March 1 –
Emperor Renzong of China, the Mongol leader Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan, dies after a reign of almost nine years. He is succeeded by his son, Gegeen Khan.
March 20 –
Shepherds' Crusade (Le Pastoureaux): In France, a large group of common people band together in Normandy on Easter Sunday to begin a crusade, after a teenage shepherd says he was visited by the
Holy Spirit.[2] They march south to
Aquitaine, attacking castles, royal officials, priests and lepers along the way. Jewish communes are attacked at
Saintes,
Cahors,
Verdun-sur-Garonne,
Albi and
Toulouse. When they finally cross into
Spain, Aragon forces under Prince
Alfonso halt their advance. In July, many of the followers are arrested and executed. After that, there are no further incidents and the crusade disperses.[3]
April 19 –
Gegeen Khan (Prince Shidibala) becomes the new Mongol Emperor Yingzong of the Yuan dynasty of China after the death of his father, Emperor Renzong.
June 18 –
Treaty of Baena: Sultan
Ismail I signs an 8-year truce with
Castile at
Baena. King
James II, who receives papal authorization and funds for a crusade against
Granada refuses to accept the treaty. Both parties promise to aid one another against their respective enemies. Meanwhile, Ismail consolidates the territories formally under his control with the emirate.[7]
June 19 –
Shepherds' Crusade: Unnerved by the prospect of the arrival of the shepherds at Avignon to begin a crusade, Pope John XXII orders their dispersal.
August 4 –
William II de Soules confesses to treason before the Scottish Parliament at a hearing at the "Black Parliament" session held at Scone. For the crime of conspiring against King Robert, Soules is sentenced to life imprisonment at Dumbarton Castle.
September 5 – Delhi's Sultan
Khusrau Khan, who betrayed and murdered Qutbuddin Shah in May to become ruler in India, is himself betrayed and murdered by his governor,
Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq, who founds Delhi's
Tughlaq dynasty. Sultan Ghiyath appoints military governors in
Punjab and
Sindh province, who manage to halt Mongol incursions towards the sultanate.[9]
October 27 –
Magnus Birgersson, who had been the crown prince of Sweden until his father,
King Birger was forced to flee, was beheaded by order of King Magnus Eriksson. Magnus Birgersson, who had defended the
Stegeborg Castle in 1318 to allow his father to flee to safety, was convicted of having participated in the
Nyköping Banquet betrayal of 1317.[12]
January 19 – King Edward I of England appoints the Archbishop of York; the Bishops of Carlisle, Worcester, and Winchester; the Earls of Pembroke, Hereford, and Badlesmere; and six other people to negotiate with Scotland for a final peace treaty or an extension of the Pembroke treaty of 1319 before its expiration on Christmas Day.[13]
January 20 – The English Parliament appoints a commission to inquire about illegal confederacies in Wales against the King.[14]
January 30 – The Welsh Earls of Hereford, Arundel, and Surrey, and 26 other people are forbidden from attending any meetings to discuss matters affecting King Edward II.[14]
February 10 – By papal verdict announced in the Polish town of
Brześć, the
Teutonic Knights are ordered to return the coastal region of Gdańsk Pomerania to Poland, having annexed and occupied it since 1308. The Teutonic Order appeals the judgment and continues fighting against Poland, with a new
Polish–Teutonic War breaking out soon afterward.
April 12 – Sweden's governing council votes to bar foreigners from the royal palace, and to request that the Norwegian council admonish the regent
Ingeborg to avoid taking advice from foreigners when making decisions. Ingeborg, who was serving as regent for her minor son,
King Magnus, ruler of Sweden and Norway, had become infamous for making decisions without consultation from the councils of either of the kingdoms.
April 14 – Prince
Wenceslaus of Płock allies with the Teutonic Knights of Poland and signs an agreement at the city of
Golub, pledging to prevent Lithuanian troops from passing through his principality.
May 8 – In Egypt's Mamluk Sultanate, a campaign by Muslims starts against the Christian settlements of the
Coptic Orthodox Church. Over 60 churches and monasteries are burned.
May 16 – Johan de Bosco, a French person diagnosed with
leprosy, claims that a fellow leper, "Geraldus" is attempting to spread their disease by contaminating
wells, fountains, and rivers with bags of powder that will give leprosy to anyone who drinks from the water source. Rumors spread in southern France
that French Jews are responsible, and is known as the
1321 lepers' plot.[15]
June 6 – Andronikos II Palaiologos concludes a peace agreement and divides the
Byzantine Empire in two. Andronikos III is recognized as co-emperor and receives
Thrace and
Macedonia. He rewards his followers and gives them towns and regions to administer.
