Battle of Coronel — The
Royal Navy suffered its first defeat of World War I, after a British squadron commanded by Rear-Admiral Sir
Christopher Cradock met and was defeated by superior German forces led by Vice-Admiral
Maximilian von Spee in the eastern Pacific. Cradock perished in the battle, along with 1,570 sailors, when both
HMS Good Hope and
HMS Monmouth were sunk.[2]
Battle of Armentières — Fighting continued south of the
Lys River in
France while French cavalry were forced out of
Messines, exposing the northern flank of the main French fighting force. A new reserve line was formed between the French towns of
Fleurbaix and
Nieppe, and artillery rations were doubled to help maintain the line from German attacks.[5]
Cuba held mid-term
parliamentary elections to fill up half the seats in the House of Representatives and a single seat in the Senate. The National Party of Cuba won the most seats, with 22 of the 49 House seats and the single Senate seat.[6]
The Saint Justin Theology Seminary was established in
Daegu,
Korea, eventually expanding into a series of colleges before officially obtaining university status as the
Catholic University of Daegu in 1980.[9]
Battle of Armentières — The battle officially ended although fighting continued north of the
Lys River. German forces lost nearly twice as many men as the French, with 11,300 casualties compared to 5,700.[15]
Battle of La Bassée —
Allied reserve battalions dug in at
Bailleul,
France while engineers built more field fortifications, officially ending the battle. The
Allies sustained around 15,000 casualties, while best estimates from the German side were 6,000 (although accounts were incomplete).[16]
First Battle of Ypres — German forces lost an estimated 17,250 men after five days of fighting and were quickly becoming outnumbered as fresh troops from the
British Expeditionary Force arrived for battle. The new pressure on the front line delayed the German Army's plans to attack using the west Belgium towns of
Messines and
Langemark.[37]
Raid on Yarmouth — The
Imperial German Navy attacked the British
North Sea port of
Great Yarmouth after sea patrols surprised a mine-laying operation at the mouth of the port.[38] The German navy lost their battle cruiser
SMS Yorck when it struck two of the mines their patrol laid down, killing somewhere between 235 and 336 sailors (reports varied).[39] The British lost a submarine (
HMS D5) when it struck a mine going out to meet the German fleet, killing 25 sailors.[40]
Battle of Tanga — Most of the British Indian forces landed in
Tanga harbor and began their march on the Tanzanian city the next day.[43]
Battle of Kilimanjaro — An
Indian Expeditionary Force of 1,500 clashed with German colonial troops at the famous mountain in
German East Africa. Despite having a force strength half the size of the British, the Germans were victorious. The British force lost 312 men while the Germans lost 109.[44]
The
East Asia Squadron of the
Imperial German Navy entered
Valparaíso harbor in
Chile and were welcomed as heroes by the German population for their victory over the
Royal Navy at the
Battle of Coronel two days earlier. Admiral
Maximilian von Spee refused to join in the celebration, knowing the victory only stacked the odds against his squadron for surviving another campaign against the
Royal Navy. When presented with a bunch of flowers, Von Spee was said to have commented, "these will do nicely for my grave". His words were prophetic, as Von Spee and many of his squadron would die at the
Battle of the Falkland Islands just over a month later.[46]
Battle of Tanga — British Indian and German colonial soldiers clashed in the streets and jungles around
Tanga, Tanzania. Despite a company of
Gurkhas capturing key buildings in the city, the Germans were able to stop most of the advance. In one of the battle's more odd episodes, a large beehive was disturbed and a swarm attacked and broke up a major British infantry regiment while causing a defending force to scatter, leading to the nickname "Battle of the Bees". After several more hours of brutal street fighting, disorganization and mounting casualties forced the British to withdraw, despite outnumbering German defenders eight to one. British forces in all lost 360 men, had 487 wounded and 148 missing. German defenders lost 70 men and 76 wounded.[50]
The German
cruiserSMS Karlsruhe sank near
Barbados after an internal explosion tore the vessel in half, killing 133 of its 373 crew, including its captain
Erich Köhler. The stern of the ship stayed afloat long enough for the 140 survivors to board a pair of
colliers attending the ship. After the second one was scuttled, the remaining ship slipped through a
Royal Navy blockade formed to hunt
SMS Karlsruhe for sinking or capturing 15 British merchant ships and damaging the British cruiser
HMS Bristol on August 6.[51] As a result,
Germany kept the sinking secret until British intelligence learned of the ship's fate in March 1915.[52]
