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    {{Excerpt|inline=yes|List of sourdough breads}}

    A loaf of homemade sourdough bread

    This is a list of sourdough breads. Sourdough is prepared through the fermentation of dough using naturally occurring lactobacilli and yeast. The lactic acid produced by the lactobacilli imbues it a more sour taste, as well as extending its shelf life compared to other breads. [a] [2] [3] Sourdough baking has a devoted community today. Many devotees share starters and tips via the Internet, [4] and hobbyists often proudly share their work on social media. [5] [6]

    Taxonomic ranks

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    Go placidly amid the noise and the haste, and remember what peace there may be in silence. As far as possible, without surrender, be on good terms with all persons.

    Speak your truth quietly and clearly; and listen to others, even to the dull and the ignorant; they too have their story.

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    Exercise caution in your business affairs, for the world is full of trickery. But let this not blind you to what virtue there is; many persons strive for high ideals, and everywhere life is full of heroism.

    Be yourself. Especially do not feign affection. Neither be cynical about love; for in the face of all aridity and disenchantment it is as perennial as the grass.

    Take kindly the counsel of the years, gracefully surrendering the things of youth.

    Nurture strength of spirit to shield you in sudden misfortune. But do not distress yourself with dark imaginings. Many fears are born of fatigue and loneliness.

    Beyond a wholesome discipline, be gentle with yourself. You are a child of the universe no less than the trees and the stars; you have a right to be here.

    And whether or not it is clear to you, no doubt the universe is unfolding as it should. Therefore be at peace with God, whatever you conceive Him to be. And whatever your labors and aspirations, in the noisy confusion of life, keep peace in your soul. With all its sham, drudgery and broken dreams, it is still a beautiful world. Be cheerful. Strive to be happy.

    Desiderata by Max Ehrmann.


    Ehrmann, Bertha, ed. (1948). The Poems of Max Ehrmann.
    Bruce Humphries, Inc. p. 165.
    Original Text www.desiderata.com.

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    Tocclours
    …the Stasi often used a method which was really diabolic. It was called Zersetzung, and it's described in another guideline. The word is difficult to translate because it means originally "biodegradation." But actually, it's a quite accurate description. The goal was to destroy secretly the self-confidence of people, for example by damaging their reputation, by organizing failures in their work, and by destroying their personal relationships. Considering this, East Germany was a very modern dictatorship. The Stasi didn't try to arrest every dissident. It preferred to paralyze them, and it could do so because it had access to so much personal information and to so many institutions.
    —Hubertus Knabe, German historian [8]

    References

    1. ^ Hui, Y.H.; Evranuz, E.Ö. (2012). Handbook of Plant-Based Fermented Food and Beverage Technology, Second Edition. Food science and technology. Taylor & Francis. p. 495. ISBN  978-1-4398-4904-0. Retrieved December 3, 2020.
    2. ^ Gänzle, Michael G. (2014). "Enzymatic and bacterial conversions during sourdough fermentation". Food Microbiology. V International Symposium on Sourdough - Cereal Fermentation for Future Foods, Helsinki 10–12 October 2012. 37: 2–10. doi: 10.1016/j.fm.2013.04.007. ISSN  0740-0020. PMID  24230468.
    3. ^ Gadsby, Patricia; Weeks, Eric. "The Biology of... Sourdough". Discover. Discover Magazine. Retrieved June 13, 2019.
    4. ^ Harris, Lynn (2003-08-01). "Sourdough Culture". Gastronomica. 3 (3): 76–79. doi: 10.1525/gfc.2003.3.3.76. ISSN  1529-3262.
    5. ^ Nordhagen, Ari (2020-10-09). "Sourdough Goes Viral: Lucky Lady Bread shares her starter during COVID-19 crisis". Edible Inland Northwest.
    6. ^ Scott, Chey (2020-03-14). "Homemade sourdough bread is seeing a quarantine-spurred resurgence; two local experts share their best bread-baking advice". Inlander. Retrieved 2021-10-28.
    7. ^ Woese, C. R.; Kandler, O.; Wheelis, M. L. (1 June 1990). "Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 87 (12): 4576–4579. Bibcode: 1990PNAS...87.4576W. doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576. PMC  54159. PMID  2112744.
    8. ^ Hubertus Knabe: The dark secrets of a surveillance state, TED Salon, Berlin, 2014
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    Unique plants in the Ruwenzori Mountains, SW Uganda, Bujuku Valley, at about 12,139 feet (3,700 metre) elevation)
    Unique plants in the Ruwenzori Mountains, SW Uganda, Bujuku Valley, at about 12,139 feet (3,700 metre) elevation)

