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Image 1
"Call the Police" is a song recorded by Romanian girl band
G Girls. It was made available for
digital consumption on 14 June 2016 through Global Records and
Roton worldwide, while being distributed in Italy on 15 July 2016 by Ego. Serving as the group's debut recording, the track was written by
Eric Turner and
J-Son, while production was handled by
Marcel Botezan and Sebastian Barac. Musically, "Call the Police" is a "typical"
Eurodance song which musically incorporates "Romanian music dance vibe".
Music critics were positive towards "Call the Police", noting the track as being catchy and comparing it to band member
Inna's works. For promotion, an accompanying music video for the single was shot by Roman Burlaca at Palatul Noblesse. Commercially, "Call the Police" experienced moderate success on music charts; while it peaked at number six on Poland's
Airplay Top 100, the track reached position 64 in Romania. (Full article...)
Image 2
"Yodel It!" is a song recorded by Romanian singers
Ilinca and
Alex Florea, released on 30 January 2017 by Cat Music. The track was written by Alexandra Niculae and produced by Mihai Alexandru for the Swiss band
Timebelle who rejected it. It was then given to Ilinca to record. Florea was chosen as a featured artist as both Alexandru and Ilinca felt her version was incomplete. "Yodel It!" is a mixture of
rock,
pop and
hip hop music, including Ilinca
yodeling during the chorus and Florea's
rap vocals. The track's optimistic lyrical message was compared to that of
Taylor Swift's "
Shake It Off" (2014).
"Yodel It!"
represented Romania in the
2017 Eurovision Song Contest in
Kyiv, Ukraine after winning the pre-selection show Selecția Națională. The country reached seventh place in a field of 26, scoring a total of 282 points. During their show, Ilinca and Florea were accompanied by a variety of colorful imagery displayed in the background. The song received mixed reviews from
music critics. While it was praised for its
catchiness and appeal, the yodeling sequences were criticized as being atypical of
Romanian culture. Some parts of the recording were also likened to the band
The Script and
will.i.am's song "
Hall of Fame" (2012). "Yodel It!" won in the Song of the Year category at the 2017 Radar de Media Awards in Romania. (Full article...)
Image 3
In
Slavic folklore, the raskovnik or razkovniche (
SerbianCyrillic and
Macedonian: расковник;
Bulgarian: разковниче[rɐsˈkɔvnit͡ʃɛ];
Russian: разрыв-трава;
Polish: rozryw) is a magical
herb. According to lore, the raskovnik has the magical property to unlock or uncover anything that is locked or closed. However, legends claim it is notoriously difficult to recognize the herb, and reputedly only certain
chthonic animals are able to identify it. (Full article...)
Bocskai's career started when his
underage nephew,
Sigismund Báthory, became the ruler of Transylvania in 1581. After the
Diet of Transylvania declared Sigismund of age in 1588, Bocskai was one of the few members of Sigismund's council who supported his plan to join an anti-Ottoman coalition. Sigismund made Bocskai captain of Várad (now
Oradea in Romania) in 1592. After the pro-Ottoman noblemen forced Sigismund to renounce his throne in 1594, Bocskai supported him in his bid to regain it, for which Sigismund rewarded him with estates confiscated from the leaders of the opposition. On Sigismund's behalf Bocskai signed a treaty concerning the membership of Transylvania in the
Holy League in Prague on 28January 1595. He led the Transylvanian army to
Wallachia, which had been occupied by the Ottomans. The Christian troops liberated Wallachia and defeated the retreating Ottoman army in the
Battle of Giurgiu on 29September 1595. (Full article...)
Charles came to the Kingdom of Hungary upon the invitation of an influential Croatian lord,
Paul Šubić, in August 1300. Andrew III died on 14 January 1301, and within four months Charles was crowned king, but with a provisional crown instead of the
Holy Crown of Hungary. Most Hungarian noblemen refused to yield to him and elected
Wenceslaus of Bohemia king. Charles withdrew to the southern regions of the kingdom.