Siege of Mora – An
Allied artillery bombardment initially forced defending German colonial forces to abandon the northern side of the mountain near
Mora,
German Cameroon but a counterattack retook the position.[53]
A court martial against British Admiral
Ernest Troubridge, who had commanded the British
Mediterranean Fleet that pursued and failed to capture the German battleships
SMS Goeben and
SMS Breslau before they reached
Turkey, was held on board
HMS Bulwark moored at the
Isle of Portland. Troubridge faced charges of failing to engage the enemy, especially since the German ships helped strengthen the Empire's naval fleet and emboldened them to join the
Central Powers in
World War I.[62]
With
Italy continuing to declare its neutrality during the first year of
World War I, Italian volunteer soldiers with the
French Foreign Legion formed the 4th Marching Regiment of the 1st Foreign Regiment, more popularly known as the
Garibaldi Legion, to fight the Germans.[64]
Siege of Tsingtao — The Japanese softened Germany's defenses with a week of bombardment until German ammunition had run out. Japanese infantry then stormed the German trenches and forced them to surrender the following day.[70]
Bergmann Offensive — Russian forces made contact with Ottoman troops in the Caucasus region and fighting began over the next three days.[71]
German spy
Carl Hans Lody was executed by firing squad in the
Tower of London, the first such execution to be held there in 167 years. He was the only captured German spy to be put on public trial in
Great Britain in
World War I.[74]
Irish aviation pioneer
Francis Annesley disappeared after taking off with pilot Flight Lieutenant C.F. Beevor from an airfield at Eastchurch, England in a
Bristol airplane bound for
France. He and Beevor were officially declared dead on December 2 after two German prisoners of war testified a plane matching the description of the missing aircraft had been shot down over
Dixmude,
Belgium.[75]
American biologist
Jacques Loeb published a paper on artificial
parthenogenesis in
sea urchins. His paper provided experimental evidence that it was possible to cause the eggs of sea urchins to begin embryonic development without sperm by slightly modifying the chemical composition of the water in which the eggs were kept.[76]
The first issue of The New Republic was published in the
United States.The first sentences of the opening article in the first issue simple stated: "The New Republic is frankly an experiment. It is an attempt to find national audience for a journal of interpretation and opinion."[81]
The planet
Mercury visibly crossed the face of the sun, starting at 09:57 UTC and ending 14:09 UTC.[84]
Sunday, November 8, 1914
Fao Landing — Soldiers with the
British Indian Army captured the seaside fortress overlooking
Fao beach in
Iraq using the newly arrived British artillery to breach the walls. The capture of the fort, along with 300 prisoners, ensured the
Ottoman Empire could not threaten
Allied shipping in the
Persian Gulf.[85]
The German light cruiser
SMS Emden arrived at the Australian-held
Cocos Islands in the
Indian Ocean on a mission to disable a wireless and cable transmission station. However, the station was able to send out a distress signal before it was taken out, alerting the Australian command ship
HMAS Melbourne which ordered
HMAS Sydney to investigate.[86]
Battle of Cocos — Australian cruiser
HMAS Sydney spotted and disabled the German cruiser
SMS Emden, the last active warship of the
Central Powers in the
Indian Ocean, with 133 sailors out of the 345 crew killed.[89] A German landing party of 50 sent to destroy the wireless station witnessed the battle from the shore and realized it did not have enough men to hold the island. Instead, it commandeered a schooner and set course for
Padang in the neutral
Dutch East Indies.[90]
First Battle of Ypres — German armies attacked the French and Belgian forces between
Langemark and
Dixmude and forced them back to the
Yser River, where the Belgians blew up the crossings.[91]
British Admiral
Ernest Troubridge was acquitted of the charge of failing to engage an enemy after the court-martial concluded the
Admiralty of the
Royal Navy was responsible for failing to communicate its orders to the admiral properly and delaying the
Mediterranean Fleet's chances of intercepting a pair of German battleships from reaching
Turkey.[92]
First Battle of Ypres — German armies launched a new offensive in west
Belgium from the forest Nonne Bosschen (Nun's Copse) that ran from
Langemark and
Dixmude in what historians referred to as the Battle of Nonne Bosschen.[94]
Battle of Cocos — The Australian cruiser
HMAS Sydney commenced rescue of the surviving sailors on the beached
SMS Emden after learning the German landing party on the islands had escaped in a schooner.[96]
Born:Moshe Wolman, Polish-Israeli medical researcher, leading researcher of biochemistry and the first to diagnose the genetic disorder
Wolman disease, in
Warsaw (d.