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    …the Stasi often used a method which was really diabolic. It was called Zersetzung, and it's described in another guideline. The word is difficult to translate because it means originally "biodegradation." But actually, it's a quite accurate description. The goal was to destroy secretly the self-confidence of people, for example by damaging their reputation, by organizing failures in their work, and by destroying their personal relationships. Considering this, East Germany was a very modern dictatorship. The Stasi didn't try to arrest every dissident. It preferred to paralyze them, and it could do so because it had access to so much personal information and to so many institutions.
    —Hubertus Knabe, German historian [1]
    WikiProject header

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    • Oppose and tag as an information page. At its inception, the page never received actual formal discussion to be enacted as a real English Wikipedia guideline page. Instead, label Wikipedia:Portal/Guidelines as an information page using the {{ information page}} template. There are many reasons why.
    • The gist of the lead for the portal was added subjectively and unilaterally by one user in 2006 ( diff), and no discussion appears to have actually occurred about it until relatively recently. Guidelines should be decided upon via consensus, not by a unilateral addition of content from one user. Meantime, the page has been treated as an actual guideline, despite the content being based solely upon one person's opinion, which furthermore, was added to the page at its infancy.
    • Furthermore, the page was shortly thereafter marked as historical ( diff), with an edit summary stating, "{{historical}}, not an active proposal per lack of talk page activity; suspect lack of advertisement".
    • After this, and importantly, the historical template was removed ( diff), with an edit summary stating, "removed historical tag; this was not intended as a proposed Wikipedia Guideline, but merely guidelines as in advice for portal creators." (Underline emphasis mine).
    • Per the diffs, the page was not even intended as a proposed guideline from the start, and no consensus was ever formed for the content therein. The page was intended from the start as an information page. It's actually rather a farce that the page was somehow converted to a guideline page, because there doesn't appear to be any meaningful discussion leading to that change. It's like someone just slapped the Guideline page template page on it and it just simply stuck thereafter, sans any consensus.
    • Furthermore, the lead of the present WP:POG page is worded as an illogical and bizarre syllogism. Some users have been stating that if a portal does not receive what they deem to be adequate page views or maintenance, then the topic itself is somehow not broad enough. Of course, this standard could not be used anywhere else on Wikipedia, because people would reject this as absurd. For example, the Music article does not receive a great deal of page maintenance, yet the topic itself is obviously broad in scope, both in terms of the topic itself and in terms of the amount of related content available on English Wikipedia. The manner in which this syllogism is worded on the page is subjective and inferior, and has been misused to define topical scope as based upon page views and page maintainers, rather than upon the actual scope of a given topic.

    I notice POG being utilized in various areas of Wikipedia like it's still a guideline, after it was demoted as a guideline. Here is my 2 cents:

    • In the event you were not aware of it, per this discussion, which was closed on 26 September 2019 (UTC), is specifically what led to POG being demoted from being a guideline. At the discussion, it was determined that "there is clear consensus that the "Portal guidelines" are not, in fact, official guidelines."
    • Below is detailed information regarding why POG was never valid as a guideline in the first place. I have posted it in collapsed form to keep your talk page tidy.
    • I am surprised to see users on Wikipedia in various areas still referring to it as though if it is a guideline, when in fact, it was never valid as one in the first place.
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    1. ^ Hubertus Knabe: The dark secrets of a surveillance state, TED Salon, Berlin, 2014
    2. ^ "Best Of 2014: An Entire Year of Hangover Cures". Vice. December 1, 2014. Retrieved July 30, 2017.
    3. ^ Barrell , Ryan (March 13, 2017). "13 Hangover Cures the World Swears By". Paste. Retrieved July 30, 2017.
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    Template:Clade

    Clade 1
    Perrigo
     

    Geiss, Proteon Therapeutics
    (Acq 2016)

     

    Geiss, Destin & Dunn
    (Acq 2016)

     

    Omega Pharma
    (Acq 2014)

     

    Élan
    (Acq 2013)

     

    Rosemont Pharmaceuticals Ltd
    (Acq 2013)

     

    Sergeant's Pet Care Products Inc
    (Acq 2012)

     

    Paddock Laboratories Inc
    (Acq 2011)

    PBM Holdings Inc
    (Acq 2010)

    Orion Laboratories Pty Ltd
    (Acq 2010)

    Unico Holdings
    (Acq 2008)

    Laboratorios Diba S.A.
    (Acq 2008)

    J.B. Laboratories
    (Acq 2008)

    Galpharm International
    (Acq 2008)

    Agis Industries Ltd
    (Acq 2005)

