The first day of the
20th century was celebrated.[4][5] There was little celebration in
Melbourne,
Australia, because, as the local newspaper noted, "everybody who is anybody is in
Sydney" (the first capital of the new Commonwealth).[6]
Between 11:00 a.m. and 2:00 p.m., more than 5,300 members of the general public visited the
White House for the annual
New Year's Day tradition of being able to walk in and to shake hands with the
President of the United States. In order to accommodate the remaining people in line in the final half hour,
William McKinley shook hands "at the rate of sixty-five a minute by actual count".[9] The President would be assassinated in September while shaking hands with the public.
January 2, 1901 (Wednesday)
While en route from
Danzig to
Kiel on 2 January 1901, the German
battleshipSMS Kaiser Friedrich III struck an underwater obstacle; the impact damaged four of the ship's
watertight compartments, which then filled with water and caused the ship to list to
port. The shock from the collision damaged the ship's boilers and started a fire in the
coal bunkers. All of the ship's
ammunition magazines, engine rooms, and storage compartments had to be flooded in order to prevent the fire from spreading.[10] Two men were seriously injured while fighting the fire, and a third died of his injuries. After several hours the fire was extinguished and the engines were restarted. Throughout the incident,
Prince Henry of Prussia steadfastly refused requests for him to leave the ship.
Ignatius L. Donnelly, 69, a former U.S. Congressman who wrote popular
speculative books about long-destroyed civilizations supposed to have existed on
Earth, died following a
heart attack he suffered that evening at his father-in-law's home in
Minneapolis. Donnelly's works included Atlantis: The Antediluvian World (1882) and Ragnarok: The Age of Fire and Gravel (1883). Using the
pen name "Edmund Boisgilbert, M.D.", he wrote the 1890 science fiction novel Caesar's Column, about what the world of 1988 would look like. The book was subtitled "A Story of the Twentieth Century". Donnelly lived only to see the first day of the
20th century, his passing took place three minutes after midnight.[13]
The
United States Senate unanimously passed the Native Races Act, a resolution sponsored by Senator
Henry Cabot Lodge of
Massachusetts, declaring a policy that "aboriginal tribes and uncivilized people", both within the
United States and its overseas possessions, should not be sold intoxicating beverages or opium.[20]
In response to the imminent organization of the
American League as a second major baseball league, the
National League announced in
Louisville, Kentucky that it was going to revive an old minor league, the "American Association".[22]American League President
Ban Johnson told reporters in
Cleveland, "You can poo-hoo that story right from the start. I don't know if the National League contemplates such a move, but if they do, it will never be born."[23] On January 19, the league was formally launched and the cities for the new AA were announced to be
Baltimore,
Boston,
Detroit,
Indianapolis,
Lousville,
Milwaukee,
Philadelphia, and
Washington, D.C.[24] The AA lineup happened to coincide with six of the eight
American League teams, and
Boston and
Philadelphia had franchises in the NL and the AL. The sporting press reacted negatively to the anti-competitive proposal, and the
National League would announce its abandonment of the idea on February 27.[25]
Syracuse University played its first
college basketball game, a 21–8 loss to
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. Although the Syracuse men's team would make four appearances in the Final Four in later years, it would not be until 102 years after its first game that it would win the national championship.[26]
At his apartment at 6 West 102nd Street in
Manhattan,
New York City,
Theodore Dreiser began writing a new novel, Jennie Gerhardt, with the working title of The Transgressor. After four weeks, he would complete nine chapters, and 40 chapters by mid-April, but do repeated rewrites. In 1903, he would abandon it after suffering a
nervous breakdown, but would resume writing in 1910 and publish the novel (which would later be adapted into a film) in 1911.[28]
Ottoman SultanAbdul Hamid received the first telegram that opened a direct telegraph line between the Ottoman capital at
Istanbul, and its largest Middle Eastern city at Dimeşk (
Damascus), the capital of its
Suriye province (now
Syria). Prior to that time, the Palestinian city of
Al-Salt was the furthest extent that the line would reach, hindering communications with the outer provinces in the
Arabian Peninsula.[29]
Died:
Philip Armour, Sr., 68, American entrepreneur (b.
