September 17 –
Argentine Civil War :
Battle of Pavón : Victory of
Buenos Aires over the
Argentine Confederation , and the re-unification of
Argentina .
Battle of Santa Rosa Island
October–December
October 9 –
American Civil War :
Battle of Santa Rosa Island – Confederate forces are defeated in their effort to take the island.
October 21 –
American Civil War :
Battle of Ball's Bluff –
Union forces under Colonel
Edward Baker are defeated by
Confederate troops, in the second major battle of the war. Baker, a close friend of
Abraham Lincoln , is also killed in the fighting.
October 24
HMS Warrior , the world's first ocean-going (all) iron-hulled armored battleship, is completed and commissioned into the British
Royal Navy .
Western Union completes the first transcontinental telegraph line
October 25 – The
Toronto Stock Exchange is established in Canada.
October 26 – The
Pony Express American transcontinental mail service announces its closure.
October 28 –
American Civil War : The
Missouri legislature takes up a bill for
Missouri's secession from the Union.
October 30 –
American Civil War : The bill for Missouri's secession from the Union is passed.
October 31
November 1 –
American Civil War : U.S. President
Abraham Lincoln appoints
George B. McClellan as commander of the
Union Army , replacing Winfield Scott.
November 2 –
American Civil War : Western Department Union General
John C. Frémont is relieved of command and replaced by
David Hunter .
November 4 – The
University of Washington founded.
November 6 –
American Civil War :
Jefferson Davis is elected president of the
Confederate States of America .
November 5 – The first
Melbourne Cup horse race is held in
Melbourne , Australia.
November 7 –
American Civil War –
Battle of Belmont : In Belmont, Missouri, Union forces led by General
Ulysses S. Grant (in his first combat leadership role) overrun a
Confederate camp, but are forced to retreat when Confederate reinforcements arrive.
November 8 –
American Civil War –
Trent Affair : The
USS San Jacinto stops the United Kingdom mail ship Trent , and arrests two
Confederate envoys,
James Mason and
John Slidell , sparking a diplomatic crisis between the U.K. and U.S.
November 10 – Following the death of
Henri Mouhot , his servant Phrai begins shipping his diaries and specimens back to the west; they include accounts of Mouhot's discovery of
Angkor Wat .
November 19 –
American Civil War :
Battle of Round Mountain in
Indian Territory (modern-day Oklahoma).
November 21 –
American Civil War :
Confederate President Jefferson Davis appoints
Judah P. Benjamin Secretary of War.
November 25
November 28 – Acting on the ordinance passed by the Jackson government, the Confederate Congress admits
Missouri as the 12th Confederate state.
December 10
December 21 –
Medal of Honor : Public Resolution 82, containing a provision for a Navy Medal of Valor, is signed into law by
President Abraham Lincoln .
Date unknown
Births
January–June
Helen Herron Taft
Rabindranath Tagore
January 5 –
Robert Lee Bullard , American general (d.
1947 )
January 6 –
Victor Horta , Belgian architect and designer (d.
1947 )
January 10 –
Germogen (Maximov) , Russian Orthodox Metropolitan (d.
1945 )
January 14 –
Mehmed VI ,
Ottoman Sultan (d.
1926 )
January 27 –
Constantin Prezan , Romanian general,
Marshal of Romania (d.
1943 )
January 28
January 30 –
Charles Martin Loeffler , American composer (d.
1935 )
February 12 –
Lou Andreas-Salomé , Russian-born author (d.
1937 )
February 15
February 17 –
Princess Helena of Waldeck and Pyrmont , Duchess of Albany, German-born member of the British royal family (d.
1922 )
February 19 –
Henry Horne, 1st Baron Horne , British general (d.
1929 )
February 22
February 26 – King
Ferdinand I of Bulgaria (d.
1948 )
February 27 –
Rudolf Steiner , Austrian philosopher, social reformer and author (d.
1925 )
March 2 –
Nikola Ivanov , Bulgarian general (d.
1940 )
March 21 –
Charles Swickard , German-American film director (d.
1929 )
April 6 –
Stanislas de Guaita , French poet (d.
1897 )
April 8 –
Son Byong-hi ,
Korean independence activist (d.
1922 )
April 15 –
Bliss Carman , Canadian poet (d.
1929 )
April 22 –
István Tisza , 2-time prime minister of Hungary (d.
1918 )
April 23 –
Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby , British soldier, administrator (d.
1936 )
April 26 –
Rudolf Stöger-Steiner von Steinstätten , Austro-Hungarian general and politician (d.
1921 )
May 5 –
Peter Cooper Hewitt , American electrical engineer, inventor (d.
1921 )
May 7 –
Rabindranath Tagore , Poet, novelist, dramatist, essayist, story-writer, composer, painter, philosopher, social reformer, educationist, linguist, grammarian, and
Nobel Prize in Literature laureate for the collection of poems
Gitanjali . (d.