Pope Boniface VIII acknowledged Charles as the lawful king in 1303, but Charles was unable to strengthen his position against his opponent. Wenceslaus abdicated in favor of
Otto of Bavaria in 1305. Because it had no central government, the Kingdom of Hungary had disintegrated into a dozen provinces, each headed by a powerful
nobleman, or
oligarch. One of those oligarchs,
Ladislaus III Kán, captured and imprisoned Otto of Bavaria in 1307. Charles was elected king in
Pest on 27 November 1308, but his rule remained nominal in most parts of his kingdom even after he was crowned with the Holy Crown on 27 August 1310. (Full article...)
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Shishman (
Bulgarian: Шишман;
fl. 1270s/1280s — before 1308/1313) was a
Bulgarian nobleman (
boyar) who ruled a semi-independent realm based out of the
Danubian fortress of
Vidin in the late 13th and early 14th century. Shishman, who was bestowed the title of "
despot" by Bulgarian emperor
George Terter I, was a
Cuman, and may have been established as lord of Vidin as early as the 1270s.
In 1291, he came under
Golden Horde ("Tatar")
suzerainty and in 1292 he was in charge of an unsuccessful campaign against neighbouring
Serbia. Even though the Serbs captured Vidin in their counter-offensive, perhaps thanks to Tatar influence Shishman was placed once more as the ruler of the region, this time as a Serbian vassal. However, he continued to rule his lands largely independently. As his son and successor as despot of Vidin
Michael Shishman acceded to the Bulgarian throne in 1323, Shishman was the progenitor of the last medieval Bulgarian royal dynasty, the
Shishman dynasty. (Full article...)
Image 7
"Ra" (stylized in all caps) is a song recorded by Romanian singer
Inna,
digitally released on 27 September 2018 as the
lead single from her sixth studio album, Yo (2019), by
Global Records. It was entirely written in Spanish by Cristina Maria Chiluiza and Inna, while
Sebastian Barac,
Marcel Botezan and
David Ciente handled the production. A
ballad, the song lyrically features a
female empowerment message about leaving a toxic relationship and gaining confidence. Its sound differs significantly and acts as a departure from Inna's previous,
club-oriented releases.
"Ra" was met with generally positive reviews from
music critics upon its release, with a number of them pointing out its catchiness. For promotion, an accompanying,
minimalistic music video was uploaded onto the singer's
YouTube channel simultaneously with the digital release of the song. Filmed by Bogdan Păun, it portrays Inna and five other women posing together or individually in front of a planter wall. Inna further supported the song with live performances at the 2018
Telehit Awards and on television program Hoy in Mexico in November 2018. It peaked at number 71 on Romania's
Airplay 100 ranking. (Full article...)
Image 8
"Dincolo de nori" (Romanian pronunciation:[ˈdiŋkolodeˈnorʲ]; English: "Beyond the Clouds") is a song recorded by Romanian singer
Dan Bittman at the Magic Sound Production in
Craiova and was released as a
CD single in 1994 by Metro Records Romania. "Dincolo de nori" was written by Antonio Furtuna and Bittman and produced solely by Furtuna, featuring a
bass guitar,
harmonica and keyboards in its instrumentation.
The track represented
Romania in the
Eurovision Song Contest 1994 (held in
Dublin, Ireland) after winning the pre-selection show Selecția Națională. In Dublin, Romania made its debut in the contest and finished in 21st place with 14 points. This remained Romania's worst result until their
1998 participation. One year after the event, "Dincolo de nori" was awarded Song of the Year by Romanian magazine Actualitatea muzicală [
ro]. The song was re-recorded in 1998 by Bittman and his group
Holograf for their 12th studio album Supersonic. (Full article...)
Sigismund Báthory (
Hungarian: Báthory Zsigmond; 1573 – 27 March 1613) was
Prince of Transylvania several times between 1586 and 1602, and
Duke of Racibórz and
Opole in
Silesia in 1598. His father,
Christopher Báthory, ruled Transylvania as
voivode (or deputy) of the absent prince,
Stephen Báthory. Sigismund was still a child when the
Diet of Transylvania elected him voivode at his dying father's request in 1581. Initially, regency councils administered Transylvania on his behalf, but Stephen Báthory made
János Ghyczy the sole regent in 1585. Sigismund adopted the title of prince after Stephen Báthory died.
