From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Month in 1918
The following events occurred in December 1918 :
David Lloyd George , re-elected as
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom .
Paramilitary soldiers man a machine gun during an
uprising in
Berlin on
Christmas Eve .
Delegation led by Vice-President
Ante Pavelić reading the address proclaiming the creation of the
Kingdom of Yugoslavia in front of regent
Alexander Karađorđević .
Romanians celebrate the unification of
Transylvania and other states with
Romania .
The
Kingdom of Yugoslavia was proclaimed by
Alexander Karađorđević , prince regent of the
Kingdom of Serbia , after an agreement was reached by the
State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs ,
Kingdom of Serbia , and
Kingdom of Montenegro to unite under one sovereignty.
[1]
Iceland regained independence from
Denmark through the
Danish–Icelandic Act of Union , but remained in personal union with the
King of Denmark , who also became the
King of Iceland until 1944.
[2]
The
union of Transylvania with Romania was proclaimed, after the
Great National Assembly of Alba Iulia passed a resolution to allow
Transylvania ,
Banat ,
Crișana , and the Satumare and
Maramureș regions to unite with
Romania .
[3]
The
Allies began their
occupation of the Rhineland that bordered
Germany and
France , which would continue until 1930.
[4]
The
Kars Republic was established in northeastern
Turkey but was abolished in six months by the British High Commissioner.
[5]
Pope Benedict released the
encyclical
Quod iam diu (That which has long been) that requested all Catholics everywhere in the world, no matter which side they were on, to pray for a lasting peace and for those who are entrusted to make it during the upcoming peace negotiations in
France .
[6]
The
second annual Pulitzer Prizes were awarded in the
United States , including the first awards for fiction:
[7]
The
Farm Workers Union of Uppland was established in
Uppland ,
Sweden .
[8]
Born:
Shunpei Uto , Japanese swimmer, silver and bronze medalist at the
1936 Summer Olympics , in
Kakegawa, Shizuoka ,
Japan
Died:
Peter Hume Brown , Scottish historian, proponent of Scottish history as a discipline, member of the
Privy Council of Scotland (b.
1849 );
Margit Kaffka , Hungarian poet, first major female Hungarian writer, member of the
Nyugat literary group (b.
1880 )
A
small annular solar eclipse covered only 94% of the Sun in a broad path up to 236.4 km wide, and lasted 7 minutes and 5.69 seconds. The eclipose was seen across much of
South America including
Santiago ,
Buenos Aires , and
Montevideo , as well as portions of
South West Africa .
[12]
With tensions rising between
Romania and the newly formed state of
Yugoslavia over occupied space in the
Banat Republic , 15,000 French troops under command of Generals
Paul Prosper Henrys and
Henri Mathias Berthelot occupied the capital city of
Timișoara to prevent a regional war from breaking out.
[13]
Faced by superior strength from the invading
Red Army , the government of the
Belarusian Democratic Republic fled
Minsk and retreated to
Smolensk ,
Belarus .
[14]
German Expressionist artists and architects formed the
November Group , after the month of the
German Revolution , and shortly afterwards merged with the
Workers Council for Art .
[15]
Born:
Abdul Haris Nasution , Indonesian army officer, 12th
Minister of Defence of Indonesia , in
North Sumatra ,
Dutch East Indies (d.
2000 )
Died:
John Percival , British clergy and academic,
Bishop of Hereford for the
Church of England from 1896 to 1917, first headmaster of
Clifton College and president of
Trinity College, Oxford (b.
1834 )
SS George Washington
U.S. President
Woodrow Wilson departed to
Europe aboard the
SS George Washington for the
Paris Peace Conference , becoming the first American president to travel to any foreign country while holding office.
[16]
[17]
Belgian politician
Frans Van Cauwelaert established the daily newspaper
The Standard as the voice for the
Christian Democratic and Flemish political party, though the paper eventually moved away from its ideological roots.