Adrianople becomes the new capital.[16]
June 9 – Guillaume Agasse, the head of a leper house in
Pamiers, claims in a statement to Bishop Jacques Founier (later
Pope Benedict XII) that he had learned that more than fifty officials of leper houses had conspired with the
Emirate of Granada to spread leprosy throughout France.[17]
July 1 –
María de Molina, grandmother of and regent for 12-year-old King
Alfonso XI of Castile, dies at the age of 56, two relatives assume the regency and split Castile between themselves while chaos exists inside the Spanish kingdom. Alfonso's uncle,
Don Juan Manuel de Ivrea, and cousin
Juan de Castilla y Haro (called Juan el Tuerto or Juan the One-Eyed) remain in power until Alfonso XI reaches majority on 13 August 1325.
July 15 – In England, the "Parliament of Whitebands" convenes with only 38 barons present, to remove suspect counsellors to the King.
August 14 – King
Edward II agrees to the demands from his barons to send
Hugh Despenser the Elder and his son
Hugh Despenser the Younger into exile. The Despensers helped Edward in the administration of his financial and land management affairs. This gives them both the opportunity to frustrate the ambitions of the barons and also the chance to enrich themselves.[22]
October 31 – Edward II captures
Leeds Castle after
Margaret de Clare, wife of
Bartholomew Badlesmere refuses
Queen Isabella admittance in her husband's absence. When the Queen seeks to force an entry, Lady Badlesmere instructs her archers to shoot at Isabella and her party, six of whom are killed. After Edward occupies the castle, Lady Badlesmere becomes the first woman to ever be imprisoned in the
Tower of London. She will be freed on November 3, 1322.[24][25][26]
November 10 –
Canonization of Thomas Aquinas: In Italy, a second inquiry begins at
Fossanova, as three commissioners (Pandulpho de Sabbello; Petrus Ferri, Bishop of Anagni; and Andreas, Bishop of Terracina) take testimony from over 100 witnesses until November 27.[21]
December 26 – Faced with an invasion of London during the rebellion of
Thomas of Lancaster, by troops led by the English rebel, the
Baron Badlesmere, King Edward II of England offers safe conduct for any rebels who come over to the royalist side, but orders the Sheriff of Gloucester to arrest Badlesmere.[29]
December 31 – the Duke of Mantua completes the siege of Mirandola, taking control of the Duchy, and then orders the castle of Duke Francesco I Pico to be destroyed.[30]
Winter – Syrgiannes Palaiologos switches support to Andronikos II Palaiologos, fleeing to Constantinople. Rewarded with the title of megas doux, he convinces the emperor to resume the war against Andronikos III.[34]
January 6 –
Stephen Uroš III Dečanski becomes king of
Serbia, having defeated his half-brother
Stefan Konstantin in battle. He is crowned by Archbishop
Nikodim I, and his 14-year-old son
Stefan Dušan becomes co-ruler of Serbia. This is the first coronation for a "young king" in Serbia. Dečanski later grants him the province of
Zeta as a fief, indicating his intention for Dušan to be his heir.[37]
February 13 – The collapse of the central crossing tower of
Ely Cathedral, possibly as a result of digging foundations for the
Lady Chapel, allows the construction of the
Octagon that takes its place.
March 10 –
Battle of Burton Bridge: King
Edward II orders an attack on the fortified positions of the rebel army under
Thomas of Lancaster at
Walton-on-Trent. Thomas is heavily outnumbered and decides to withdraw, but is pursued by Edward's troops. He escapes with the remnants of his army to
Tutbury Castle and evades Edward's patrols to cross the flooded
Dove River. Finally, Thomas makes his way northwards.[38]
March 16 –
Battle of Boroughbridge: English forces (some 4,000 men) led by
Andrew Harclay defeat the rebel barons at
Boroughbridge. During the battle, Harclay holds the bridge against fierce rebel attacks and Thomas of Lancaster is forced to surrender. [39]
March 22 – After a
show trial at
Pontefract Castle, and his conviction by a tribunal for treason against the crown, English rebel Thomas of Lancaster is beheaded in public.
