Portal:Finland References

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Finland, officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. It borders Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north, and Russia to the east, with the Gulf of Bothnia to the west and the Gulf of Finland to the south, opposite Estonia. Finland covers an area of 338,145 square kilometres (130,559 sq mi) and has a population of 5.6 million. Helsinki is the capital and largest city. The vast majority of the population are ethnic Finns. Finnish and Swedish are the official languages, with Swedish being the native language of 5.2% of the population. Finland's climate varies from humid continental in the south to boreal in the north. The land cover is predominantly boreal forest biome, with more than 180,000 recorded lakes.

Finland was first settled around 9000 BC after the last Ice Age. During the Stone Age, various cultures emerged, distinguished by different styles of ceramics. The Bronze Age and Iron Ages were marked by contacts with other cultures in Fennoscandia and the Baltic region. From the late 13th century, Finland became part of the Swedish Empire as a result of the Northern Crusades. In 1809, as a result of the Finnish War, Finland was captured from Sweden and became a Grand Duchy of Finland, an autonomous state ruled by the Russian Empire. During this period, Finnish art flourished and the idea of full independence began to take hold. In 1906, Finland became the first European state to grant universal suffrage, and the first in the world to give all adult citizens the right to run for public office. Following the Russian Revolution of 1917, Finland declared its full independence. In 1918 the young nation was divided by the Finnish Civil War. During World War II, Finland fought against the Soviet Union in the Winter War and the Continuation War, and later against Nazi Germany in the Lapland War. As a result, it lost parts of its territory but retained its independence. ( Full article...)

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Torvalds in 2018

Linus Benedict Torvalds ( /ˈliːnəs ˈtɔːrvɔːldz/ LEE-nəs TOR-vawldz, Finland Swedish: [ˈliːnʉs ˈtuːrvɑlds] ^ⓘ; born 28 December 1969) is a Finnish-American software engineer who is the creator and lead developer of the Linux kernel. He also created the distributed version control system Git.

He was honored, along with Shinya Yamanaka, with the 2012 Millennium Technology Prize by the Technology Academy Finland "in recognition of his creation of a new open source operating system for computers leading to the widely used Linux kernel." He is also the recipient of the 2014 IEEE Computer Society Computer Pioneer Award and the 2018 IEEE Masaru Ibuka Consumer Electronics Award. ( Full article...)

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Photo credit: Johannes Jansson/norden.org
Prime Minister of Finland Matti Vanhanen

Did you know (auto-generated)

... that Charlotte Haining was an International Jury Member for the selection of Finland's 2020 Eurovision Song Contest entry?
... that the United States severed diplomatic ties with Finland in 1944 because of a personal letter sent to Hitler?
... that Kuappi in Iisalmi, Finland, holds the Guinness world record for the smallest restaurant?
... that Finnish politician Maija Rask earned a PhD at the age of 61 after a career as a nurse, teacher, member of Parliament, and minister of education?
... that Vieno Simonen was first elected to the Finnish parliament in 1948, ten years after she was widowed with seven children?
... that Kaija Saariaho's 2021 opera Innocence includes traditional Finnish cow-herding calls?

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You are invited to participate in Finland WikiProject, a WikiProject dedicated to developing and improving articles about Finland.

More did you know - show different entries

...that when completed in 1967, MS Finlandia was the largest ferry in the world?
...that the Pysähdy ajoissa - Stanna i tid ("Stop in time") traffic campaign was the result of the public response to a road death of a nine-year-old girl in Finland?
...that the Finnish Association of Graduate Engineers has been in charge of publishing Finland's ethical guidelines on engineering for over 40 years?
...that Penedo, a small town in Brazil was colonized by immigrants from Finland?
...that the Wärtsilä Turku shipyard in Finland built five state-of-the-art cruiseferries for the Black Sea Shipping Company, Soviet Union, in 1975-1976?

