From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the year 1848. For the film, see
1848 (film) .
Calendar year
Wikimedia Commons has media related to
1848 .
1848 (
MDCCCXLVIII ) was a
leap year starting on Saturday of the
Gregorian calendar and a
leap year starting on Thursday of the
Julian calendar , the 1848th year of the
Common Era (CE) and
Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 848th year of the
2nd millennium , the 48th year of the
19th century , and the 9th year of the
1840s decade. As of the start of 1848, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
Calendar year
1848 is historically famous for the
wave of revolutions , a series of widespread struggles for more
liberal governments, which broke out from Brazil to Hungary; although most failed in their immediate aims, they significantly altered the political and philosophical landscape and had major ramifications throughout the rest of the century.
Events
February 2 : The
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo is signed, ending the
Mexican–American War and ceding all the
Republic of Texas 's territorial claims to the United States for $15m.
February 21 :
Karl Marx publishes
The Communist Manifesto .
April 10 : "Monster Rally" of
Chartists held on
Kennington Common in London; the first photograph of a crowd depicts it.
January–March
January 3 –
Joseph Jenkins Roberts is sworn in as the first
president of the independent African
Republic of Liberia .
January 12 –
Sicilian revolution of 1848 : The Palermo rising erupts in
Sicily against the
Bourbon
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies .
January 24 –
California Gold Rush :
James W. Marshall finds
gold at
Sutter's Mill , in
Coloma, California .
January 31 – In the United States:
February 2
February 17 –
John Bird Sumner is nominated as
Archbishop of Canterbury .
February 21 –
Karl Marx and
Friedrich Engels publish
The Communist Manifesto (Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei ) in London.
February 23 –
French Revolution of 1848 :
François Guizot ,
Prime Minister of France , resigns; 52 people from the Paris mob are killed by soldiers guarding public buildings.
February 24 –
Louis Philippe I , King of the French, abdicates in favour of his grandson,
Prince Philippe, Count of Paris , and flees to England after days of revolution in Paris. The
French Second Republic is later proclaimed by
Alphonse de Lamartine , in the name of the provisional government elected by the Chamber, under the pressure of the mob.
March 2 – The
March Unrest breaks out in Sweden.
March 7 –
Comptoir national d'escompte de Paris , predecessor of European bank
BNP Paribas , is founded by decree of the
French Provisional Government .
[1]
March 11 –
Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine and
Robert Baldwin become the first
Joint Premiers of the Province of Canada to be democratically elected under a system of
responsible government .
March 13 – Prince
Klemens von Metternich gives up office as
State Chancellor and
Foreign Minister of the Austrian Empire .
March 15 –
Hungarian Revolution of 1848 : The Hungarian young revolutionary intellectuals, led by
Sándor Petőfi ,
Mór Jókai and others, called the Márciusi Ifjak (Young men of March) organize peaceful mass demonstrations in Pest, forcing the city's Habsburg authorities to accept the
12 Points : the Hungarian claim for freedom and
self-determination within the
Habsburg Empire . On the same day,
Lajos Kossuth and representatives of the
Diet of Hungary go to
Vienna , and force the emperor and Hungarian king
Ferdinand I of Austria to accept Hungarian claims for self-determination within the empire.
March 18
March 22 – The
Republic of San Marco comes into existence in
Venice .
March 23 – The settlement of
Dunedin ,
New Zealand is founded, with the arrival of settlers from Scotland on board the
John Wickliffe .
March 24 – The
First Schleswig War (German: Schleswig-Holsteinischer Krieg , or Three Years' War (Danish: Treårskrigen )), a military conflict in southern Denmark and northern Germany rooted in the
Schleswig-Holstein Question , contesting the issue of who should control the Duchies of
Schleswig and
Holstein , begins.
March 29 –
Queen's College, London , founded, the world's first school to award academic qualifications to young women.
April–June
April 10
April 11 – The first Hungarian national government is formed, under the leadership of
Lajos Batthyány . The
April Laws , the first democratic revolutionary laws in
Hungary , are promulgated, putting an end to the
feudal privileges of the nobility and
serfdom ; proclaiming the
freedom of religion ,
freedom of the press and foundation of the
Hungarian National Bank ; and organising the first democratic
election in Hungary based in popular representation, a national guard and reunion of
Transylvania with Hungary. The Habsburg emperor, and Hungarian king
Ferdinand I of Austria , ratify these laws, which form the basis of modern Hungary.
