Canada celebrated its 50th
Dominion Day, which was also the second time festivities were organized by the
Government of Canada since its official proclamation in 1879 (celebrations prior to were organized locally).[1]
The first
Cottingley Fairies photographs were taken in
Yorkshire,
England, a hoax not admitted to by the child creators Elsie Wright and Frances Griffiths until 1981.[11]
Battle of Zboriv – A Russian force composed mostly of 3,530 Czechoslovak volunteers broke through the trench line held by 5,500 Austro-Hungarian soldiers at
Zboriv,
Galicia, taking 3,300 men prisoner including 62 officers and 20 guns. The Czechoslovak brigade sustained roughly 900 casualties, including 167 dead and 700 wounded.[14]
East St. Louis massacre – A massive race riot erupted in the predominantly black city of
East St. Louis, Illinois, resulting in at least 48 deaths (although some accounts put the death toll between 100 and 200 people). Thousands of white
St. Louis citizens entered the town and began burning homes, leaving 6,000 people homeless. The riot was reprisal for the shooting deaths of two police detectives, who were driving a car that was mistaken for a similar vehicle earlier that opened fire on East St. Louis residents.[15]
Battle of Aqaba – An Arab rebel force led by
SheikhAuda Abu Tayi and supported by British army officer
T. E. Lawrence attacked an Ottoman military station between
Ma'an and
Aqaba in what is now
Jordan, killing 300 Turkish soldiers and taking another 300 prisoner. Lawrence was nearly killed in the fighting when he accidentally shot his own camel mount, but was thrown out of harm's way.[16]
Manchu Restoration – Deposed Chinese president
Li Yuanhong fled the presidential palace and took refuge in the French and later Japanese diplomatic districts of
Beijing.[19]
Unrest in Amsterdam caused by wartime food shortages ended violently when government troops fired into a crowd of protesters, killing nine people and injuring 114.[25]
German submarine
SM UC-7 was last sighted in the
North Sea before it went missing. It was believed it struck a mine and sank with all 18 crew on board.[26]
The fourth raid of
Operation Türkenkreuz ("Turk's Cross") occurred with 22 German
Gotha bombers attacking
London in broad daylight, killing 57 to 65 people and injuring 193 to 245 (sources differ on casualty totals). Around 100 British aircraft were scrambled to intercept the German bombers, shooting one down and damaging three others (the bombers also shot down two of the intercepting British aircraft).[33][34]
First Battle of Ramadi –
Lieutenant GeneralStanley Maude, commander of British forces in
Mesopotamia (now
Iraq), ordered a column in
Fallujah to drive a force of 1,000 Ottoman troops out of a garrison in
Ramadi in order to relieve Ottoman military pressure on a British-held dam that supplied drinking water to
Baghdad.[37] However, a record heat wave saw recorded temperatures of 71 °C (160 °F) in direct sun, making conditions intolerable for British troops.[38]
Canadian artist
Tom Thomson disappeared while on a boating trip on
Canoe Lake in
Algonquin Provincial Park,
Ontario shortly after he completed the painting The West Wind. His body was found eight days later with the official cause of death to be drowning. The mysterious circumstances around his disappearance and death led to several conspiracy theories including his body being switched with a local indigenous male (as outlined in the book The Tom Thomson Mystery by Canadian judge William T. Little).[39]
Manchu Restoration – General
Zhang Xun, leader of the
Manchu Restoration, resigned from all his government positions except for his command of military forces in
Beijing, while the Chinese Imperial Court secretly worked out negotiations for the abdication of Emperor
Puyi.[43]
Germany spoiled a British attempt to gain control of the mouth of the river
Yser in
Belgium to secure beachheads for a planned amphibious landing code-named
Operation Hush.[51]
American cargo ship
City of Washington ran aground along with two other vessels on a shallow reef near
Key Largo in the
Florida Keys. The other two, a barge and tugboat, were salvaged but the cargo ship remained a wreck.[55]
First Battle of Ramadi – A British column reached
Ramadi north of
Baghdad to drive out an Ottoman force of 1,000 men, but were slowed by defensive fire, an early morning dust storm, and intense heat that caused armored vehicles and airplanes to break down.[57]
German submarine
SM U-69 was last sighted off the coast of
Norway and may have been sunken by the American
destroyerHMS Patriot the following day with all 40 crew lost.[60]
Died:Charles Horton Peck, American botanist, leading researcher of North American indigenous plants, identifying over 2,700 native species of fungi (b.