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Lighthouse on Lågskär island

Lågskär ( Swedish for "low skerry") is a small island within the Åland archipelago of Finland. It belongs to the municipality of Lemland. It is situated about 24 kilometres (15 mi) south of Mariehamn in the Baltic's Sea of Åland. The main island of Lågskär measures 61 hectares (150 acres) in area. Rock stacks, sea cliffs and rocky shores are found along the coastline of the island.

As a breeding ground for waterfowl, Lågskär has the status of an Important Bird Area (IBA) and is frequented by ornithologists who use the Lågskär Lighthouse buildings during their stay. In the past, several vessels have sunk off the coast. ( Full article...)

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General images

The following are images from various Finland-related articles on Wikipedia.

Image 1 Ancylus Lake covered major part of Finland (7,500–6,000 BC) (from History of Finland)
Image 2 Finnish Guards' Rifle Battalion, 1850s (from History of Finland)
Image 3In the sauna, by Pekka Halonen, 1925 (from Culture of Finland)
Image 4 2007 Formula One World Champion Kimi Räikkönen celebrating victory at the 2007 Brazilian Grand Prix (from Culture of Finland)
Image 5An old drawing of the city of Turku in the 18th century (from History of Finland)
Image 6 Wehrmacht soldiers with a local Sámi reindeer herder, Lappland, Sodankylä, Finland 1942 (from History of Finland)
Image 7In 2011 figure skater Kiira Korpi was ranked 4th in the world. (from Culture of Finland)
Image 8 Paavo Nurmi at the 1920 Summer Olympics (from Culture of Finland)
Image 9Students on Helsinki's Esplanadi wearing their caps on Vappu (from Culture of Finland)
Image 10 Alvar Aalto, Viipuri Library (1927–35) (from Culture of Finland)
Image 11A view of Pohjoisesplanadi in the center of Helsinki in 1891 (from History of Finland)
Image 12A triptych by Akseli Gallen-Kallela, depicting the Aino Story of Kalevala on three panes (from Culture of Finland)
Image 13 Turku Cathedral and its surroundings from 1814 (from History of Finland)
Image 14Winter War Monument in Suomussalmi, Kainuu, Finland (from History of Finland)
Image 15A summer cottage (mökki) on a lake island (from Culture of Finland)
Image 16Homann's map of the Scandinavian Peninsula and Fennoscandia with their surrounding territories: northern Germany, northern Poland, the Baltic region, Livonia, Belarus, and parts of Northwest Russia. Johann Baptist Homann (1664–1724) was a German geographer and cartographer; map dated around 1730. (from History of Finland)
Image 17Identification document and tag of a Finnish war child (from History of Finland)
Image 18 Erkki Karu, one of the pioneers of the Finnish cinema, with cinematographer Eino Kari in 1927 (from Culture of Finland)
Image 19Midsummer bonfire (kokko) in Mäntsälä (from Culture of Finland)
Image 20 Kreeta Haapasalo Playing the Kantele in a Peasant Cottage (1868), by Robert Wilhelm Ekman (from History of Finland)
Image 21 Helsinki Accords Treaty (from History of Finland)
Image 22 Stone Age stone axe engraved with human face found from Kiuruvesi. (from History of Finland)
Image 23President Urho Kekkonen's funeral procession in 1986 (from History of Finland)
Image 24A reconstruction of a 12th-century Perniö costume (from History of Finland)
Image 25 Kalmar Union in 1400s (from History of Finland)
Image 26 Kastelli Giant's Church in Pattijoki by Pöljä culture [ fi] (from History of Finland)
Image 27 Janne Ahonen is considered one of the best and most successful currently active ski jumpers. (from Culture of Finland)
Image 28 Battle of Gangut ( Hanko) was part of the Great Northern War during 1700–1721. (from History of Finland)
Image 29Imagery collage of Birger Jarl conquering Häme and the construction of Häme Castle (from History of Finland)
Image 30Jussipaita (transl. Jussi sweater); a traditional sweater from the Finnish region of Southern Ostrobothnia (from Culture of Finland)
Image 31In the middle is the patron saint of Finland, Saint Henry, on the right side of him is Bishop Konrad Bitz and on the left is Dean Magnus Stjernkors; from Missale Aboense (1488) (from History of Finland)
Image 32Finland Ostrobothnia regiment uniforms in 1705 (from History of Finland)
Image 33Women in sauna with Vihtas
Image 34Grand Duchy of Finland, 75 kopek assignat (1824) (from History of Finland)
Image 35 Linus Torvalds, a famous Fennoswede software engineer, best known for initiating the development of the Linux kernel (from Culture of Finland)
Image 36 Jean Sibelius at work in his study (from History of Finland)