    L. Perrigo Company
    (Founded 1887)

    Clade 2

    Acquisition history

    The following is an illustration of the company's major mergers and acquisitions and historical predecessors (this is not a comprehensive list):

    Teva Pharmaceutical Industries
     

    Gecko Health Innovations
    (Acq 2015)

     

    Rimsa
    (Acq 2015)

     

    Actavis Generics
    (Generic drug div Allergan, plc, Acq 2015)

     

    Auspex Pharmaceuticals
    (Acq 2014)

     

    Labrys Biologics
    (Acq 2014)

     

    NuPathe after
    (Acq 2014)

     

    MicroDose
    (Acq 2013)

     

    Taiyo Pharmaceutical Industry
    (Acq 2011)

    Cephalon
    (Acq 2011)
     

    Arana Therapeutics
    (Acq 2009)

     

    ChemGenex Pharmaceuticals
    (Acq 2011)

     

    Ratiopharm
    (Acq 2010)

     

    Barr Pharmaceuticals
    (Acq 2008)

     

    IVAX Corporation
    (Acq 2006)

     

    Novopharm
    (Acq 2000)

     

    Plantex
    (Acq 1980)

     

    Ikapharm
    (Acq 1980)

    Salomon, Levin, and Elstein Ltd
    (Merged 1976 to form Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd)

     

    Assia
    (Merged 1976 to form Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd)

     

    Zori
    (Merged 1976 to form Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd)

    Glaxo
    (Acq 1914)

    Margarine Unie
    (Acq 1924)

    Allen & Hanburys
    (Merged 1976 to form Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd)

    Clade 3

    Overview

    The following is an illustration of the company's mergers, acquisitions, spin-offs and historical predecessors:

    STADA Arzneimittel AG
    NIDDApharm GmbH
    Stada UK Holdings
    Schein Pharmaceutical Holdings UK Ltd

    Schein Pharmaceutical UK Ltd
    (Acq 2003)

    Forum Bioscience Holdings Ltd

    Thornton & Ross
    (Acq 2013)

    Natures Aid
    (Acq 2016)

    EG S.p.A

    Crinos SpA

    Pharmajani SpA

    Stada Inc.(Sold 2006)

    MOVA Laboratories Inc.