[18]
Born:
Maurice Binder , American designer, created the famous title sequences for the
James Bond films from
Dr. No to
Licence to Kill , in
New York City (d.
1991 );
Isabel McNeill Carley , American composer and music educator, co-founder of the
American Orff-Schulwerk Association , in
Chicago (d.
2011 );
Gong Qiuxia , Chinese singer, pioneer of
Mandopop , in
Chongming ,
China (d.
2004 )
Born:
John Bell Williams , American politician, 55th
Governor of Mississippi , in
Raymond, Mississippi (d.
1983 );
Robert Ettinger , American academic, promoter of
cryonics , founder of the
Immortalist Society , in
Atlantic City, New Jersey (d.
2011 )
Died:
Teriivaetua , Tahitian noble, heiress of the
Kingdom of Tahiti (b.
1869 )
The
Lemko Republic was established with the intention of uniting with
Soviet Russia but was dissolved into
Poland within two years.
[19]
Estonian War of Independence – British
light cruiser
HMS Cassandra struck a
mine and sank near
Saaremaa in the
Baltic Sea , killing 11 sailors.
[20]
Born:
Charity Adams Earley , American army officer, first African-American woman to be an officer in the
Women's Auxiliary Army Corps , in Kitrell,
North Carolina (d.
2002 );
Jagan Nath Azad , Pakistani poet, president of
Anjuman-i Taraqqi-i Urdu from 1993 to 2004, in
Isakhel ,
British India (d.
2004 );
Bud Mahurin , American air force officer, commander of the
1st Fighter Group during the
Korean War , recipient of the
Silver Star ,
Distinguished Service Cross ,
Distinguished Flying Crosses , and seven
Air Medals , in
Benton Harbor, Michigan (d.
2010 )
Died:
Schalk Willem Burger , South African state leader, 6th
State President of the South African Republic (b.
1852 )
König
Dresden
An
earthquake measuring 7.2 in magnitude struck western side of
Vancouver Island ,
British Columbia . Because of the sparsely populated area, the most noted damage was to the
Estevan Point lighthouse .
[21]
German
battleship
König and
light cruiser
Dresden reached
Scapa Flow off the coast of
Scotland to join the rest of the interned
Imperial German Navy
High Seas Fleet .
[22]
The
Port Adelaide Workers Memorial was unveiled in
Port Adelaide ,
Australia to commemorate labor activists in the city and throughout the country. The memorial was funded by the
Australian Labor Party and
United Trades and Labour Council of South Australia .
[23]
Born:
Harold Hopkins , British physicist, leading researcher into
optics leading to development of the
zoom lens ,
fiberscope , the rod lens for
keyhole surgery , and
borescopes , in
Leicester ,
England (d.
1994 )
The
National Progressive Party of Finland was established.
[26]
The
St Patrick's Basilica Catholic Church in
Oamaru ,
New Zealand was completed, 25 years after initial construction. The church's architect,
Francis Petre , was commemorated in the opening; he died two days later.
[27]
The silent film period drama
Arizona , starring
Douglas Fairbanks and directed by
Albert Parker , was released through
Famous Players–Lasky . The film had been adapted from the
play of the same name by
Augustus Thomas .
[28]
Born:
Gérard Souzay , French opera singer, best known for his collaborations with the
Aix-en-Provence Festival , in
Angers ,
France (d.
2004 );
Sam Zoldak , American baseball player, pitcher for the
St. Louis Browns ,
Cleveland Indians , and
Philadelphia Athletics from 1944 to 1952, in
New York City (d.
1966 )
Municipal elections were held in
Edmonton ,
Alberta , with
Joseph Clarke elected as
Mayor of Edmonton .
[29]
The
Young Finnish Party split apart, with
National Coalition Party established as the
liberal conservative arm in
Finland .
[30]
The
first secondary school was established in independent
Latvia .
[31]
The sports club
Fossum was established in
Bærum ,
Norway . It now has sections on
cross-country skiing ,
biathlon ,
ski jumping ,
alpine skiing ,
Nordic combined ,
orienteering , and
association football .