Image 37Pieces of the Antrea Net (8,300 BC), the oldest-known fishing net in the world. (from History of Finland)
Image 38S/S Urania in Hanko harbor in 1893, with 509 emigrants on board on their way to America (from History of Finland)
Image 39Captain Aarne Juutilainen at the front at Kollaa during the Winter War (from History of Finland)
Image 40Prehistoric red ochre painted rock art of moose, human figures, and boats in Astuvansalmi, Finland, from ca. 3800–2200 BC (from Culture of Finland)
Image 41Stone Age dwelling named Kierikki 5000–3000 BC (from History of Finland)
Image 42 Karjalanpiirakka, a traditional Finnish pastry (from Culture of Finland)
Image 43 Sámi / Laplander family in traditional costumes from Finland. (from Culture of Finland)
Image 44The part of Finland controlled by the Reds at its largest in February–March 1918 (from History of Finland)
Image 45The first government of independent Finland. P. E. Svinhufvud, the first Prime Minister of Finland, sitting at the head of the table. (from History of Finland)
Image 46Three Finnish Romani women in Helsinki, Finland, in 1930s (from Culture of Finland)
Image 47Painting of Lalli killing Henry. Painting by C. A. Ekman. (from History of Finland)
Image 48The Finnish composer Jean Sibelius (1865–1957), a significant figure in the history of classical music (from Culture of Finland)
Image 49 Uspenski Cathedral in Helsinki (from Culture of Finland)
Image 50A peasant girl and a woman in traditional dress from Ruokolahti, eastern Finland, as depicted by Severin Falkman in 1882 (from Culture of Finland)
Image 51People gathered in the Senate Square for a demonstration against the February Manifesto in March 1899. (from History of Finland)
Image 52The ruins of Vammala burned by the Reds, during the Civil war (from History of Finland)
Image 53Finnish folk dancers in a 1907 postcard sent from Mustamäki, Finland (from Culture of Finland)
Image 54 Lapua Movement supporters beating the "red officer" Eino Nieminen in front of the Vaasa courthouse during the 4 June 1930 riot. (from History of Finland)
Image 55The area controlled by Finland at its largest, in 1942 (from History of Finland)
Image 56(1809 Diet of Porvoo) The sovereign's pledge, printed in Finnish (from History of Finland)
Image 57Marshal of Finland Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim visit in Germany, 1942 (from History of Finland)
Image 58Women dressed in Finnish folk costumes (from Culture of Finland)
Image 59 Mikael Agricola hands over the Finnish Translation of the New Testament to King Gustav Wasa. (from History of Finland)
Image 60 Battle of Valkeala was part of the Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790). (from History of Finland)
Image 61Eero Järnefelt, Burning the Brushwood, 1893 (from History of Finland)
Image 62 Pekka Halonen's painting "against persecutors" from 1896 depicts the warfare of the ancient Finns. (from History of Finland)
Image 63Map of Finnish areas ceded to the Soviet Union in 1944, after the Continuation War (from History of Finland)
Image 64 Apocalyptica's Perttu Kivilaakso playing metal music live (from Culture of Finland)
Image 65A smoke sauna (savusauna) in Enonkoski (from Culture of Finland)
Image 66The decision of the Soviet of the People's Comissars' to recognise Finnish independence, signed by Vladimir Lenin, Leon Trotsky, Grigory Petrovsky, Joseph Stalin, Isaac Steinberg, Vladimir Karelin, and Alexander Schlichter (from History of Finland)
Image 67The Swedish empire at its largest. Most of present-day Finland was part of Sweden proper, rike, shown in dark green. (from History of Finland)
Image 68Signing the Helsinki Accords are the West German Chancellor Helmut Schmidt, East Germany's leader Erich Honecker, US president Gerald Ford and the Austrian chancellor Bruno Kreisky (from History of Finland)
Image 69Badge of the Finnish White/Civil Guard (from History of Finland)
Image 70The area of Finland in the years 1920–1940. The 1935 county and municipality division on the map. (from History of Finland)
Image 71This 1825 map of the Grand Duchy of Finland is from a larger work, geographical atlas of the Russian Empire. (from History of Finland)
Image 72Northern Europe in 814 (from History of Finland)
Image 73President K. J. Ståhlberg in his office in 1919 (from History of Finland)
Image 74Memorial of the Mannerheim Cross Knights of Parikkala, Finland (from History of Finland)
Image 75 The Finno-Soviet Treaty (from History of Finland)
Image 76A group of Finnish soldiers operating a Bofors gun during the Continuation War in 1943 (from History of Finland)