1832) He acquired control of most of the American meatpacking industry through his corporation
Armour and Company;[30] the brand name still survives.
Voters in
Toronto approved municipal control of the city's natural gas plant.[2]
American prospector
Alferd Packer was released from prison after serving 18 years in jail for
manslaughter for
cannibalism. Outgoing
Colorado GovernorCharles S. Thomas, in his last official act, paroled Packer because of "physical condition and advanced age" of almost 59 years. Packer would live another six years, dying on April 17, 1907.[32]
Twenty-eight residents of an orphanage in
Rochester, New York, were killed in a fire. All but three of them were children.[38]
The first national bowling tournament in the
United States opened in
Chicago, in conjunction with the convention of the
American Bowling Congress. In all, 42 men's teams and five women's teams (each with five players) participated.[39]
Lord Kitchener reported that
Christiaan de Wet had shot one of the "peace" envoys, and flogged two more, who had gone to his commando to ask the Burgher citizens of
South Africa to halt fighting.[40]
Steel magnate
Charles M. Schwab hosted the "Millionaire's Dinner" at the
Hotel Schenley in
Pittsburgh, bringing together an unprecedented assembly of wealthy individuals. In all, 89 millionaires gathered for a proposal to form combine forces to create
U.S. Steel.[41]
Peter Ryu arrived in
Honolulu,
Hawaii, as a passenger on the Japanese ship Kongkong Maru, and was recorded as the first
Korean immigrant to enter the
United States.[42]
Born:Chic Young (Murat Bernard Young), American cartoonist; in
Chicago. In 1930, Young would create the popular comic strip
Blondie. He would continue to draw it until his death on March 14, 1973.
January 10, 1901 (Thursday)
In the first great
Texasgusher, oil was discovered at
Spindletop in
Beaumont, Texas. The
Spindletopgusher subsequently blew for nine days at a rate estimated at 100,000 barrels (16,000 m3) of oil per day.[43]Pattillo Higgins had been told by fellow geologists that it would be pointless to prospect for oil in the
salt dome known as
Spindletop Hill, so he eventually placed an advertisement to look for someone to take on the job of drilling. The one person who agreed to enter into a lease was
Anthony Francis Lucas, a Croatian-American immigrant, who began drilling in
October 1900. When the drill reached 1,139 feet (347 m), mud began to bubble and a
geyser 100 feet (30 m) high erupted; by the end of the year, $235,000,000 would be invested in
Texasoil fields.[44]
The
American Bowling Congress crowned its first national champion men's bowler, as
Frank Brill bowled games of 212, 237 and 199 pins for a total of 648, ahead of J. Koster, who totaled 621. The Greater New York team beat
St. Louis, two games to one. A mother and daughter, both named Agnes Fuellgraff, had the best scores for the women.[45]
The Electrical Review announced that the patent of Dr.
Mihajlo Pupin, a professor of physics at
Columbia College, had been purchased by the
American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T), and that it would facilitate
long-distance telephone communication.[49] Dr. Pupin had patented the
loading coil in 1900, making it possible to transmit and receive sounds of the human voice regardless of the length of the land line. Dr. Pupin was paid $500,000 for the device that
AT&T called "the most important invention since that of the telephone itself" that would "revolutionize the entire telephone system" [50] equivalent to $12,000,000 in 2016.
A statue of
Robert Burns was unveiled in Walker Park,
Newcastle upon Tyne,
England. The statue would later be damaged, was eventually restored in the 1970s, but then destroyed by vandals in the 1980s.[52]
Queen Victoria made the last entry in her journal after almost 70 years of recording her daily actions. "Had a fair night", she noted, "but was a little wakeful... Rested again afterwards, then did some signing and dictated to Lenchen", using the nickname for her daughter,
Princess Helena, who often appeared on her behalf. She would become ill the next day and never write another entry in her journal, kept since 1831.[11]
Pennsylvania would again have two
U.S. Senators after a vacancy of nearly two years in one of the seats.