The Diet proclaimed Sigismund to be of age in 1588, but only after he agreed to expel the
Jesuits.
Pope Sixtus Vexcommunicated him, but the ban was lifted in 1590, and the Jesuits returned a year later. His blatant favoritism towards the Catholics made him unpopular among his Protestant subjects. He decided to join the
Holy League against the
Ottoman Empire. Since he could not convince the Diet to support his plan, he renounced the throne in July 1594, but the commanders of the army convinced him to revoke his abdication. At their proposal, he purged the noblemen who opposed the war against the Ottomans. He officially joined the Holy League and married
Maria Christina of Habsburg, a niece of the
Holy Roman Emperor,
Rudolph II. The marriage was never
consummated. (Full article...)
Image 10
3D model of Ciomadul's central sector seen from the south
Volcanic activity at Ciomadul commenced with
effusive activity about one million years ago. Most of the volcano was constructed between 650,000 – 500,000 years ago. (Full article...)
Image 11
Cover of the first edition
Dracula is a novel by
Bram Stoker, published in 1897. An
epistolary novel, the narrative is related through letters, diary entries, and newspaper articles. It has no single protagonist and opens with solicitor
Jonathan Harker taking a business trip to stay at the castle of a
Transylvanian nobleman,
Count Dracula. Harker escapes the castle after discovering that Dracula is a
vampire, and the Count moves to
England and plagues the seaside town of
Whitby. A small group, led by
Abraham Van Helsing, investigate, hunt and kill Dracula.
Dracula was mostly written in the 1890s. Stoker produced over a hundred pages of notes for the novel, drawing extensively from
Transylvanian folklore and
history. Some scholars have suggested that the character of Dracula was inspired by historical figures like the
Wallachian prince
Vlad the Impaler or the countess
Elizabeth Báthory, but there is widespread disagreement. Stoker's notes mention neither figure. He found the name Dracula in Whitby's public library while on holiday, thinking it meant devil in
Romanian. (Full article...)
Image 12
"Tu Manera" (English: "Your Way") is a song recorded by Romanian singer
Inna,
digitally released on 1 March 2019 by
Roc Nation as the fourth single for her sixth studio album Yo (2019). It was written by Inna and Cristina Maria Chiluiza, while production was handled by
David Ciente. "Tu Manera" is a Spanish-language
dance,
Latin and
Caribbean-influenced
pop song that represents Inna falling for someone through its lyrics. A music video for the song was released on 7 March 2019; directed by Bogdan Păun, it features the singer performing several activities in front of a house in a dusty landscape. Commercially, "Tu Manera" reached number 78 on Romania's
Airplay 100 chart. It was included on the soundtrack of the American television series Grand Hotel, as well as used for Need for Speed Heat and an
Apple Watch commercial. (Full article...)
Image 13
"Wow" is a song recorded by Romanian singer
Inna for her second studio album, I Am the Club Rocker (2011). Written and produced by
Play & Win members Sebastian Barac, Radu Bolfea and Marcel Botezan, it was made available for
digital download on 20 April 2012 as the fifth single from the record through DIY Records. Musically, "Wow" is an
electropop song.
Upon its release, the album received positive reviews from
music critics, who commended that Inna showcased her versatility as an artist, but noted the songs lacked innovation and were similar to her past material. To promote Nirvana, three singles, "
Gimme Gimme", "
Ruleta", and "
Nirvana", preceded the record in 2017, to commercial success in some European countries. "Ruleta" notably reached number one in Lithuania and number three in Romania. The album itself failed to impact any country's charts. (Full article...)
Image 15
Romania attempted to debut in the
Eurovision Song Contest 1993, held that year in
Millstreet, Ireland, being one of seven countries interested in taking part in the contest for the first time. A national final, Selecția Națională 1993 organized by
Romanian Television (TVR), was held on 16 January 1993, and "Nu pleca" (English: "Don't go"), written and performed by the Romanian singer
Dida Drăgan and composed by Adrian Ordean, was selected to be the Romanian entry. For a place in the finals of the contest, Romania had to compete in a pre-qualifying round, Kvalifikacija za Millstreet, that took place in
Ljubljana, Slovenia. The song ranked last, and so failed to qualify for the finals in Ireland. Predominantly negative reactions from Romanian media followed as a result of Drăgan's poor performance. (Full article...)