2009)
First Battle of Ypres — The Germans launched a major offensive from
Messines,
Belgium and broke through the
Allied line to advance on
Zwarteleen, some 3,000 yards (2,700 m) east of
Ypres, where they were checked by a British cavalry brigade. At the same time, the Germans captured a strategic rise classified as
Hill 60, which became a major battle location the following year.[99]
Battle of Łódź — Russian forces were surprised and routed by a sneak German attack on the left bank of the
Vistula River in
Poland, resulting in 12,000 Russian troops being captured. The attack created a 50 km (31 mi) gap between the Russian
First and
Second Armies.[100]
Bergmann Offensive — Ottoman forces counter-attacked and hit the Russian flanks, forcing the invading army to retreat in the
Caucasus region.[101]
Battle of Basra — Troops with the
Ottoman Empire tried to ambush British troops marching on
Basra (in what is now southern
Iraq) while they camped en route. However, the camp's defenses were able to repel the attack.[102]
An Australian propaganda film The Day, directed by
Alfred Rolfe, was released to popular acclaim. The film depicted reenactments of reported German atrocities during the
Rape of Belgium in August. The film is now considered lost.[108]
First Battle of Ypres — German forces bombarded British defenses and broke through the line, but did not have enough support to advance. German casualties for the battle had now reached about 80,000 men and casualties for the
British Expeditionary Force since arriving in
France in August nearly reached 90,000 men. The Belgian army had been reduced by half and the French had lost 385,000 men.[109]
Bergmann Offensive - Russian reinforcements under command of the General Mikhail Przevalski arrived to halt the retreat of General Georgy Bergmann's forces in northeastern
Turkey.[110]
A mob of 1,500 people
lynched John Evans in
St. Petersburg, Florida, for the alleged murder of a local real estate developer and an assault on his wife, who claimed they were attacked by "two Negros". Evans innocence or guilt in the crime was never proven.[113]
First Battle of Ypres —
Germany launched a surprise attack on French forces while British forces arrived to support the line. Meanwhile, the weather became much colder, with rain turning to snow within 48 hours. With night frost becoming common within the week and snow covering the ground, troops on opposing sides were succumbing to frostbite and fatigue. Snipers would shoot troops nodding off in trenches half-full of freezing water while artillery bombed opposing trenches. In 12 days, the battle would end simply because troops on both sides were too exhausted to fight.[114]
Battle of El Herri — A French colonial garrison of 1,200 men under command of Lieutenant-Colonel
René Laverdure attacked
Berber tribesmen part of the
Zaian Confederation at a small settlement near the city of
Khenifra in central
Morocco, in direct violation of orders by General
Hubert Lyautey not to engage in any military action while negotiating peace terms with the Confederation to end the
Zaian War. The attack proved disastrous, after the Berber tribesmen regrouped, attacked and surrounded the French garrison after it attempted to return to
Khenifra. The garrison was annihilated, with 623 troops and officers killed (including Laverdure) and another 176 wounded. The Berbers lost only 182 men.[115]
The traditional American Southern folk song "
Carry Me Back to Old Virginny" was recorded by American opera singer
Alma Gluck but written by African-American musician and songwriter
James A. Bland in 1878. The song - released by the
Victor Talking Machine Company - proved to be a hit and became the first recording by a celebrity classical singer to sell over a million copies.[116]
The
Georgia Supreme Court upheld the decision by state judge Ben Hill not to grant
Leo Frank a new trial. Frank had been found guilty in 1913 of the murder of 13-year old Mary Phagan in
Atlanta but maintained his innocence.[118]
Kaiser Wilhelm II met with his cabinet and concluded that the
Great War could not be won. Nonetheless, they continued the war for four more years.[123]
Bergmann Offensive — Taking advantage of Russian forces concentrating on slowing their retreat in
Turkey, Ottoman forces crossed the border and defeated a Russian column near Borchka, a city in the lower