ColonelMatthew Quay, who had been U.S. Senator from 1897 to 1899, was selected for the vacancy as the
Pennsylvania General Assembly ended the stalemate. Under the state law at the time, a candidate had to receive a majority of the combined votes of all the state senators and representatives. With 248 of the 254 legislators present, 125 votes were necessary to win. Quay, a
Republican, received 130 votes.[55][56][57][58]
Fred Alexander, an African American who had been arrested for the attempted rape of a white woman three days earlier,
was burned alive by a
lynch mob in the city of
Leavenworth, Kansas.[59] After threats had been made against both county Sheriff Peter Everhardy and the warden of the state penitentiary in
Lansing, Everhardy obtained Alexander's release at 3:10 p.m., and escorted him back to the Leavenworth County jail. At 4:30 p.m., the mob broke in and dragged him from his cell, and hauled Alexander to the scene of the November 7 murder of another woman, Pearl Forbes, on Lawrence Avenue near Spruce Street. Her father, William Forbes, reportedly told the crowd, "Don't hang the brute men... Let's take him out where he murdered my daughter and burn him."[60] The group chained Alexander to an iron stake, poured two cans of
coal oil on a pile of kindling, and at 5:25, Forbes himself set Alexander ablaze.
Kansas GovernorWilliam Eugene Stanley said afterward, "The Sheriff of Leavenworth is either a despicable scoundrel or a coward."[61][62]
The Allied military commanders of the
Eight-Nation Alliance announced the organization of a new judicial system for
China.[2]
Nearly four years after leaving office, former U.S. President
Grover Cleveland strongly criticized the foreign policy of the
William McKinley administration, particularly its expansion and takeover of the
Philippines. "We can conquer the Philippines, and after conquering them probably can govern them. It is in the strain upon our institutions, the demoralization of our people, the evasion of our constitutional limitations, and the perversion of our national mission that our danger lies," Cleveland said at the Holland Society dinner at the
Waldorf Astoria Hotel in
New York City. "As a distinguished bishop has said, 'The question is not what we shall do with the Philippines, but what the Philippines will do to us. Our country will never be the same again. For weal or woe, we have already irrevocably passed beyond the old lines."[66]
The Überbrettl, the first venue in
Germany for literary cabaret, or Kabarett, opened in
Berlin at Alexanderstraße No. 40.
Ernst von Wolzogen, an admirer of
Friedrich Nietzsche, named the locale the Buntes Theater, but soon began calling it the "Superstage" as a play on Nietzsche's Übermensch.[69]
At the close of a congressional subcommittee investigation of
hazing at the
United States Military Academy, superintendent
ColonelAlbert L. Mills and four cadets presented a statement signed by all of the members of the Academy, pledging to abolish
hazing. The statement, which would appear on the front pages of many American newspapers the next day, said in part "we... while maintaining that we have pursued our system from the best motives, yet realizing that the deliberate judgment of the people would, in a country like ours, be above all other considerations, do now reaffirm our former action abolishing the exercising of fourth class men, and do further agree to discontinue hazing, the requiring of fourth class men to eat anything against their desire, and the practice of 'calling out' fourth class men by class action; and that we will not devise other similar practices to replace those abandoned."[72] The
hazing practices had come to national attention after the death of first-year cadet
Oscar Lyle Booz on December 3. The statement to forcing men to "eat anything against their desire" was a reference to burns sustained by Booz after a tabasco sauce had been poured down his throat.[73]
"Without a protest from any Christian," as a horrified press report noted, five women and girls were openly offered for sale as slaves at a public auction in the
United States.[74] Notwithstanding the
13th Amendment and
California state law, the five females had been the slaves of Leong Kow in
China and continued to serve him after his immigration to
San Francisco. When Mr. Leong wanted to return to his homeland, he advertised the midday sale by posting notices in the
Chinatown neighborhood, and his creditors pasted their notices of claims against his estate. Four of the women were purchased, but the youngest, Leong's 12-year-old daughter, received no bids. The next day, she was rescued from her home by the local Society for the Suppression of Vice and by a Presbyterian missionary.[75] The incident would lead to state legislative hearings investigating the practice of
human trafficking that took place with the tolerance of the