[32]
Born:
Louie Welch , American politician, 54th
Mayor of Houston , in
Lockney, Texas (d.
2008 )
Max Planck
Fritz Haber
King Ferdinand signed into law the
Union of Alba Iulia proclamation that allowed
Transylvania ,
Banat ,
Crișana , and the Satumare and
Maramureș regions to unite with
Romania .
[40]
The
Socialist Party of Romania was established as a successor to the
Social Democratic Party .
[41]
The
Cleveland Orchestra , founded by
Cleveland philanthropist
Adella Prentiss Hughes , held its first concert with
Nikolai Sokoloff conducting.
[42]
The final meeting of the
National Hockey Association was held to resolve the dispute with
Toronto Shamrocks hockey club owner
Eddie Livingstone .
Frank Calder , president of the
National Hockey League , also retained leadership of the organization until he formally folded it years later.
[43]
Born:
Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn , Russian writer, recipient of the
Nobel Prize in Literature , author of
Cancer Ward and
One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich , in
Kislovodsk ,
Russia (d.
2008 )
Died:
Ivan Cankar , Slovenian writer, member of the
modernism movement in
Slovenia , author of
The Ward of Mary Help of Christians (b.
1876 );
Francis Petre , New Zealand architect, best known for applying
Gothic Revival architecture designs for
New Zealand churches including
Sacred Heart Cathedral in
Wellington and
Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament in
Christchurch (b.
1847 )
Armeno-Georgian War – Georgian forces defended the towns of
Sanahin (then part of
Georgia but now part of
Armenia ),
Alaverdi ,
Vorontsovka and
Privolnoye against a major Armenian offensive.
[44]
An airplane was launched from an airship for the first time, when
U.S. Navy
blimp
C.1 dropped a
Curtiss Jenny fighter plane into flight over
Fort Tilden ,
New York .
[45]
Born:
Joe Williams , American jazz singer, lead vocals for the
Count Basie Orchestra , in
Cordele, Georgia (d.
1999 );
Emmett Smith Davis , American air force officer, commander of the
35th Fighter Squadron during
World War II , recipient of the
Silver Star ,
Legion of Merit , four
Air Medals , and two
Distinguished Flying Crosses , in
Roosevelt, Utah (d.
2015 );
Oleg Gazenko , Soviet space engineer, member of the
Sputnik 2 mission and trainer of
Laika , the first animal to go into Earth's orbit, recipient of the
Order of Lenin , in
Stavropol ,
Russia (d.
2007 )
Brigadier General
Norman MacEwen , Flight Sergeant Smith, Sergeant Crockett (fitters), and Sergeant Thomas Brown (navigator), accompanied pilots Major A.C.S. Maclaren and Captain Robert Halley who set out on the first flight from
England to
India in a
Handley aircraft . The flight included stops in
Rome ,
Malta ,
Cairo ,
Baghdad , before they finally reached
Karachi on January 15.
[46]
Died:
Nikolay Figner , Russian opera singer, member of famous opera duo
Nikolay and Medea (b.
1857 )
Newspaper illustration depicting
José Júlio da Costa
assassinating Portuguese President
Sidónio Pais at the main rail station in
Lisbon .
The
United Kingdom held its first national
general election since 1910, resulting in the
coalition government of
David Lloyd George and
Bonar Law being re-elected by a landslide. It was the first national election at which women were entitled to vote or stand, while the male franchise was extended.
[47]
General elections were also held in
Ireland was it was still part of the
United Kingdom .
Sinn Féin defeated the moderate
Irish Parliamentary Party with close to 47 per cent of the vote and set the stage for Irish independence.
[48]
Armeno-Georgian War – An Armenian force of 6,500 forced the Georgians out of
Sanahin ,
Alaverdi ,
Vorontsovka and
Privolnoye at a cost of 100 Georgian casualties. A Georgian force of 6,500 men under command of
Abel Makashvili also held off attacks against
Armenia in
Akhalkalaki ,
Georgia .