April 18 – The
Second Anglo-Sikh War breaks out in the
Punjab .
April 25 – Captain
Francis Crozier and Commander
James Fitzjames of the
Royal Navy deposit the final formal record ever recovered from the
Franklin Expedition in a cairn on
King William Island , after deserting their ships, HMS Erebus and HMS Terror , with their surviving 105 crew members on April 22 to attempt to march to the mainland of North America.
April 27 – The second abolition of slavery in France and its colonies initiated by
Victor Schœlcher .
April 29 –
Pope Pius IX publishes an allocution announcing his refusal to support Piedmont-Sardinia in its war with Austria, and dispelling hopes that he might serve as ruler of a pan-Italian republic. The allocution, by which Pius is seen to withdraw his moral support for the
Italian unification movement, is a key first step in the soon-to-be crushing reaction against the revolutions of 1848.
May 15
May 18 – The '
Frankfurt Parliament ' (Nationalversammlung ), the first German National Assembly, opens in
Frankfurt .
May 19 – The
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo of February 2, ending the
Mexican–American War , is ratified by the Mexican government.
May 29 –
Wisconsin is admitted as the 30th
U.S. state .
May 30 – The
Prudential Mutual Assurance Investment and Loan Association is established at
Hatton Garden in London (England) to provide loans to professional and working people, origin of the multinational life
insurance and
financial services group.
[3]
June – The
Serbians from
Vojvodina start a rebellion against the Hungarian government.
June 2 –
12 – The
Prague Slavic Congress brings together members of the
Pan-Slavism movement.
June 17 – The Austrian army bombards
Prague , and crushes a working-class revolt.
June 21 –
Wallachian Revolution of 1848 : The
Proclamation of Islaz is made public, and a
Romanian revolutionary government led by
Ion Heliade Rădulescu and
Christian Tell is created.
June 22 – The French government dissolves the
national workshops in Paris, giving the workers the choice of joining the army or going to workshops in the provinces. The following day, the
June Days Uprising begins in response.
July–September
July 26 :
Matale Rebellion begins in
Sri Lanka .
September 12 : The
Swiss Confederation reconstitutes itself as a
federal republic .
July – The
Public Health Act establishes
Boards of Health across
England and Wales , the nation's first public health law, giving cities broad authority to build modern sanitary systems.
[4]
July 5 – The Hungarian national revolutionary
parliament starts to work.
July 19 –
Seneca Falls Convention : The 2-day
women's rights convention opens in
Seneca Falls, New York ; "
Bloomers " are introduced.
July 26
July 29 –
Young Irelander Rebellion : A nationalist revolt in
County Tipperary , against British rule, is put down by the
Irish Constabulary .
[4]
August 6 –
HMS Daedalus reports a sighting of a sea serpent.
August 14 – American President
James K. Polk annexes the
Oregon Country , and renames it the
Oregon Territory as part of the United States.
August 17 – The Independent
Republic of Yucatán officially unites with Mexico, in exchange for Mexican help in suppressing a revolt by the indigenous
Maya population.
August 19 –
California Gold Rush : The
New York Herald breaks the news to the East Coast of the United States that there is a
gold rush in
California (although the rush started in January).
August 24 – The U.S.
barque
Ocean Monarch is burnt out off the
Great Orme ,
North Wales , with the loss of 178, chiefly emigrants.
August 28 –
Louisy Mathieu becomes the first black member to join the
French Parliament , as a representative of
Guadeloupe .
September 10 – The Austrian commander
Karl von Urban makes the first stand against the Revolution in Hungary, assembling in his headquarters in Năsăud hundreds of delegates from all districts of the
Principality of Transylvania . As a result, 918 communities in the region distance themselves from the Revolution.
September 11 – The
Croatian army of
Josip Jelačić , encouraged in secret by the
Habsburg government, crosses the
Drava River and attacks Hungary, with the goal of ending the revolution in that country.
September 12 – One of the successes of the
Revolutions of 1848 , the
Swiss Federal Constitution , patterned on the
Constitution of the United States , enters into force, creating a
federal republic , and one of the first modern
democratic states in Europe.
September 13 –
Vermont railroad worker
Phineas Gage survives a 3-foot-plus iron rod being driven through his head.
September 16 –
William Cranch Bond and
William Lassell discover
Hyperion ,
Saturn 's
moon .