San Francisco police[76] and by federal prosecutors.[77]
The first
RCA Victor record was created, as popular musician
Vess Ossman played the banjo in a studio cut of the song "Tell Me, Pretty Maiden", from the popular musical comedy Florodora, which was pressed and released as a 10-inch disc. By 1946,
RCA would sell its one billionth record.[79]
R. R. Racey, a British colonial official in charge of administering sections of the British
protectorate in
Uganda, oversaw the replacement of a prior tribal monarch of the
Igala people, Musinga, the
Onu of Igara. King Mosinga had committed suicide rather than leaving his kingdom to be taken by Racey to the administrative office. Racey convened a meeting of 55 sub-chiefs, who elected Musinga's young son as the Onu Mukotani of Igara. Since Mukotani was too young to govern, Racey arranged another relative, Bakora, to serve as regent and to swear allegiance to the
British Empire.[80]
Nine days after securing her release from a jail in
Wichita, Kansas, alcohol opponent
Carrie Nation convened a meeting of the
Woman's Christian Temperance Union and successfully persuaded other members to join her in her lone crusade of destroying places that sold liquor. That evening, she began to use a hatchet on her raids, which served as both a symbol of her cause and as an instrument for vandalism.[51] She and three of her followers laid waste to two saloons in
Wichita, and were in the process of invading a third when she was arrested by police.[81][82]
Dr. Henry V. Passage, a physician from
Peru, Indiana, as well as a Democrat member of the
Indiana House of Representatives, introduced one of the earliest proposals for
lethal injection as a means of
capital punishment. Dr. Passage proposed that an overdose of
morphine should replace hanging as the state's means of executing a murderer; the proposed amendment bill was voted down along party lines.[83]
Queen Victoria of the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and Empress of India, died at the age of 81, at
Osborne House, her residence on the
Isle of Wight, at 6:30 in the evening. After a reign of more than 63 years, Victoria had ruled during the lifetimes of most living Britons. She had continued to conduct official business less than two weeks before her death. At the time of her death, the Queen was survived by six children, 32 grandchildren and 35 great-grandchildren.
In the
Jamaican general election, 14 members were elected, although one indicated that he would refuse to take his seat and the others pledged to revise the constitution to remove a provision that four additional members be appointed by the
Governor (at the request of the British
Secretary of State for the Colonies,
Joseph Chamberlain).[85] The election also saw the first elected black member of the Council win a seat.[86]
In the U.S., the Grand Opera House in
Cincinnati,
Ohio, was destroyed in a fire, along with other adjacent buildings. Although the theater was filled with hundreds of people watching a production of Hamlet, nobody was injured. Credit was given to stage actor
E. H. Sothern, who interrupted the second scene of the play to calmly request the audience to carefully make their way to the exits.[87]
At 9:00 in the morning,
Edward VII, took the oath as the new monarch of the United Kingdom at St. James Palace, London, and the councillors assembled swore their allegiance to him. In
Parliament, the members of the
House of Commons and the
House of Lords swore their allegiance as well.[90]
"Probably never before in the history of the world have there been so many flags, and of so many nations, displayed at half-mast as were floated today in memory of the dead Queen of England [sic] and Empress of India," the American press noted. Even in the
United States, nearly 135 years independent of the
United Kingdom, U.S. President
William McKinley ordered that the American flag be lowered to half-staff at the
White House and at all U.S. government buildings.[91][92]
The Weekly Commoner, a new national newspaper in the
United States created by
William Jennings Bryan, published its first issue, with a distribution of 50,000 copies. "There will be no attempt at giving the current news," a report at the time noted. "Mr. Bryan expects to write most of the editorial comment himself, while the other articles will be contributed by noted Democrats... under his immediate supervision."[95]
"They went to sleep without any provision having been made for them and without anything to eat or to drink. I saw crowds of them along railway lines in bitterly cold weather, in pouring rain–hungry, sick, dying and dead. Soap was not dispensed. The water supply was inadequate. No bedstead or mattress was procurable. Fuel was scarce and had to be collected from the green bushes on the opes of the kopjes (small hills) by the people themselves. The rations were extremely meagre and when, as I frequently experienced, the actual quantity dispensed fell short of the amount prescribed, it simply meant famine."[97]