[49]
Sidónio Pais ,
President of Portugal , was
shot and fatally wounded by left-wing political activist
José Júlio da Costa at the
Lisbon railway station.
[50]
Pavlo Skoropadskyi was forced out as leader of the
Ukrainian State and replaced by a directorate led by
Volodymyr Vynnychenko , which led to the country becoming a Soviet republic.
[51]
Prince Frederick Charles renounced the throne for the
Kingdom of Finland originally awarded to him on October 9 due to the uncertainty as to whether the Finnish population would support a monarchy that had been associated with the old
German Empire .
[52]
Composer
Giacomo Puccini premiered his opera collection
The Triptych at the
Metropolitan Opera in
New York City .
[53]
Born:
James T. Aubrey , American television producer, creator of 1960s comedy hits
The Beverly Hillbillies and
Gilligan's Island in
LaSalle, Illinois (d.
1994 );
B. K. S. Iyengar , Indian
yoga guru, founder of
Iyengar Yoga , in
Mysore State ,
British India (d.
2014 );
Grant Sawyer , American politician, 21st
Governor of Nevada , in
Twin Falls, Idaho (d.
1996 )
Film director
Cecil B. DeMille released a second remake of the film western
The Squaw Man originally released just four years earlier, based on an experiment that a good film is based on a good story (DeMille would remake it a third time in 1931 when sound in film had become a regular feature). The movie became the fourth-biggest hit of the year. Unfortunately, no full cuts of the film have survived.
[54]
Born:
Jeff Chandler , American actor, best known for his Oscar-nominated role of
Cochise in
Broken Arrow , as well as roles in
Sword in the Desert and
Female on the Beach , in
New York City (d.
1961 );
Chihiro Iwasaki , Japanese artist, noted illustrator for children's literature including
Totto-Chan: The Little Girl at the Window , in
Takefu, Fukui ,
Japan (d.
1974 )
Demonstrators against an alcohol tax gather at Government House in
Darwin ,
Australia .
The
Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic was established with
Pēteris Stučka as leader.
[61]
Armeno-Georgian War – Georgian forces retreated by train out of
Borchaly Uyezd ,
Georgia .
[62]
Darwin rebellion – Around 1,000 disaffected workers marched on the
government house in
Darwin ,
Australia , demanding the resignation of
John A. Gilruth ,
Administrator of the Northern Territory over a tax on alcohol. Gilruth refused and further unrest forced the Australian government to send a
Royal Australian Navy ship to the city to provide further control. Public pressure eventually forced Gilruth to leave the city in February.
[63]
German filmmaker
Ernst Lubitsch released his version of
Carmen , based on the
novella by
Prosper Mérimée and more popularly known for the
opera by
Georges Bizet , with Polish actress
Pola Negri playing the title role.
[64]
The
Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra delivered the first performance of
Symphony No. 2 by Finnish composer
Leevi Madetoja , with
Robert Kajanus conducting.
[65]
Died:
John Green Brady , American politician, 5th Governor of the
District of Alaska (b.
1847 )
Estonian War of Independence – The
Latvian Riflemen allied with the
Red Army captured
Valga, Estonia .
[66]
Armeno-Georgian War – An encircled Georgian unit defending the retreating flank at
Ayrum ,
Georgia broke out and escaped, but at a cost of 560 casualties. Meanwhile, the Armenians began to assault the Georgian-held town of
Sadakhlo .
[67]
The first meeting of the
Workers Defense Union , led by labor activist
Elizabeth Gurley Flynn , was held in
New York City with delegates from 163 trade unions, political groups, and social service organizations.
[68]
Armenpress , the main news agency for
Armenia , was established.
[69]
Born: Hanna Weynerowska, or
Kali , Polish-American painter, member of the
Surrealism movement, member of the
Polish resistance movement in World War II , in
Warsaw (d.