1941 )
May 11 –
Frederick Russell Burnham , American scouter (d.
1947 )
May 14 –
Harro Magnussen , German sculptor (d.
1908 )
May 16 –
Herman Webster Mudgett (alias H. H. Holmes), American serial killer (d.
1896 )
May 24 –
Gerald Strickland , 4th prime minister of Malta, 23rd Governor of New South Wales, 15th Governor of Western Australia and 9th Governor of Tasmania (d.
1940 )
June 2 –
Helen Herron Taft , First Lady of the United States (d.
1943 )
June 19 –
José Rizal , Filipino national hero (d.
1896 )
June 20 –
Frederick Gowland Hopkins , English biochemist, recipient of the
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d.
1947 )
June 22 –
Maximilian von Spee , German admiral (d.
1914 )
June 27 –
Fanny Davies , Guernesiaise pianist (d.
1934 )
July–December
Kate M. Gordon
Edith Roosevelt
Myra Belle Martin
James Naismith
July 7 –
Nettie Stevens , American geneticist credited with the discovery of
sex chromosomes (d. 1912)
July 14 –
Kate M. Gordon , American suffragette (d.
1932 )
August 2 –
Edith Cowan , Australian social reformer and politician (d.
1932 )
August 4
August 6 –
Edith Roosevelt ,
First Lady of the United States (d.
1948 )
August 7 –
Spencer S. Wood , United States Navy rear admiral (d.
1940 )
August 10 –
Almroth Wright , British bacteriologist, immunologist (d.
1947 )
September 2 –
Henrietta Crosman , American stage, film actress (d.
1944 )
September 7 – Patriarch
Ambrosius of Georgia (d.
1927 )
September 10 –
Niels Hansen Jacobsen , Danish sculptor, ceramist (d.
1941 )
September 11
September 15
September 23
September 30
October 4 –
Frederic Remington , American cowboy artist, sculptor (d.
1909 )
October 6 –
Myra Belle Martin , American financier (d.
1936 )
October 10 –
Fridtjof Nansen , Norwegian explorer, scientist and humanitarian, Nobel Prize laureate (d.
1930 )
October 16 –
J. B. Bury , British historian (d.
1927 )
October 24 –
Alexey Kaledin , Russian general (d.
1918 )
October 30 –
Antoine Bourdelle , French sculptor (d.
1929 )
November 4
November 6 –
James Naismith , Canadian inventor of basketball (d.
1939 )
November 14
November 16 –
Georgina Febres-Cordero , Venezuelan nun (d.
1925 )
November 23 –
Clara H. Hazelrigg , American author, educator and reformer (d.
1937 )
November 24 –
August Bier , German surgeon (d.
1949 )
[18]
December 4
December 5 –
Armando Diaz , Italian general, Marshal of Italy (d.
1928 )
December 7 –
Henri Mathias Berthelot , French general (d.
1931 )
December 8
December 15 –
Pehr Evind Svinhufvud ,
Prime Minister and
President of Finland (d.
1944 )
December 16 –
Antonio de La Gándara , French painter (d.
1917 )
December 20 –
Ivana Kobilca , Slovenian painter (d.
1926 )
December 29 –
Kurt Hensel , German mathematician (d.
1941 )
Date unknown
Deaths
January–June
Frederick William IV of Prussia
Abdülmecid I
January 2 – King
Frederick William IV of Prussia (b.
1795 )
January 17 –
Lola Montez , Irish-born dancer, mistress of King
Ludwig I of Bavaria (b.
1821 )
January 19 –
Albert Niemann , German chemist (b.
1834 )
February 5 –
Pierre Bosquet , French general,
Marshal of France (b.
1810 )
February 26 –
Wojciech Chrzanowski , Polish general (b.
1793 )
March 10 –
Taras Shevchenko ,
Ukrainian poet (b.
1814 )
March 16 –
Princess Victoria, Duchess of Kent and Strathearn , mother of
Queen Victoria (b.
1786 )
April 8 –
Elisha Otis , American engineer, Founder of
Otis (b.
1811 )
April 15 –
Isaiah Stillman , U.S. Army Major in the
Black Hawk War (b.
1793 )
May 29 –
Joachim Lelewel , Polish nationalist historian (b.
1786 )
June 3 –
Stephen A. Douglas , American senator from Illinois, Democratic presidential candidate (b.
1813 )
June 6 –
Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour , 1st prime minister of Italy (b.
1810 )
June 13 –
Richard Lawrence , failed assassin of
Andrew Jackson (b.
1800 )
June 25 –
Abdülmecid I ,
Ottoman sultan (b.
1823 )
June 26 –
Pavel Jozef Šafárik , Slovak philologist (b.