Hubert von Herkomer was commissioned by King
Edward VII of the United Kingdom to paint a
watercolor portrait of the recently deceased
Queen Victoria as she lay in her coffin, a not uncommon practice of the day as a respectful means of preserving the final image of a person. A century later, a critic would write, as praise, "the brightness of a flowing and translucent shroud seems already to be transporting the Queen into another world."[98]
TombKV44, in
Egypt's
Valley of the Kings, was opened by a team of archaeologists led by
Howard Carter. The tomb was found to contain the mummies of ten people, the most notable of whom was Tentkerer, a woman who had served the
PharaohOsorkon I, who reigned from 922 BC to 887 BC.[100]
Thirty-two captured leaders of the Filipino resistance to American rule were deported to
Guam on a
U.S. Navy ship which steamed out of
Manila Bay to send the nationalists into exile.[101] The 32 men had refused to take the oath of allegiance to the American territorial government, and were considered likely to foment unrest against the
U.S. Territorial authorities. Foremost among the deportees was
Apolinario Mabini, who had been the first
Prime Minister of the
First Philippine Republic during its temporary independence from
Spain. Mabini would finally be allowed to return to the
Philippines in 1903, two months before his death.[102]
Edouard Orban de Xivry, the Governor of the
Luxembourg Province of
Belgium, was assassinated in his office by one of his employees. Messr. Schneider asked for a meeting with the Governor. After they began talking, he drew out a revolver, shot Orban de Xivry, then killed himself.[103]
January 27, 1901 (Sunday)
Chief
Chitto Harjo, a
Muscogee Indian who was known in the press as Crazy Snake (a literal translation) of the
Creek Indian tribe, surrendered to Lieutenant. H. B. Dixon of the Eighth U.S. Cavalry in
Oklahoma. Chitto had attempted to create a government separate from the
Creek Nation in order to resist the forcible acquisition of Creek lands by the federal government, and the arrest came three days after a gun battle between his Snake Indian men and a team from the
United States Marshals Service.[99][104]
For the first time, an automobile arrived on the
Indian Ocean island of
Mauritius. The steamship Iraouady delivered the vehicle.[106] By the middle of 2014, there were would be over 450,000 motor vehicles registered in the Republic of Mauritius.[107]
Lord Kitchener, commander of British forces in the
Second Boer War, began a large-scale drive against the
Boers, with 14,000 British troops being transported through the Transvaal by rail. The
Orange Free State commandos were outnumbered, but managed to escape capture, while Kitchener's forces would lay waste to the landscape and clear it of civilians.[109]
Sixteen people on board the steamship Holland were drowned when the vessel was wrecked at the entrance of the
Maas River from the
North Sea into the
Netherlands.[111]
China's
Empress Dowager Cixi issued an imperial decree in the name of the
Emperor. "After we moved out of the capital city," the Emperor's statement began, "the empress has been constantly busy with state affairs. As Emperor, I deeply regret my mistakes... we mindlessly followed the old ways, leading to the calamity we face today. Now that peace negotiations are underway, we should reform all political affairs so that the country can become strong and prosperous." The decree directed all government officials to suggest reforms during the next two months, determining "What should be done to strengthen China, develop human talent, reach fiscal balance, and build a strong army?"[115]
In
French Algeria, Swiss travel writer
Isabelle Eberhardt, who posed as the Sufi tribesman Si Mahmoud Saadi, was stabbed and severely wounded by a fanatic member of the Tidjani Muslims, who regarded her and other members of the
Qadiriyya Muslims as infidels.[116] The trauma was enough to make Eberhardt move back to
Marseille. She would die in an accident in 1903.
U.S. Representative
George Henry White of
North Carolina's 2nd congressional district, the 22nd and last remaining African-American member of the
United States Congress, gave his farewell speech. "This is perhaps the Negroes' temporary farewell to the American Congress," he told his colleagues, "but let me say, Phoenix-like, he will rise up some day and come again. These parting words are in behalf of an outraged, heart-broken, bruised and bleeding, but God-fearing people; faithful, industrious, loyal, rising people – full of potential force."[117][118] There would not be another black member of the U.S. Congress for 28 years; in 1928,
Oscar Stanton De Priest would be elected to represent
Illinois's 2nd congressional district.