1998 )
Died:
Frank Thornton , English actor, understudy to actor
George Grossmith for the
D'Oyly Carte Opera Company , and comedic lead roles in
The Private Secretary and
Charley's Aunt (b.
1845 )
Czech president
Tomáš Masaryk and his daughter, Olga, returning to
Czechoslovakia from exile in the
United States .
Christmas Uprising – Montenegrin nationalists known as the
Greens led by
Krsto Popović and
Jovan Plamenac began to rebel against the
Podgorica Assembly of
Yugoslavia in response for what they perceived to be a forced merging with
Serbia ,
Croatia , and
Slovenia .
[73]
Armeno-Georgian War – Armenian forces began a full attack on
Sadakhlo but were repulsed at a heavy cost for the defenders.
[74]
Tomáš Masaryk returned to
Czechoslovakia after years in exile in the
United States to formally accept the position of the first
president of the newly formed nation.
[75]
The name "
Canadian National Railways " was authorized for use to refer to the collection of railway companies that formed
Canada 's national rail system.
[76]
The
Kalev Infantry Battalion was established in
Tallinn to fight during the
Estonian War of Independence .
[77]
Born:
Joseph Payne Brennan , American poet and fantasy writer, known for such works including the anthology
Nine Horrors and a Dream and Sixty Selected Poems , in
Bridgeport, Connecticut (d.
1990 )
Died:
Ali bin Hamud of Zanzibar , Omani noble, 8th
Sultan of Zanzibar (b.
1884 );
Silk O'Loughlin , American baseball umpire, officiated five out of the eleven
World Series from 1906 to 1917 (b.
1872 )
Christmas Uprising – Serbian militia put down a small uprising in Rijeka Crnojevića and
Nikšić ,
Montenegro .
[85]
Estonian War of Independence –
Colonel
Johan Laidoner was appointed
commander-in-chief of the Estonian armed forces, which included 600 officers and 11,000 volunteers.
[86]
The
Kuperjanov Infantry Battalion was established under command of Estonian war hero
Julius Kuperjanov during the
Estonian War of Independence .
[87]
The
Belarusian Telegraph Agency was established as the official news agency of
Belarus .
[88]
The football club
Hercílio Luz was established in
Tubarão ,
Brazil .
[89]
Born:
Henry W. Sawyer , American lawyer and activist, best known for his civil liberties cases
Abington School District v. Schempp and
Lemon v. Kurtzman , in
Philadelphia (d.
1999 );
Helmut Schmidt , German state leader, 5th
Chancellor of Germany , in
Hamburg (d.
2015 )
Died:
Thérèse Schwartze , Dutch painter, known for her portrait work including
Queen Wilhelmina (b.
1851 )
Paramilitary troops fire a machine gun during an
uprising in
Berlin .
Russian Civil War – The
Siberian Army captured
Perm, Russia , with the
Red Army losing 18,000 casualties.
[90]
Estonian War of Independence – The
Latvian Riflemen captured
Tartu and
Tapa, Estonia .
[91]
Christmas Uprising – A force of 250 Serbian troops and local Montenegrin volunteer militia fought an estimated 1,500 to 2,000
Green rebels at
Cetinje ,
Montenegro .
[92]
Christmas crisis – German Army troops and members of the revolutionary paramilitary
Volksmarinedivision fought outside the
City Palace in
Berlin , resulting in 70 deaths and leading to the larger scale
Spartacist uprising in January.
[93]
The
Romanian Army entered
Kolozsvár , the capital city of
Transylvania .
[94]
The British government endorsed a plan to form a
League of Nations .
[95]
The first Festival of
Nine Lessons and Carols was held at
King's College in
Cambridge .
[96]
Born:
Dave Bartholomew , American R&B composer, best known for his collaborations with
Fats Domino including "
Ain't That a Shame ", in
Edgard, Louisiana (d.
2019 )
Died:
B. O. Flower , American journalist, editor of news magazine
The Arena (b.