September 25 – The Hungarian king and
Habsburg emperor
Ferdinand V refuses to recognise the
Hungarian government , led by
Lajos Batthyány . The Batthyány government resigns and the National Defence Committee is formed, which is a temporary crisis government, totally independent from Vienna, under the leadership of
Lajos Kossuth .
September 26 – The
University of Ottawa is founded in Canada as the College of Bytown, a Roman Catholic institution.
September 29 –
Battle of Pákozd : The Hungarian revolutionary army, led by János Móga, defeats the
Croatian army of
Josip Jelačić , forcing him to retreat towards
Vienna .
October–December
October – During the ethnic conflict generated by the nationalist revolution in Hungary and Transylvania (mostly in October 1848–January 1849, but also between May–July 1849) between 4.400 and 6.000 Romanian civilians (men, women, and children) are massacred by Hungarian revolutionary forces, and 7,500 to 8,500 Hungarian civilians are massacred by Romanian insurgents.
[5]
October 2 – The National Defence Committee (Országos Honvédelmi Bizottmány ), led by
Lajos Kossuth , becomes the executive power in Hungary, after the resignation of the
Lajos Batthyány government.
October 3 – General Anton Puchner, commander of the Austrian armies of
Transylvania , declares insurrection against Hungary, and, together with
Karl von Urban in the north and the
Romanian insurgents led by
Avram Iancu , attacks and chases away the Hungarian armed forces occupying Transylvania.
October 18 –
Elizabeth Gaskell 's first novel,
Mary Barton : A Tale of Manchester Life , is published anonymously in London.
October 24 –
Romanian bands massacre 640 Hungarian civilians at the town of
Zlatna ,
Transylvania .
[6]
October 28 – In
Catalonia , Spain, the
Barcelona –
Mataró railroad route (the first to be constructed in the
Iberian Peninsula ) is inaugurated.
October 30 –
Battle of Schwechat : Hungarian forces which crossed the Austrian border, in order to unite with the Viennese revolutionaries, are defeated by the imperial army, led by
Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz and
Josip Jelačić .
October 31 –
Vienna is occupied by the imperial forces led by
Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz , who crushes the
revolution here.
November 1 – In
Boston ,
Massachusetts , the first
medical school for women, the Boston Female Medical School (which later merges with
Boston University School of Medicine ), opens.
November 3 – A new
Constitution of the Netherlands (drafted by
Johan Rudolph Thorbecke ), severely limiting the power of the
monarchy and introducing
representative democracy , is proclaimed.
November 4 – France ratifies a new constitution. The
French Second Republic is set up, ending the state of temporary government.
November 7 –
1848 United States presidential election :
Whig
Zachary Taylor of
Louisiana defeats
Democrat
Lewis Cass of
Michigan , in the first
U.S. presidential election held in every state on the same day.
November 13 – At the
Battle of Gherla , the Austrian commander
Karl von Urban wins a victory with his force of 3.000 against the 12.000-strong Hungarian Revolutionary Army led by
Manó Baldacci , the Hungarian commander-in-chief in Transylvania.
November 17 –
Karl von Urban liberates
Klausenburg (Cluj-Napoca/Kolozsvár) , the capital of the Principality of Transylvania, during the Hungarian Revolutionary War.
November 24
December 2 – Emperor
Ferdinand I of Austria abdicates in favor of his nephew,
Franz Joseph , who will serve as
Emperor of Austria and
King of Hungary and
Bohemia , until his death in
1916 .
December 6 – The Austrian imperial army, led by
Franz Schlik , attacks Hungary.
December 10 – Prince
Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte is elected first president of the
French Second Republic .
December 16 – The main Austrian imperial forces, led by
Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz , cross the Hungarian border.
December 18 –
Punta Arenas , the first major settlement in the
Strait of Magellan , is founded.
December 20
December 25 – Hungarian forces, led by
Józef Bem , enter
Kolozsvár (Cluj), after defeating the Austrian armies in northern
Transylvania .
December 30 –
Battle of Mór : The imperial army, led by
Josip Jelačić , defeats the Hungarian army, led by
Mór Perczel .
Date unknown
Ongoing events
Births
January–March
Wyatt Earp
Otto Lilienthal
Paul Gauguin
January 4 –
Katsura Tarō , 6th prime minister of Japan (d.
1913 )
January 6 –
Hristo Botev , Bulgarian revolutionary (d.
1876 )
January 21 –
Henri Duparc , French composer (d.
1933 )
January 24 –
Vasily Surikov , Russian painter (d.