The
Kingdom of Romania, under the rule of
King Carol II, was initially a
neutral country in
World War II. However,
Fascist political forces, especially the
Iron Guard, rose in popularity and power, urging an alliance with
Nazi Germany and its
allies. As the military fortunes of Romania's two main guarantors of territorial integrity—France and Britain—crumbled in the
Fall of France (May to June, 1940), the government of Romania turned to Germany in hopes of a similar guarantee, unaware that Germany, in
the supplementary protocol to the 1939
Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, had already granted its blessing to
Soviet claims on Romanian territory.
In the summer of 1940, as had been agreed with Germany, the
USSRoccupied Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina; in August and September 1940, two territorial disputes, arbitrated by Germany and Italy, were decided against Romania: Romania
lost Northern Transylvania to
Hungary and had to
cede Southern Dobruja to
Bulgaria. The popularity of the Romanian government plummeted, further reinforcing the fascist and military factions, who eventually staged a coup in September 1940 that turned the country into a dictatorship under
MareșalIon Antonescu. The
new regime officially joined the
Axis powers on 23 November 1940. As a member of the Axis, Romania joined the
invasion of the Soviet Union (Operation Barbarossa) on 22 June 1941, providing equipment and
oil to Nazi Germany and committing more troops to the
Eastern Front than all other allies of Germany combined. Romanian forces played a large role during fighting in
Ukraine,
Bessarabia, and in the
Battle of Stalingrad. Romanian troops were responsible for the
persecution and massacre of 260,000 Jews in Romanian-controlled territories, though half of the Jews living in Romania itself survived the war. Romania controlled the third-largest Axis army in Europe and the fourth largest Axis army in the world, only behind the three principal Axis powers of Germany, Japan, and Italy. Following the September 1943
Armistice of Cassibile between the Allies and Italy, Romania became the second Axis Power in Europe. (Full article...)
... that Romanian-born Helen O'Brien escaped advancing Russians on the King's horse, opened Eve, and worked as a spy for MI5 and MI6?
... that Gogu Rădulescu, a member of the
Romanian Communist Party central committee, was allegedly spied on by his colleagues through Lăutari performers, called upon to "sing him the blues"?
... that Romanian author Ion Biberi rejected Marxism at the risk of unemployment, consoling himself that "man eats 20 times more than what he needs"?
Image 4Bran Castle (
German: Törzburg,
Hungarian: Törcsvár) built in 1212, is commonly known as Dracula's Castle and is situated in the centre of present-day Romania. In addition to its unique
architecture, the
castle is famous because of persistent myths that it was once the home of
Vlad III Dracula. (from History of Romania)
Image 5Map of Romania after World War II indicating lost territories (from History of Romania)
Image 9Romania has seen its largest waves of protests against judicial reform ordinances of the PSD-ALDE coalition during the
2017–2019 Romanian protests. (from History of Romania)
Image 18The Principalities of
Moldavia and
Wallachia in 1786, Italian map by G. Pittori, since the geographer Giovanni Antonio Rizzi Zannoni (from History of Romania)
Image 471941 stamp depicting a Romanian and a German soldier in reference to the two countries' common participation in Operation Barbarossa. The text below reads the holy war against
Bolshevism. (from History of Romania)
Image 49Romania after the territorial losses of 1940. The recovery of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina was the catalyst for Romania's entry into the war on Germany's side. (from History of Romania)
Image 50Illustration featuring the Romanian coat of arms and tricolor (from Culture of Romania)
Image 51Physical and administrative map of Romania, with the
historic regions in grey (Țara Românească means Wallachia). (from Geography of Romania)
Image 70Ethnic map of Greater Romania according to the
1930 census. Sizeable ethnic minorities put Romania at odds with Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Soviet Union throughout the interwar period. (from History of Romania)
Image 75A 19th century depiction of Dacian women (from History of Romania)
Image 76Lieutenant Emil Rebreanu was awarded the Medal for Bravery in gold, the highest military award given by the Austrian command to an ethnic Romanian; he would later be hanged for desertion while trying to escape to Romania. (from History of Romania)
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