E. P. Taylor, Canadian business executive, acquired multiple beer manufacturers to build
Canadian Breweries, at one time the world's largest brewing company; in
Ottawa (d.
1989)
A fire at the Bostock Zoo in
Baltimore killed 148 animals, and two lions in the zoo were shot by employees when it appeared that they would break out of their cages. The only animals to survive the blaze at the Cyclorama Building were an elephant, a camel, two donkeys and a pack of dogs.[119]
The unsanitary conditions of
New York's
Sing Sing state prison, at
Ossining, New York, led to its condemnation by the State Board of Health, prompting major reforms.[84]
St. Louis sports promoter C. W. Daniels met with
Chicago White Stockings owner
Charles Comiskey and the new
Chicago team's manager,
Clark Griffith, with a proposal for a professional soccer league that would be composed of teams made up by
American League baseball players, and located in AL cities, to play in the autumn. On March 17, Griffith and
Baltimore Orioles manager
John McGraw would stage a soccer game in
St. Louis,[121] and during the fall, a
Chicago team would play at the White Stockings' ballpark, but with soccer players rather than baseball players.[122]
Died:Steve Brodie, 39, American who had gained worldwide fame in 1885 after being credited with surviving a jump off of the
Brooklyn Bridge, died from complications of
diabetes (b.
1861)[125]
^
abcdefghijThe American Monthly Review of Reviews (February 1901) pp. 152-155
^"Birth of a New Nation— Australian Unity Achieved", The Age (Melbourne), January 2, 1901
^"Twentieth Century's Triumphant Entry; Welcomed by New York with Tumultuous Rejoicing", New York Times, January 1, 1901, p. 1
^"Chicago Greets Century No. 20", Chicago Daily Tribune, January 1, 1901, p1
^"The Passing of 1900— Birth of the New Century— Scene in the City", The Age (Melbourne), January 1, 1901
^Synan, Vinson (Fall 1987). "Pentecostalism: Varieties and Contributions". Pneuma: The Journal of the Society for Pentecostal Studies. 9: 89–92.
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10.1163/157007487x00047.
^"New Year Honours". The Times. No. 36340. London. 1 January 1901. p. 8.
^"State Ceremony in White House", Chicago Daily Tribune, January 2, 1901, p. 4
^"Marine Casualties". Notes on Naval Progress (Washington, D.C.: United States. Office of Naval Intelligence) 20: 161–181. July 1901.
^
abcRobert K. Massie, Dreadnought: Britain, Germany, and the Coming of the Great War (Random House, 2012) p296
^"Lord Roberts Made an Earl", Chicago Daily Tribune, January 3, 1901, p. 1
^"Finder of Bacon Cipher Is Dead", Chicago Daily Tribune, January 2, 1901, p. 1
^Perry, Phyllis (2011). Speaking Ill of the Dead: Jerks in Colorado History.
Rowman & Littlefield. p. 67.
^Kay, James (2002). The Rebel raiders: the astonishing history of the Confederacy's secret Navy. New York: Ballantine Books. p. 249.
ISBN978-0-345-43182-0.
^Boot, Max (2014). The Savage Wars Of Peace: Small Wars And The Rise Of American Power.
Basic Books. pp. 117–118.
^Skrabec, Quentin R. Jr. (2012). The Carnegie Boys: The Lieutenants of Andrew Carnegie That Changed America.
McFarland. p. 104.
^Lee, Jonathan H. X. (2015). History of Asian Americans: Exploring Diverse Roots.
ABC-CLIO. p. xxx.
^ Wooster, Robert; Sanders, Christine Moor:
Spindletop Oilfield from the Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved October 18, 2009., Texas State Historical Association
^Li, Xiaobing; Molina, Michael, eds. (2014). "Spindletop Gusher". Oil: A Cultural and Geographic Encyclopedia of Black Gold. ABC-CLIO. p. 369.
^"Frank Brill the Champion". Chicago Daily Tribune. January 12, 1901. p. 6.