1916 )
January 27 –
Tōgō Heihachirō , Japanese admiral (d.
1934 )
February 5
February 13 –
Hermann von Eichhorn , German field marshal (d.
1918 )
February 14 –
Benjamin Baillaud , French astronomer (d.
1934 )
February 16
February 18 –
Louis Comfort Tiffany , American glass artist (d.
1933 )
February 24
February 25 – King
William II of Württemberg (d. 1921)
February 27 –
Sir Hubert Parry , English composer (d.
1918 )
March 3 –
Adelaide Neilson , English actress (d.
1880 )
March 18 –
Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll , daughter of Queen Victoria (d.
1939 )
March 19 –
Wyatt Earp , American lawman and gunfighter (d.
1929 )
March 21 – David McNair, Scottish plasterer and amateur footballer (Falkirk F.C.) (d.
1935 )
March 29 –
Aleksey Kuropatkin , Russian general, Imperial Russian Minister of War (d.
1925 )
March 31 –
William Waldorf Astor , American-born British financier and statesman (d.
1919 )
April–June
April 3 –
Arturo Prat , Chilean lawyer and navy officer (d.
1879 )
April 7 –
Randall Davidson , British
Archbishop of Canterbury (d.
1930 )
April 10 –
Hubertine Auclert , French feminist (d.
1914 )
April 27 – King
Otto of Bavaria (d.
1916 )
May 3 –
Francisco Teixeira de Queiroz , Portuguese writer (d.
1919 )
May 10 –
Sir Thomas Lipton , Scottish retailer and yachtsman (d.
1931 )
May 20 –
Howard Vernon , Australian actor (d.
1921 )
May 23
May 25
June 7
June 13 –
Cornélie Huygens , Dutch writer, social democrat and feminist (d.
1902 )
June 15 –
Sol Smith Russell , American stage comedian (d.
1902 )
June 19 –
Mary R. Platt Hatch , American author (d.
1935 )
July–September
Susie Taylor
July 3 –
Lothar von Trotha , German military commander (d.
1920 )
July 6 –
Gábor Baross , Hungarian statesman (d.
1892 )
July 7 –
Francisco de Paula Rodrigues Alves , 5th president of Brazil (d.
1919 )
July 9 –
Robert I, Duke of Parma , last ruling Duke of Parma (d.
1907 )
July 10 –
Anatoly Stessel , Russian baron and general (d.
1915 )
July 15 –
Vilfredo Pareto , Italian economist (d.
1923 )
July 18 –
W. G. Grace , English cricketer (d.
1915 )
July 22
July 25 –
Arthur Balfour ,
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d.
1930 )
July 31 –
Jean-Baptiste Olive , French painter (d.
1936 )
August 6 –
Susie Taylor , African American nurse. First nurse in the
Black Army (d.
1912 )
August 15 –
António Enes , Portuguese writer and politician (d.
1901 )
August 19 –
Gustave Caillebotte , French painter (d.
1894 )
August 24 –
Kate Claxton , American actress (d.
1924 )
August 30 –
Gheorghe Bengescu , Romanian diplomat and man of letters (d.
1922 )
September 4 –
Lewis Howard Latimer , African-American inventor (d.
1928 )
September 8 –
Viktor Meyer , German chemist (d.
1897 )
September 20 –
Friedrich Soennecken , German entrepreneur, inventor of the hole punch and ringbinder (d.
1919 )
October–December
October 3 –
Henry Lerolle , French painter (d.
1929 )
October 5 –
Liborius Ritter von Frank , Austro-Hungarian general (d.
1935 )
October 15 –
Harmon Northrop Morse , American chemist (d.
1920 )
November 8 –
Gottlob Frege , German logician (d.
1925 )
November 11 –
Zinovy Rozhestvensky , Russian admiral (d.
1909 )
November 12 –
Eduard Müller ,
member of the Swiss Federal Council (d.
1919 )
November 13 –
Albert I, Prince of Monaco (d.
1922 )
November 14 –
Sándor Wekerle , 3-time prime minister of Hungary (d.
1921 )
November 20 –
James M. Spangler , American inventor (d.
1915 )
November 24 –
Zhang Peilun , Chinese naval commander and government official (d.
1903 )
November 25 –
Margaret Abigail Cleaves , American physician and writer (d.
1917 )
November 27 –
Maximilian von Prittwitz , German general (d.
1917 )
November 29 –
Paul Pau , French general (d.