Choruh valley of the
Caucasus. The defeat forced the Russians to evacuate the cities of Borchka,
Artvin and Ardanuch.[125]
The first major fatality in professional football occurred when
Harry Turner,
center for the
Canton Professionals in the
Ohio League, died after his back was broken following a tackle against opponent
Joe Collins during a game against the
Akron Indians. His manager
Jack Cusack was at his bedside and reported Turner's last words were: "I know I must go but I'm satisfied, for we beat [Akron Indians coach]
Peggy Parratt." Canton won the game 6–0.[127]
Battle of Kolubara — Austro-Hungarian forces under command of
Oskar Potiorek made a third attempt to invade
Serbia by way of the
Kolubara River. The battle between invading forces and the defending Serbian army commenced over the next five days in heavy rain and snowfall, with many soldiers on both sides succumbing to
hypothermia and frostbite as they did to bullets.[133]
Siege of Tsingtao — Japanese and British forces formally took over the German colonial port of
Tsingtao. Japanese casualties numbered 236 killed and 1,282 wounded; the British had 12 killed and 53 wounded, and the Germans had 199 dead and 504 wounded.[134]
Battle of Łódź — The
Russian Fifth Army was ordered to
Łódź to reinforce existing forces around the city from a suspected German offensive following a surprise assault five days earlier. In actuality, German commander
Paul von Hindenburg intended the attack as a ruse to focus most of Russia's strength in one area and create a weakened flank German forces could exploit.[136]
Russian forces under command of General Mikhail Przevalski crossed the
Aras River in northeastern
Turkey and launched a dawn attack on Ottoman forces to halt their advance.[137]
Battle of Basra — British forces defeated Ottoman troops defending
Saihan,
Iraq, south of
Basra, with the Ottomans suffering 250 casualties.[138]
British writer
M. P. Shiel was convicted and imprisoned for "indecently assaulting and carnally knowing" his 12-year-old stepdaughter on October 26 in
London.[144]
Died:Shunrō Oshikawa, Japanese journalist and writer, considered the pioneer of genre fiction in
Japan including detective and science fiction (b.
1876)
The British government announced that income tax was to be doubled in order to finance the war-time budget.[148]
The German
cruiserSMS Friedrich Carl struck two mines laid down by the
Imperial Russian Navy in the
Baltic Sea. However, she was able to stay afloat for a few hours, allowing the crew to complete a seaplane attack on the Russian port of
Libau. The ship's 585-man crew then evacuated before it capsized.[149]
The inaugural meeting of the
Union of Democratic Control was held in
London to set up an advocacy group focused on the British government forming a more responsive foreign policy following the end of
World War I. While meant to be non-partisan, it was dominated by members of the
Labour Party and
Liberal Party.[151]
Battle of Kolubara — Austro-Hungarian forces began an assault on the Serbian town of
Lazarevac, which would provide a strategic launching spot for a siege on
Belgrade to the north.[154]
Battle of Łódź — Russian and German forces clashed near
Łódź,
Poland in bitter winter conditions, even though both armies were still outfitted in summer clothing.[155] A damaged bridge forced German forces to locate an alternative crossing over the
Vistula River, and mixed orders caused some units to halt while other advanced too far, spreading out forces thinly. With a large contingent of German troops in danger of being surrounded, Russia ordered trains to the front to anticipate capturing up to 20,000 prisoners (in actuality, there was only a German force of 11,000).[156]
Battle of Cape Sarych — German battleship
SMS Goeben, now the Yavuz for the
Ottoman Navy, along with its sister ship
SMS Breslau, now the Midilli, engaged with ships with the Russian
Black Sea Fleet off the
Crimean coast. The Yavuz exchanged fire with the Russian battleship Evstafi, with the
Black Sea Fleet warship scoring a hit that killed 13 crew and wounded three more. However, Yavuz scored more devastating hits on Evstafi, killing 34 Russian crew and wounding another 24, forcing the ship and the rest of the fleet to retreat.[158]
AdmiralAlfred von Tirpitz, Secretary of State for the
Imperial German Navy, advocated massed
Zeppelin attacks on