^Mayo, Matthew P. (2010). Cowboys, Mountain Men, and Grizzly Bears: Fifty of the Grittiest Moments in the History of the Wild West. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 218.
^"Chinese Sign Notes of Powers— Action Taken in Compliance with Telegraphic Edict from Imperial Court", Chicago Daily Tribune, January 14, 1901, p4
^E. G. Ruoff, ed., Death Throes of a Dynasty: Letters and Diaries of Charles and Bessie Ewing, Missionaries to China (Kent State University Press, 1990) p. 55
^"Telephone Line to Cross Ocean— Inventor of a Wonderful Long Distance System Sells His Rights", Chicago Sunday Tribune, January 13, 1901, p. 3
^"Pupin Talks of Sea Telephone", Chicago Daily Tribune, January 15, 1901, p. 3
^
abFran Grace, Carry A. Nation: Retelling the Life (Indiana University Press, 2001) pp. 154-155
^"Quay Was Re-elected; The Pennsylvania Legislature Makes Him U.S. Senator, He Receiving 130 Votes in House and Senate; Treachery of Seven Men Responsible". Pittsburgh Post. January 16, 1901. p. 1.
^Miles P. DuVal, Jr., Cadiz to Cathay: The Story of the Long Struggle for a Waterway Across the American Isthmus (Stanford University Press, 1940) p. 150
^"James A. Mount Dies Suddenly", Chicago Daily Tribune, January 17, 1901, p. 1
^Hubert C. Kennedy, Peano: Life and Works of Giuseppe Peano (Springer, 2012) p. 112
^"Cleveland Sees Woe for Nation", Chicago Daily Tribune, January 18, 1901, p. 1
^"Imposing Day in Berlin", Chicago Daily Tribune, January 18, 1901, p. 3
^"Berlin Festival Given Up— Remaining Part of Program of Bi-centenary Celebration Abandoned Because of Queen's Illness", Chicago Sunday Tribune, January 20, 1901, p. 2
^"Saved from Her Father— Twelve-Year-Old Chinese Girl Was to Have Been Sold by her Parent". San Francisco Chronicle. January 22, 1901. p. 9.
^"Tells of Slavery and Police Bribery". San Francisco Call. February 10, 1901. pp. 1, 23.
^"To Rid Chinatown of Slave Traffic— United States Attorney Coombe Instructed to Co-operate with State Officers". San Francisco Chronicle. February 28, 1901. p. 12.
^Canadian Forces Publication A-DH-267-003 Insignia and Lineages of the Canadian Forces. Vol. 3: Combat Arms Regiments.
^Tim Gracyk, with Frank Hoffmann, Popular American Recording Pioneers: 1895–1925 (Routledge, 2012) p. 265
^D. A. Low, Fabrication of Empire: The British and the Uganda Kingdoms, 1890–1902 (Cambridge University Press, 2009)
^"Use Ax on More Saloons— Mrs. Nation and Three of Her Friends Resume Crusade", Chicago Daily Tribune, January 22, 1901, p1
^"Plans Reform of World Scope", Chicago Daily Tribune, February 3, 1901, p. 1
^"Freak Measures in Indiana— Bill Providing for Killing Criminals by Use of Morphine Instead of by Hanging Made Party Issue", Chicago Daily Tribune, January 22, 1901, p. 12
^
abcdefgThe American Monthly Review of Reviews (March 1901) pp. 285-287
^"The Political Situation In Jamaica" The Times, 25 December 1900, p5, issue 36334
^"Football Match Is Arranged". Chicago Daily Tribune. February 27, 1901. p. 9.
^McKenna, Brian (2010). Clark Griffith: Baseball's Statesman. p. 101.
^Zeisler, Laurel (2012). Historical Dictionary of Ice Hockey. Scarecrow Press. p. xx.
^Marian Arkin,
Barbara Shollar. Longman anthology of world literature by women, 1875–1975. Longman Series in College Composition and Communication Series. Longman, 1989. Page 389.
^"Steve Brodie dead". Providence News. Feb 1, 1901. p. 3. Retrieved July 29, 2021.