1932 )
December 6 –
Johann Palisa , Austrian astronomer (d.
1925 )
December 17 –
William Wynn Westcott , British freemason (d.
1925 )
Date unknown
Deaths
January–June
Christian VIII. of Denmark
Annette von Droste-Hülshoff
January 9 –
Caroline Herschel , German astronomer (b.
1750 )
January 17 –
Petrobey Mavromichalis , Prime Minister of Greece (b.
1765 )
January 19 –
Isaac D'Israeli , English author (b.
1766 )
January 20 –
Christian VIII , King of Denmark (b.
1786 )
February 15 –
Hermann von Boyen , Prussian field marshal (b.
1771 )
February 22 –
Wilhelmine Reichard , first German woman balloonist (b.
1788 )
February 23 –
John Quincy Adams , 6th
President of the United States , son of
John Adams and
Abigail Adams (b.
1767 )
March 29 –
John Jacob Astor , American businessman (b.
1763 )
April 8 –
Gaetano Donizetti , Italian composer (b.
1797 )
May 24 –
Annette von Droste-Hülshoff , German writer (b.
1797 )
June 23 –
Archduchess Maria Leopoldine of Austria-Este (b.
1776 )
June 27 –
Denis Auguste Affre , Archbishop of Paris (b.
1793 )
July–December
George Stephenson
July 4 –
François-René de Chateaubriand , French writer, diplomat (b.
1768 )
July 9 –
Jaime Balmes , Spanish philosopher, theologian (b.
1810 )
July 10 –
Karoline Jagemann , German actor (b. 1777)
July 20 –
Francis R. Shunk , American politician (b.
1788 )
August 3 –
Edward Baines , British newspaperman, politician (b.
1774 )
August 5 –
Pedro Vélez , Mexican politician (b.
1787 )
August 7 –
Jöns Jacob Berzelius , Swedish chemist (b.
1779 )
August 8 –
Puran Appu , Sri Lankan hero who led the
Matale rebellion against the British (b.
1812 )
August 9 –
Frederick Marryat , British novelist (b.
1792 )
August 12 –
George Stephenson , English locomotive pioneer (
Locomotion No. 1 &
Rocket ) (b.
1781 )
August 14 –
Sarah Fuller Flower Adams , English hymnwriter (b.
1805 )
August 30 –
Simon Willard , celebrated American horologist (b.
1753 )
September 24 –
Branwell Brontë , English painter, poet, brother of novelists Charlotte, Emily and Anne (b.
1817 )
October 28 –
Harrison Gray Otis , American politician (b.
1765 )
November 8 –
Moseley Baker , American politician (b.
1802 )
November 9 –
Robert Blum , German politician (b.
1810 )
November 10 –
Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt , military leader (b.
1789 )
November 23 –
Sir John Barrow , English statesman (b.
1764 )
November 24 –
William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne ,
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b.
1779 )
December 1 –
Kyokutei Bakin , Japanese author (b.
1767 )
December 18 –
Bernard Bolzano , Bohemian mathematician, logician, philosopher and theologian (b.
1781 )
December 19 –
Emily Brontë , English author (b.
1818 )
[9]
See also
References
^ Stoskopf, Nicolas (2002).
"La fondation du comptoir national d'escompte de Paris, banque révolutionnaire (1848)" . Histoire, Économie et Société . 21 (3): 395–411.
doi :
10.3406/hes.2002.2310 . Retrieved June 15, 2012 .
^ Stoica, Vasile (1919).
The Roumanian Question: The Roumanians and their Lands . Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh Printing Company. p. 23.
^
"Timeline 1826–1901" . Prudential plc. Archived from
the original on August 13, 2010. Retrieved August 30, 2010 .
^
a
b Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History . London: Century Ltd. pp. 269–270.
ISBN
0-7126-5616-2 .
^ Egyed Ákos: Erdély 1848–1849 (Transylvania in 1848–1849). Pallas Akadémia Könyvkiadó, Csíkszereda 2010. p. 517 (Hungarian)
^ Magyar Nemzet:
Fejőszék Százhatvan éve irtották ki Nagyenyedet a román felkelők.
Archived February 1, 2011, at the
Wayback Machine
^
"History" . english .
^ Conklin, David W. (2006).
Cases in the Environment of Business: International Perspectives . SAGE. p. 52.
ISBN
978-1-4129-1436-9 .
^
"Emily Bronte | Biography, Works, & Facts" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved April 17, 2019 .
Further reading
External links