London in a letter: "The English are now in terror of the Zeppelin, perhaps not without reason ... one could set fire to London in thirty places, then what in a small way is odious would retire before something fine and powerful."[160]
Karolina Kózka, a 16-year-old girl who was fully committed to her Catholic faith, died while resisting an attempted rape by a Russian soldier near her village of
Wał-Ruda,
Poland. Kózka was stabbed several times by a bayonet and died from her wounds after escaping. Because of her strong religious faith and her violent death, her burial site became a religious shrine for many Polish Catholics who saw her as a martyr. In 1987, after much campaigning from
Poland,
Pope John Paul II beatified her as a "martyr of Christ".[161]
Battle of Basra — The British captured a mud fortress built by the Ottomans at Sahil,
Iraq. Ottoman troops retreated, losing 1,000 men while the British lost 350.[163]
Battle of Kolubara — Austro-Hungarian and Serbian forces clashed at Mount
Maljen in
Serbia, with the Serbians giving up the mountain after three days of intense fighting.[168]
Battle of Basra — The British learned the Ottoman forces had abandoned the city of
Basra in
Iraq and were able to take the city unopposed.[169]
First Battle of Ypres — The battle wound down as neither side planned new attacks to allow soldiers to rest and prepare for winter. The
Allies suffered major casualties, with the French sustaining somewhere 50,000 to 80,000 casualties, followed by the British with over 58,000, and
Belgium with over 21,000. The Germans sustained a minimum 46,000 casualties and may have gone as high as over 100,000.[174]
Ottoman Navy
minelayer Nilufer, formally the British passenger vessel
SS Frederica, struck a mine in the
Black Sea and sank with all crew evacuated.[175]
Defence of Festubert — A German infantry regiment captured 800 yards (730 m) of trench east of
Festubert,
France from British Indian Corps. However,
Sikh and
Indian troops counter-attacked at night and recovered the trenches.[177]
The
U.S. Marines withdrew from
Veracruz,
Mexico after occupying the town since April, allowing soldiers under the command of
Venustiano Carranza to move in to set up the leader's main headquarters.[178]
British guard boat Dorothy Gray spotted a submarine periscope belonging to German submarine
SM U-18 off the coast of
Scotland and managed to ram it twice. Severely damaged, the sub was forced to surface and most of the crew were captured before the vessel sank.[179]
Battle of Łódź — A surrounded German force of 11,000 broke out of its pocket by exploiting confused Russian movements, allowing them to capture 12,000 prisoners and 64 guns.[185]
Battle of Kolubara — Austro-Hungarian forces attempted to cross a critical juncture in
Serbia where the river
Kolubara met with the
Sava River, but were beaten back by stiff Serbian resistance and forced out of the area the following day.[186]
A schooner carrying 50 German navy men from the landing party of the destroyed
SMS Emden were allowed entry in the port of
Padang of the
Dutch East Indies, but under strict terms so the
Netherlands could maintain their stance of neutrality during
World War I.[192]
A methane gas explosion hit in New Yūbari coal mine in
Hokkaido,
Japan. According to
Japanese government official confirmed report, 423 people were human fatalities. The fourth worst coal mine disaster in nation's history.[citation needed]
The German landing party that commandeered a schooner after
SMS Emden was disabled at the
Battle of Cocos left
Padang port in the
Dutch East Indies rather than risk having the schooner confiscated by authorities. The commanding officer left a message with German merchant fleet in the area to meet them at a rendezvous point away from Dutch territorial waters.[194]
Battle of Łódź — Fearing a repeat of the disaster at
Tannenberg in August, Russia ordered its armies to withdraw to defensive positions around
Warsaw, leaving
Łódź unprotected.[198]
Battle of Kolubara — Despite the Serbian army inflicting heavy casualties on the invading
Austro-Hungarian Army, officials in
Belgrade felt defenses would not hold against renewed attacks and ordered the city to be evacuated.[199]
^Massie, Robert (2004). Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany, and the Winning of the Great War at Sea. London: Jonathan Cape. pp. 222–242.