1858 )
The
Congress of Durrës was held in the
capital of the
Principality of Albania with
Mehmed Konica as chairman. The goal of congress was to establish an Albanian government the following year with ties to
Italy .
[97]
The Norwegian airline
Det Norske Luftfartsrederi was established.
[98]
Born:
Anwar Sadat , Egyptian state leader, third
President of Egypt , recipient of the
Nobel Peace Prize for brokering a peace treaty with
Israel , in
Monufia Governorate ,
Egypt (d.
1981 , assassinated);
Henry Hillman , American business leader and philanthropist, chairman of The Hillman Company and the Hillman Family Foundations, in
Pittsburgh (d.
2017 );
Bertie Mee , English football player and manager,
winger for the
Derby and
Mansfield from 1938 to 1939, manager of the
Aresenal from 1966 to 1976, in
Bulwell ,
England (d.
2001 )
Died:
Daniel Webster Jones , American politician, 19th
Governor of Arkansas (b.
1839 )
Constance Markievicz , first woman elected to the
British House of Commons , leads an election victory procession in
County Clare ,
Ireland .
Armeno-Georgian War – Georgian forces recaptured
Sadakhlo ,
Georgia from the Armenians.
[103]
German anti-war activist
Rosa Luxemburg led an effort to rename the left-leaning
Spartacus League to the
Communist Party of Germany .
[109]
The
Communist Party of Byelorussia was established in
Belarus .
[110]
[111]
The football club
Paysandú was established in
Brusque, Santa Catarina ,
Brazil .
[112] It merged with
Carlos Renaux in 1987 to form
Brusque .
[113]
Born:
Al Purdy , Canadian poet, known for award-winning poetry collections The Cariboo Horses , The Collected Poems of Al Purdy and Rooms for Rent in the Outer Planets , recipient of the
Order of Canada , in
Wooler ,
Ontario (d.
2000 );
W. Eugene Smith , American photographer, noted for his photo essays with
Life magazine, in
Wichita, Kansas (d.
1978 )
A British-brokered ceasefire ended the two weeks of fighting in the
Armeno-Georgian War .
Polish Forces Capture Vilnius from the Retreating German Army (
Battles for Vilnius (1918–1919) )
The
Red Army entered
Smolensk ,
Belarus and dissolved the
Belarusian Democratic Republic .
[115]
Estonian War of Independence – A
Royal Navy squadron commanded by
Rear Admiral
Edwyn Alexander-Sinclair arrived at
Tallinn ,
Estonia and delivered 6,500 rifles, 200 machine guns, and two field guns to the Estonian armed forces, as well as capturing two Russian destroyers and turning them over to the Estonian Navy.
[116]
With the Bolshevik forces occupying
Lithuania , the country's daily newspaper
Echo of Lithuania was forced to shut down. It would be revived again in 1928.
[117]
The Dutch newspaper
The Belgian Daily ceased publication in
The Hague .
[118]
The Municipality of Jerilderie and
Wunnamurra Shire merged to become
Jerilderie Shire in
New South Wales ,
Australia .
[119]
[120]
Born:
Griffin Bell , American lawyer, 72nd
United States Attorney General , in
Americus, Georgia (d.
2009 );
Al Lakeman , American baseball player, catcher for the
Cincinnati Reds ,
Philadelphia Phillies ,
Boston Braves , and
Detroit Tigers from 1942 to 1954, in
Cincinnati (d.
1976 );
Joachim Müncheberg , German air force officer, commander of
Jagdgeschwader 26 and
77 for the
Luftwaffe during
World War II , recipient of the
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross , in
Friedrichsdorf ,
Germany (now part of
Poland ) (d.
1943 )
Died:
Leefe Robinson , British air force officer, commander of the
No. 39 and
No. 40 Squadrons , recipient of the
Victoria Cross for being the first pilot to shoot down a German airship in
World War I (died during the
Spanish flu pandemic) (b.
1895 )
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