In the news

2 April 2024 – Viertola school shooting: A student is killed and two others are injured in a shooting at a school in Vantaa, Uusimaa, Finland. A 12-year-old student is detained. (AP) (Yle)
1 March 2024 – 2024 Finnish presidential election: Alexander Stubb is sworn in as the 13th President of Finland. (Reuters)
11 February 2024 – 2024 Finnish presidential election: Alexander Stubb is elected President of Finland with 51.6% of the vote. (Yle)
27 January 2024 – Israel–Hamas war: The United Kingdom, United States, Australia, Italy, Canada, Finland, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and Germany suspend humanitarian aid to UNRWA over allegations that some UNRWA staff members were involved in the Hamas-led attack on Israel. (BBC News) (CBS News)
14 December 2023 – Finland–United States relations: Finland announces the creation of a defense cooperation agreement with the United States. The agreement will grant Finland access to American military resources for use in defensive operations, while the US will gain military access to Finland in the event of conflict. (Reuters)
29 November 2023 – Finland–Poland relations, Finland–Russia relations: National Security Bureau chief Jacek Siewiera announces that Poland will send "a team of military advisors" to the Finland–Russia border in response to an official request for allied support. Finland says it was unaware of the Polish offer. Russia warns against the move, viewing the concentration of troops on the border as a threat. (Reuters)

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Albert Edelfelt - Louis Pasteur - 1885
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FIN-A36b-Finlands Bank-20 Markkaa (1862)
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Helsinki July 2013-14
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Kolmen valtakunnan rajapyykki 27.4.1945
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Neste Oil Rally 2010 - Jari-Matti Latvala in shakedown
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Albert Edelfelt - Louis Pasteur - 1885
Anefo 932-2378 Keke Rosberg, Zandvoort, 03-07-1982 - Restoration
FIN-A36b-Finlands Bank-20 Markkaa (1862)
Hankopan
Helsinki July 2013-14
Helsinki July 2013-27a
Kaleva Church 4
Kolmen valtakunnan rajapyykki 27.4.1945
Lutheran Cathedral Helsinki edit
Makasiinit tulessa
Neste Oil Rally 2010 - Jari-Matti Latvala in shakedown
Nils Torvalds MEP, Strasbourg - Diliff
Peugeot 206 WRC
Rally Finland 2010 - shakedown - Nasser Al-Attiyah 1
Scandinavia.TMO2003050
Silja Serenade in Stockholm
VR Sr1 3015 Kuopio Drawbridge
Vexi Salmi

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