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^Grey, Jeffrey (1999). A Military History of Australia (2nd ed.). Melbourne, Victoria: Cambridge University Press. p. 88.
ISBN0521644836.
^Beckett, I. (2003). Ypres The First Battle, 1914 (2006 ed.). London: Longmans. p. 193.
ISBN1-4058-3620-2.
^Edmonds, J. E. (1925). "Military Operations France and Belgium, 1914: Antwerp, La Bassée, Armentières, Messines and Ypres October–November 1914". History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. II. London: Macmillan: 231.
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^Hinterhoff, Eugene (1984). The Campaign in Armenia. Marshall Cavendish Illustrated Encyclopedia of World War I, vol ii. New York: Marshall Cavendish Corporation. p. 500.
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^Dubin, Michael J. (1998). United States Congressional elections, 1788–1997: the official results of the elections of the 1st through 105th Congresses. Jefferson, NC: McFarland.
ISBN0-7864-0283-0.
^Beckett, I.; Simpson, K. (1985). A Nation in Arms: A Social Study of the British Army in the First World War. Manchester University Press. pp. 213–14.
ISBN978-0-7190-1737-7.
^Cron, Hermann (1937). Imperial German Army 1914–18: Organisation, Structure, Orders-of-Battle (2002 ed.). Helion & Co. p. 400.
ISBN1-874622-70-1.
^US patent 1115674, Mary Phelps Jacob, "Backless Brassiere", issued 1914-November-3
^Simmons, Dorothy (1999). A History of Evans County, Georgia. The Evans County Historical Society.
^Hoyt, Edwin P. (1981). Guerilla: Colonel von Lettow-Vorbeck and Germany's East African Empire. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company. pp. 50–51.
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^Bennett, Geoffrey (2005). Naval Battles of the First World War. London: Pen & Sword Military Classics. p. 131.
ISBN1-84415-300-2.
^Halpern, Paul G. (1995). A Naval History of World War I. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. p. 79.
ISBN1-55750-352-4.
^Maj A.F. Becke,History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 2b: The 2nd-Line Territorial Force Divisions (57th–69th), with the Home-Service Divisions (71st–73rd) and 74th and 75th Divisions, London: HM Stationery Office, 1937/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007,
ISBN1-84734-739-8, pp. 1-7
^Burt, R. A. (1986). British Battleships of World War One. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. p. 251.
ISBN978-0-87021-863-7.
^Burt, R. A. (1988). British Battleships 1889–1904. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. p. 90.
ISBN0-87021-061-0.
^Becke, Maj. A.F. (2007). History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 2b: The 2nd-Line Territorial Force Divisions (57th–69th), with the Home-Service Divisions (71st–73rd) and 74th and 75th Divisions. London, HM Stationery Office, 1937/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press. pp. 1–7.
ISBN978-1-847347-39-8.{{
cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (
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^Bergot, Erwan (1984). Régiment de marche de la légion,éditions. Presses de la Cité.
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^Perry, F.W. (1993). Order of Battle of Divisions Part 5B. Indian Army Divisions. Newport: Ray Westlake Military Books. p. 165.
ISBN1-871167-23-X.
^Stevens, David (2001). "World War I". The Royal Australian Navy. The Australian Centenary History of Defence III. South Melbourne, VIC: Oxford University Press. p. 39.
ISBN0-19-555542-2.
^Ishino, Tetsu, ed. (1998). 停車場変遷大辞典 国鉄・JR編 [Station Transition Directory - JNR/JR] (in Japanese). Vol. I. Japan: JTB. p. 110.
ISBN4-533-02980-9.
^Gröner, Erich (1990). German Warships: 1815–1945. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. p. 106.
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^Cassells, Vic (2000). The Capital Ships: Their Battles and their Badges. East Roseville, New South Wales: Simon & Schuster. p. 140.
ISBN0-7318-0941-6.
^Jose, Arthur W (1941). "The Royal Australian Navy 1914–1918". The Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918 IX. Sydney, New South Wales: Angus and Robertson: 190.