1833)
First Battle of Ramadi – Unable to organize any attack on open ground due to searing heat, British forces were forced to retreat during the night while hounded by a force of 1,500 pro-Turkish Arabs.[63]
First Battle of Ramadi – The British column returned to home base after intense heat prevented them from launching an attack on
Ramadi west of
Baghdad. The British suffered 566 casualties, with 321 – over half – caused by heat stroke, dehydration or exhaustion.[67]
King George of the
United Kingdom issued a proclamation, stating the male line descendants of the
British royal family will bear the surname
Windsor in an effort to distance the Royal Family's relations with the German nobility.[82]
July Days – Government authorities raided and destroyed the Bolshevik Central Committee headquarters and the news office and printing plant of the Pravda newspaper, forcing the
Bolsheviks to call off the street demonstrations.[85]
German submarine
SM UC-1 disappeared and likely sank in the
North Sea with 17 crew lost.[86]
Kerensky offensive – Austro-Hungarian and German forces counterattacked and broke through the Russian line in
Galicia, pushing Russian forces back toward the
Zbruch river.[94][95]
The
Reichstag (German Parliament) passed a
peace resolution by 212 to 126 votes in an attempt to open peace negotiations that would end
World War I. However, it was opposed by conservative parties and groups and ignored by the
German High Command and the
Allies.[96]
British troopship SS Eloby was torpedoed and sunk by German submarine
SM U-38 in the
Mediterranean Sea, killing 156 people on board.[97]
Kerensky offensive – The Russian offensive in
Galicia began to collapse as thousands of soldiers deserted the trenches. Hundreds of mutinying soldiers were shot by their officers while retreating.[103]
The Henningson Engineering Company officially received its first contract, designing a power house for
Ogallala, Nebraska. The engineering and architectural firm would grow to become
HDR, Inc., which currently employs 10,000 people in 60 countries.[109]
Aircraft engine manufacturer
Rapp Motorenwerke officially changed its name to Bayerische Motoren Werke AG, or
BMW, following the departure of company founder
Karl Rapp.[110]
Shoe retailer Bensonshoe was established in
Leicester,
England and would eventually evolve into the chain
Shoe Zone.[111]
Saint Stephen's High School was established as a Christian secondary school for girls in
Manila until 1963, when it was renamed to reflect it was now a co-ed institution.[118]
Russian forces retreated in the face of the Austro-Hungarian and German advance and gave up 240 kilometres (150 mi) of territory in
Galicia, ending the
Kerensky offensive with an estimated 60,000 casualties.[119]
In
Manila Bay, Philippines,
Lt. (j.g.)Arnold Marcus, commander of the
U.S. Navy submarine A-7, and six of his crew sustained fatal burns and smoke inhalation injuries following a gasoline explosion aboard the submarine.[122]
Dutch dancer
Mata Hari appeared on trial in
Paris for spying for
Germany with information passed on that caused the death of 50,000 French troops, even though both French and British intelligence could produce little evidence of actual
espionage.[123] The high-profile nature of the trial suggested the
Georges Clemenceau government was determined to create a public scapegoat to bolster morale following the
French Army mutinies in June.[124]
Japanese camera manufacturer
Nikon was established in
Tokyo as Japan Optical Industries Co., Ltd until its re-branding in 1988.[129]
Walter Costello, an enforcer with
Egan's Rats gang in
St. Louis, was shot and killed by police while resisting arrest. Gang leader
William Egan saw Costello going for his gun when police arrested him and others for being drunk and disorderly at a saloon, shouting "We're not killing policemen!" It prompted one of the officers to draw and shoot Costello, a decision rendered as self-defense by the city police department. Costello was one of the main suspects in the murder of former gang member
Harry "Cherries" Dunn in September, 1916.[130]
Dutch steam passenger ship
Batavier II was shelled and sunk by
Royal Navy submarine
HMS E55 in the
North Sea as it was still believed to be under German control. The crew were able to steer the ship to Dutch waters before abandoning it.[132]
French fighter pilot
Georges Guynemer became the first French ace to score his 50th victory, by shooting down a German
DFW aircraft using a
SPAD fighter plane.[133]
The All-Russian Executive Committee of the Union of Railwaymen, or
Vikzhel, was formed as the governing body for the largest and most powerful industrial union in
Russia.[143]
A British colonial force of 4,000 troops defeated a German column of 3,000 troops and captured a bridge going across the river Kiawe in
German East Africa. The British sustained inflicted 500 casualties and captured 2,500 prisoners while losing 122 casualties.[144]
German submarine
SM UB-27 disappeared but was likely rammed and sunk by a British minesweeper with all 22 crew lost.[145]
Born:HB Jassin, Indonesian literary critic, credited as "The Pope of Indonesian Literature" for his work in researching and preserving Indonesian writings, in
Gorontalo,
Dutch East Indies (d.