    Ava Stada Pharma Latin America Ltda

    Bayvit S.A

    Ciclum Farma, Unipessoal LDA

    Nizhpharm OAO
    MAKIZ Group

    ZAO MAKIZ-Pharma

    ZAO Skopinpharm

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    Mess

    ت̢ͭ҉̢ͫ҈̢̢҈̢̢̢ͤͥͭͫͤͥ҈ͣ҈̢ͫͤͬͭͫ҉ͥ҈̢ͣͬ҈ͫͤͥ҉̢̢̢̢̢̢ͨ҉̢̢҈̢҉̢ͤͥͦͬ҈̢ͧ҈̢҈̢̢ͫ҈̢̢ͫͤ҈̢ͫͤͥ҈ͮͯͭͫ҉ͥͭ҈ͩͧ҈ͣͬͭͫͥ҈ͣͬ҈ͤ҈ͪͫͤͥ҈ͤ҈҉ͩͧͬͭ҉ͫͥ҈ͣͤͫͤͥͬͨ҈ͩͧͤͦ҈ͤͥ҈ͣ҉҈يͩͧͬͭ҈Ͱ҉̅҉̅҉̅҉̅҉̅Ͱ͟҉͟҉͟҉͟҉͟҉͟҉ه҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈⇋░░⃝҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉░҉░҉░҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉⃝̷̖̰̱͈̘̆ͥ͊͆́̉̆̇͢͠⬚⃝҉̟҉̟҉̟҉̟҉̟҉̟҉̟҉̟҉̟ت̢ͭ҉̢ͫ҈̢̢҈̢̢̢ͤͥͭͫͤͥ҈ͣ҈̢ͫͤͬͭͫ҉ͥ҈̢ͣͬ҈ͫͤͥ҉̢̢̢̢̢̢ͨ҉̢̢҈̢҉̢ͤͥͦͬ҈̢ͧ҈̢҈̢̢ͫ҈̢̢ͫͤ҈̢ͫͤͥ҈ͮͯͭͫ҉ͥͭ҈ͩͧ҈ͣͬͭͫͥ҈ͣͬ҈ͤ҈ͪͫͤͥ҈ͤ҈҉ͩͧͬͭ҉ͫͥ҈ͣͤͫͤͥͬͨ҈ͩͧͤͦ҈ͤͥ҈ͣ҉҈يͩͧͬͭ҈Ͱ҉̅҉̅҉̅҉̅҉̅Ͱ͟҉͟҉͟҉͟҉͟҉͟҉ه҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈⇋░░⃝҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉░҉░҉░҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉⃝̆ͥ͊͆́̉̆̇͢͠ت̢ͭ҉̢ͫ҈̢̢҈̢̢̢ͤͥͭͫͤͥ҈ͣ҈̢ͫͤͬͭͫ҉ͥ҈̢ͣͬ҈ͫͤͥ҉̢̢̢̢̢̢ͨ҉̢̢҈̢҉̢ͤͥͦͬ҈̢ͧ҈̢҈̢̢ͫ҈̢̢ͫͤ҈̢ͫͤͥ҈ͮͯͭͫ҉ͥͭ҈ͩͧ҈ͣͬͭͫͥ҈ͣͬ҈ͤ҈ͪͫͤͥ҈ͤ҈҉ͩͧͬͭ҉ͫͥ҈ͣͤͫͤͥͬͨ҈ͩͧͤͦ҈ͤͥ҈ͣ҉҈يͩͧͬͭ҈Ͱ҉̅҉̅҉̅҉̅҉̅Ͱ͟҉͟҉͟҉͟҉͟҉͟҉ه҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈⇋░░⃝҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉░҉░҉░҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉⃝̷̖̰̱͈̘̆ͥ͊͆́̉̆̇͢͠⬚⃝҉̟҉̟҉̟҉̟҉̟҉̟҉̟҉̟҉̟ت̢ͭ҉̢ͫ҈̢̢҈̢̢̢ͤͥͭͫͤͥ҈ͣ҈̢ͫͤͬͭͫ҉ͥ҈̢ͣͬ҈ͫͤͥ҉̢̢̢̢̢̢ͨ҉̢̢҈̢҉̢ͤͥͦͬ҈̢ͧ҈̢҈̢̢ͫ҈̢̢ͫͤ҈̢ͫͤͥ҈ͮͯͭͫ҉ͥͭ҈ͩͧ҈ͣͬͭͫͥ҈ͣͬ҈ͤ҈ͪͫͤͥ҈ͤ҈҉ͩͧͬͭ҉ͫͥ҈ͣͤͫͤͥͬͨ҈ͩͧͤͦ҈ͤͥ҈ͣ҉҈يͩͧͬͭ҈Ͱ҉̅҉̅҉̅҉̅҉̅Ͱ͟҉͟҉͟҉͟҉͟҉͟҉ه҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈⇋░░⃝҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉░҉░҉░҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉⃝̆ͥ͊͆́̉̆̇͢͠vت̢ͭ҉̢ͫ҈̢̢҈̢̢̢ͤͥͭͫͤͥ҈ͣ҈̢ͫͤͬͭͫ҉ͥ҈̢ͣͬ҈ͫͤͥ҉̢̢̢̢̢̢ͨ҉̢̢҈̢҉̢ͤͥͦͬ҈̢ͧ҈̢҈̢̢ͫ҈̢̢ͫͤ҈̢ͫͤͥ҈ͮͯͭͫ҉ͥͭ҈ͩͧ҈ͣͬͭͫͥ҈ͣͬ҈ͤ҈ͪͫͤͥ҈ͤ҈҉ͩͧͬͭ҉ͫͥ҈ͣͤͫͤͥͬͨ҈ͩͧͤͦ҈ͤͥ҈ͣ҉҈يͩͧͬͭ҈Ͱ҉̅҉̅҉̅҉̅҉̅Ͱ͟҉͟҉͟҉͟҉͟҉͟҉ه҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈⇋░░⃝҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉░҉░҉░҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉⃝̷̖̰̱͈̘̆ͥ͊͆́̉̆̇͢͠⬚⃝҉̟҉̟҉̟҉̟҉̟҉̟҉̟҉̟҉̟ت̢ͭ҉̢ͫ҈̢̢҈̢̢̢ͤͥͭͫͤͥ҈ͣ҈̢ͫͤͬͭͫ҉ͥ҈̢ͣͬ҈ͫͤͥ҉̢̢̢̢̢̢ͨ҉̢̢҈̢҉̢ͤͥͦͬ҈̢ͧ҈̢҈̢̢ͫ҈̢̢ͫͤ҈̢ͫͤͥ҈ͮͯͭͫ҉ͥͭ҈ͩͧ҈ͣͬͭͫͥ҈ͣͬ҈ͤ҈ͪͫͤͥ҈ͤ҈҉ͩͧͬͭ҉ͫͥ҈ͣͤͫͤͥͬͨ҈ͩͧͤͦ҈ͤͥ҈ͣ҉҈يͩͧͬͭ҈Ͱ҉̅҉̅҉̅҉̅҉̅Ͱ͟҉͟҉͟҉͟҉͟҉͟҉ه҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈⇋░░⃝҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉░҉░҉░҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉⃝̆ͥ͊͆́̉̆̇͢͠ت̢ͭ҉̢ͫ҈̢̢҈̢̢̢ͤͥͭͫͤͥ҈ͣ҈̢ͫͤͬͭͫ҉ͥ҈̢ͣͬ҈ͫͤͥ҉̢̢̢̢̢̢ͨ҉̢̢҈̢҉̢ͤͥͦͬ҈̢ͧ҈̢҈̢̢ͫ҈̢̢ͫͤ҈̢ͫͤͥ҈ͮͯͭͫ҉ͥͭ҈ͩͧ҈ͣͬͭͫͥ҈ͣͬ҈ͤ҈ͪͫͤͥ҈ͤ҈҉ͩͧͬͭ҉ͫͥ҈ͣͤͫͤͥͬͨ҈ͩͧͤͦ҈ͤͥ҈ͣ҉҈يͩͧͬͭ҈Ͱ҉̅҉̅҉̅҉̅҉̅Ͱ͟҉͟҉͟҉͟҉͟҉͟҉ه҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈⇋░░⃝҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉░҉░҉░҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉⃝̷̖̰̱͈̘̆ͥ͊͆́̉̆̇͢͠⬚⃝҉̟҉̟҉̟҉̟҉̟҉̟҉̟҉̟҉̟ت̢ͭ҉̢ͫ҈̢̢҈̢̢̢ͤͥͭͫͤͥ҈ͣ҈̢ͫͤͬͭͫ҉ͥ҈̢ͣͬ҈ͫͤͥ҉̢̢̢̢̢̢ͨ҉̢̢҈̢҉̢ͤͥͦͬ҈̢ͧ҈̢҈̢̢ͫ҈̢̢ͫͤ҈̢ͫͤͥ҈ͮͯͭͫ҉ͥͭ҈ͩͧ҈ͣͬͭͫͥ҈ͣͬ҈ͤ҈ͪͫͤͥ҈ͤ҈҉ͩͧͬͭ҉ͫͥ҈ͣͤͫͤͥͬͨ҈ͩͧͤͦ҈ͤͥ҈ͣ҉҈يͩͧͬͭ҈Ͱ҉̅҉̅҉̅҉̅҉̅Ͱ͟҉͟҉͟҉͟҉͟҉͟҉ه҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈̿҈⇋░░⃝҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉░҉░҉░҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉⃝̆ͥ͊͆́̉̆̇͢͠