OCLC215763279.
^A.J. Barker, The First Iraq War, 1914–1918, Britain's Mesopotamian Campaign,(Enigma, New York, 2009; originally published in 1967 as The Bastard War(US)/The Neglected War(UK)), 26.
^Cocker, M. P.; Cocker, Maurice (2006). Coastal Forces Vessels of the Royal Navy from 1865. Tempus. p. 79.
ISBN9780752438627.
^Becke, Major A.F. (1937). Order of Battle of Divisions Part 2B. The 2nd-Line Territorial Force Divisions (57th–69th) with The Home-Service Divisions (71st–73rd) and 74th and 75th Divisions. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office. p. 75.
ISBN1-871167-00-0.
^The Students of Worcester Polytechnic Institute, "The Tech News Volume 6, Issue 10, November 17, 1914 " (1914). Tech News All Issues. 965.
http://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/technews/965
^Cusack, Jack (1987).
"Pioneer in Pro Football"(PDF). Coffin Corner (8). Professional Football Researchers Association: 1–18. Archived from
the original(PDF) on 2012-03-11.
^Philip Morgan (2003), Fascism in Europe, 1919-1945, New York: NY: Routledge, p. 27
^"Calendar". The Independent. 13 Jul 1914. Retrieved 5 August 2012.
^Jordan, David (2008). The Balkans, Italy & Africa 1914–1918: From Sarajevo to the Piave and Lake Tanganyika. London: Amber Books. p. 36.
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^Haupt, Werner (1984). Deutschlands Schutzgebiete in Übersee 1884–1918 [Germany's Overseas Protectorates 1884–1918] (in German). Friedberg: Podzun-Pallas Verlag. p. 147.
ISBN3-7909-0204-7.
^W.E.D. Allen and Paul Muratoff, "Caucasian Battlefields", Cambridge 1953, page 248.
^Wrzosek, Mieczysław (1990). "Wiedza Powszechna". Polski czyn zbrojny podczas pierwszej wojny światowej 1914-1918 (in Polish). Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo.
^McLaughlin, Stephen (2001). "Predreadnoughts vs a Dreadnought: The Action off Cape Sarych, 18 November 1914". In Preston, Antony (ed.). Warship 2001–2002. London: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 117–140.
ISBN978-0-85177-901-0.
^Falls, Cyril; MacMunn, G. (1930). "Military Operations Egypt & Palestine from the Outbreak of War with Germany to June 1917". Official History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. 1. London: H.M. Stationery Office: 34.
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^Murray, Williamson, Strategy for Defeat: The Luftwaffe 1933-1945, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama: Air University Press, 1983, no ISBN, p. 4.
^Ball, Ann (2004). Young Faces of Holiness. Huntington, IN: Our Sunday Visitor Publishing Division. pp. 90–92.
^Solomon, Aubrey (2011). The Fox Film Corporation, 1915–1935: A History and Filmography. McFarland. p. 227.
ISBN978-0-7864-6286-5.
^Cron, Hermann (1937). Imperial German Army 1914–18: Organisation, Structure, Orders-of-Battle (2002 ed.). Solihull: Helion. pp. 88–89.
ISBN1-874622-70-1.
^Huffman, Larry (1999). Legendary Whitetails (Third ed.). Mequon, WI: Wildlife Images. pp. 118–125.
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^Edmonds, J. E.; Wynne, G. C. (1927). Military Operations France and Belgium, 1915: Winter 1914–15 Battle of Neuve Chapelle: Battles of Ypres. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence I (Imperial War Museum and Battery Press 1995 reprint ed.). London: Macmillan. p. 4.
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^Messimer, Dwight R. (2002). Verschollen: World War I U-boat Losses. Naval Institute Press. pp. 36–40.
ISBN9781557504753.
^Herwig, Holger H. (2014). The First World War: Germany and Austria-Hungary, 1914–1918 (2nd ed.). London: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 110.
ISBN978-1-4725-0885-0.
^Anthony James Gregor (1979). Young Mussolini and the Intellectual Origins of Fascism. University of California Press. p. 191.
ISBN978-0520037991.