2000)
Died:Francis Ledwidge, Irish poet, known for his poetry collections Songs of the Fields and Songs of Peace (killed in action) (b.
1887);
Hedd Wyn, Welsh poet, known for the poem "Yr Arwr" ("The Hero") (killed in action) (b.
1887)
^Nathan, Andrew (1998). Peking Politics 1918-1923: Factionalism and the Failure of Constitutionalism. Center for Chinese Studies. p. 91.
ISBN978-0-89264-131-4.
^Byrkit, James. "The Bisbee Deportation." In American Labor in the Southwest. James C. Foster, ed. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1982.
ISBN0-8165-0741-4
^Leonard Schapiro, The Origin of the Communist Autocracy: Political Opposition in the Soviet State First Phase 1917-1922, Second Edition, New York: MacMillan Press, 1977, p. 363
^Moberly, Frederick James (1927). The Campaign in Mesopotamia 1914–1918. Vol. IV. H.M. Stationery Office. p. 21.
^J. S. Fraser. Telegram to Dr. James MacCallum. 10 July 1917. Transcribed on "Death On A Painted Lake: The Tom Thomson Tragedy". 2007. Victoria, BC: Great Unsolved Mysteries in Canadian History project. Gregory Klages, Research Director.
http://www.canadianmysteries.ca/sites/thomson/tragedy/search/5252en.html
^Series "E", Volume 7, History of the 28th-43d Aero Squadrons. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
^Vogel, Frederick G. (1995). World War I Songs: A History and Dictionary of Popular American Patriotic Tunes, with Over 300 Complete Lyrics. Jefferson: McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 175.
ISBN0-89950-952-5.
^Edmonds, J. E.; Maxwell-Hyslop, R. G. B. (1993) [1947]. Military Operations France and Belgium, 1918: 26th September – 11th November, the Advance to Victory. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. V (Imperial War Museum & Battery Press ed.). London:
HMSO. pp. 117–121.
ISBN0-89839-192-X.
^Van Goethem, Herman (2010). Belgium and the Monarchy: From National Independence to National Disintegration. Brussels: UPA. p. 113.
ISBN9789054876984.
^Messimer, Dwight R. (2002). Verschollen: World War I U-boat losses. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. p. 88.
ISBN978-1-55750-475-3.
OCLC231973419.
^Rabinowitch, Alexander (2004). The Bolsheviks Come to Power: The Revolution of 1917 in Petrograd. Haymarket Books and Pluto Press. pp. 162–163. SBN 0745322689.
^Angelucci, Enzo, The American Fighter: The Definitive Guide to American Fighter Aircraft From 1917 to the Present, New York: Orion Books, 1987, p. 323.
^Series "E", Volume 5, Histories of the 22d to 24th Aero Squadrons. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
^Jackson, Alvin (2003). "Ch. 9: Changing the Question 1916–20". Home Rule, An Irish History 1800–2000. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 207.
ISBN978-0-7538-1767-4.
^"Diocese of Wagga Wagga". The Hierarchy of the Catholic Church. 21 May 2011. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
^George Jackson with Robert Devlin, Dictionary of the Russian Revolution. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1989; pp. 26-29
^Chisholm, Hugh (1922). The Encyclopædia Britannica, The Twelfth Edition, Volume 2. New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company, LTD.
^Rössler, Eberhard (1979). U-Bootbau bis Ende des 1. Weltkrieges, Konstruktionen für das Ausland und die Jahre 1935 – 1945 (in German). Vol. I.
Munich:
Bernard & Graefe. p. 54.
ISBN3-7637-5213-7. {{
cite book}}: |work= ignored (
help)
^"112 Squadron". Royal Air Force. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
^Arnold Alanen, "The Development and Distribution of Finnish Consumers' Cooperatives in Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin," in Michael Karni, Matti E. Kaups, and Douglas J. Ollila (eds.), The Finnish Experience in the Western Great Lakes Region: New Perspectives. Turku, Finland: Institute for Migration, 1975; pg. 114.
^Edmonds, J. E. (1991) [1948]. Military Operations France and Belgium 1917: Messines and Third Ypres (Passchendaele). History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. II (Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed.). London:
HMSO. pp. 149–158.
ISBN978-0-901627-75-9.