    Fly

    Fly: <div style="align:center; margin:-44px 0 0 35vw;">[[File:Fly.gif|alt=Hello!|link=]]</div>

    Fixed fly: <div style="position: fixed; left:0; bottom:0; display:block; height:{{{1|470}}}px;"><div style="position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 179px; z-index: 2">[[File:Fly.gif|20px|alt=Hello!|link=User:Nagualdesign/Die Fliege]]</div></div> <div style="{{#invoke:RexxS|wobble}} float:left">__TOC__</div>

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    • Confirmation bias – the tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms one's preexisting beliefs or hypotheses, while giving disproportionately less consideration to alternative possibilities. [1]
    • Groupshift – a phenomenon in which the initial positions of individual members of a group are exaggerated toward a more extreme position. Template:Efn When people are in groups, they make decisions about risk differently from when they are alone. In the group, they are likely to make riskier decisions, as the shared risk makes the individual risk less.
    • Information cascade – occurs when a person observes the actions of others and then – despite possible contradictions in his/her own private information signals – engages in the same acts. A cascade develops whereby people "abandon their own information in favor of inferences based on earlier people's actions". [3]
    • Mind map – a diagram used to visually organize information. A mind map is hierarchical and shows relationships among pieces of the whole. [4] It is often created around a single concept, drawn as an image in the center of a blank page, to which associated representations of ideas such as images, words and parts of words are added. Major ideas are connected directly to the central concept, and other ideas branch out from those.
    • Social proof – a psychological phenomenon where people assume the actions of others in an attempt to reflect correct behavior for a given situation. This effect is prominent in ambiguous social situations where people are unable to determine the appropriate mode of behavior, and is driven by the assumption that surrounding people possess more knowledge about the situation.
    • Synaptic plasticity – the ability of synapses to strengthen or weaken over time, in response to increases or decreases in their activity. [5] It is a concept in neuroscience.

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