1795 )
June 29 –
Elizabeth Barrett Browning , English poet (b.
1806 )
July–December
Xianfeng Emperor
Ernst Anschütz
July 22 –
Barnard Elliott Bee Jr. , Confederate general (b.
1824 )
July 25 –
Jonas Furrer , member of the
Swiss Federal Council (b.
1805 )
August 10 –
Nathaniel Lyon , first
Union Army General to die in combat in the American Civil War (b.
1818 )
August 12 –
Eliphalet Remington , American gunsmith, founder of
Remington Arms (b.
1793 )
August 17 –
Alcée Louis la Branche , American politician (b.
1806 )
August 22 –
Xianfeng Emperor , 9th emperor of the
Qing Dynasty (b.
1831 )
August 24 –
Pierre Berthier , French geologist (b.
1782 )
August 28 –
William Lyon Mackenzie , Scottish journalist, 1st Mayor of Toronto (b.
1795 )
September 7 –
Willie Person Mangum , American politician (b.
1792 )
October 4 –
Archibald Montgomerie, 13th Earl of Eglinton , British politician (b.
1812 )
October 5 –
Antoni Melchior Fijałkowski , Polish bishop (b.
1778 )
October 10 –
Phoebe Hinsdale Brown , American hymnwriter (b.
1783 )
October 26 –
Edward "Ned" Kendall , American bandleader, instrumentalist (keyed bugle) (b.
1808 )
October 31 –
Guillermo (William) Miller , English-born military leader in Peru (b.
1795 )
November 7 –
Isobel Gunn , Scottish business person (b.
1780 )
November 11 – King
Pedro V of Portugal (b.
1837 )
November 13 –
Arthur Hugh Clough , English poet (b.
1819 )
November 25 –
Rahimullah , Bengali rebel leader
[15]
December 14 –
Prince Albert , husband of
Queen Victoria (b.
1819 )
[19]
December 18 –
Ernst Anschütz , German teacher, organist, poet and composer (b.
1780 )
References
^ Kaiser, Brooks.
"The transition from whale oil to petroleum" (PDF) .
^
"Fairground Rides - A Chronological Development" . National Fairground Archive . University of Sheffield. 2007. Archived from
the original on August 11, 2011. Retrieved August 24, 2011 .
^ BBC History Magazine (February 2011) p. 11.
^ Penguin Pocket On This Day . Penguin Reference Library. 2006.
ISBN
0-14-102715-0 .
^ Mann, Robert (2011). Żaboklicki, Paweł (ed.). "Mariehamn Celebrates". Union of the Baltic Cities (1). The UBC Bulletin: 34.
^
Weider History Group: 1861 French Conquest of Saigon: Battle of the Ky Hoa Forts . Accessed 11 March 2013
^
"The Lincoln Bible" .
World Digital Library . 1853. Retrieved September 2, 2013 .
^
http://education.cambridge.org/media/577146 "Imperial Russia, revolutions_and_the_emergence_of_the_Soviet_state" . Accessed 11 March 2013
^ Sellick, Douglas R. G. (2010). Pirate Outrages: True Stories of Terror on the China Seas . Fremantle Press.
ISBN
978-1-921696-07-7 .
^ Michael R. Auslin (2009).
Negotiating with Imperialism: The Unequal Treaties and the Culture of Japanese Diplomacy . Harvard University Press. p. 77.
ISBN
978-0-674-02031-3 .
^
Meyer, Hermann von (August 15, 1861).
"Vogel-Federn und Palpipes priscus von Solenhofen" . Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geognosie, Geologie und Petrefaktenkunde : 561.
^
Natural History Museum, London BMNH 37001. Chiappe, Luis M. (2007). Glorified Dinosaurs . Sydney: UNSW Press. pp. 118–146.
ISBN
978-0-471-24723-4 .
^
"Establishing a National Body, 1860" . National Museum Wales .
^
US Department of State - Office of the Historian: Milestones: 1861-1865
Archived October 23, 2013, at the
Wayback Machine . Accessed 11 March 2013
^
a
b
Subodh Chandra Sengupta ; Basu, Anjali, eds. (2002). সংসদ বাঙালি চরিতাভিধান (in Bengali). Vol. 1. Sahitya Sangsad. p. 463.
^
The Quarterly Review of Historical Studies . Institute of Historical Studies. 1995. p. 38.
^ Dunn, Elwood D.; Beyan, Amos J.; Burrowes, Carl Patrick (2000).
Historical Dictionary of Liberia . Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. pp. 167–168.
ISBN
9781461659310 .
^
"August Karl Gustav Bier (1861–1949) | the Embryo Project Encyclopedia" .
^
"Albert, Prince Consort | Biography, Children, & Facts" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved April 10, 2021 .
Further reading