April – June
April 14 –
Baron Badlesmere, who had led an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow King Edward II of England, is found guilty of treason at a trial in
Canterbury. His death sentence is carried out later in the day. [40]
April 22 –
Albert IV becomes the new Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg in Germany upon the death of his father,
John II
July 1 –
Al-Nasir Muhammad, the Mamluk Sultan of
Egypt, asks for aid from the Ikhanate Mongol ruler of
Iran,
Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan, for help in what is now southern
Turkey. Al-Nasir had started a campaign against the
Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, led by
King Oshin, and Pope John XXII had recently dispatched troops to aid the Armenians. By the time the Ikhanate troops arrive, a ceasefire has been negotiated between the Muslims and the Christians. [42]
August 27 – (Genkō 2, 16th day of 8th month) In Japan, historian
Kokan Shiren completes his work, the Genkyo Shakusho, the oldest existing account of the development of Buddhism in Japan.
September 17 –
Louis Dampierre becomes the new
Count of Flanders in what is now the Flemish-speaking half of
Belgium, upon the death of his grandfather,
Robert III, "The Lion of Flanders". Louis had recently become Count of Nevers upon the July 22 death of his father (and Robert's eldest son),
Count Louis.
September 28 –
Battle of Mühldorf: Bavarian forces (some 2,000 men) led by
King Louis the Bavarian defeat the Austrians commanded by his cousin,
Frederick the Fair, Duke of Austria and self-proclaimed pretender to the Bavarian throne (or
anti-king) at
Mühldorf in southern
Bavaria). During the battle, Frederick is captured together with his 22-year-old brother,
Henry the Friendly (along with 1,000 nobles). Frederick is imprisoned at Trausnitz Castle for two and a half years before his release by the signing of the
Treaty of Trausnitz on March 13, 1325. [47]
October – December
October 14 –
Battle of Old Byland: Scottish forces led by King
Robert the Bruce defeat the English army in
Yorkshire. During the battle, Robert and his highlanders charge themselves in a flanking position, from where the English troops are overrun. Edward II narrowly escapes capture and is forced to abandon his personal equipment, silver plate, jewelry and horse trappings. He flees with his retinue to
Bridlington.[48]
November 3 –
Margaret de Clare and widow of the Baron Baldesmere, is freed from incarceration after having spent more than a year as the first woman ever to be imprisoned in the
Tower of London. Margaret retires to a religious life at the convent of the Minorite Sisters (now called the
Order of Saint Clare.
November 16 – The tiny Spanish emirate of
Guadix, created after
Nasr was forced to abdicate as Sultan of Granada in 1314, comes to an end upon Nasr's death.
December 8 – Pope John XXII issues the papal bull Ad conditorem canonum, permanently renouncing the doctrine that the Roman Catholic Church owns all of the properties of the
Franciscan Order. [49]
January 14 – On behalf of the
Fraticelli order of Spiritual Franciscans, Italian lawyer
Bonagrazia of Bergamo issues a protest to Pope John XXII of the December 8 papal bull Ad conditorem canonum. [53] Pope John revises the text of the bull and reissues it, but also punishes Bonagrazia for his insolence by having him imprisoned.
January 25 –
Vilnius, now the capital of
Lithuania is first mentioned as a city, when the second of the
Letters of Grand Duke Gediminas of the Duchy of Lithuania are sent to German cities inviting German Jews and other Germans to resettle in the city of "Vilna".[54]
February 20 – Norway's regency council takes a stand against
Ingeborg Haakonsdater, mother of and regent for the 7-year-old
King Magnus VII. [55] Ingeborg is removed from her position as chief regent on charges of misuse of her power.
March 3 – The
Earl of Carlisle is tried and convicted for treason, then executed later in the day. Carlisle is
hanged, drawn and quartered, and parts of his body are sent to various sites in England for public display. [52]
May 31 –
Zhao Xian, who had been the
Song dynasty Emperor of China from 1274 to 1276, commits suicide as an alternative to being executed, after being viewed as a threat by the Yuan dynasty Mongol Emperor
Yingzong.
October 8 – John XXII claims the right to confirm imperial elections and demands that Louis IV of Bavarian surrender his claim to be
King of the Romans.[60]
October 15 – Hostilities that will lead to the
War of Saint-Sardos between England and France begin when King
Charles IV of France has a royal sergeant place a stake claiming to claim the French town of
Saint-Sardos, territory within the jurisdiction of King Edward II of England (who is also the ruler of the
Duchy of Aquitaine in southeastern France). [64]
October 16 – Lord Raymond-Bernard, of the Aquitaine town of
Montpezat, burns the village of Saint-Sardos to the ground and hangs the French royal sergeant who acted as agent for King Charles IV. France's government blames the England's
Baron Basset of the
Duchy of Gascony, for hiring Lord Raymond-Bernard.
November 12 –
Pope John XXII issues the papal bull Cum inter nonnullos as an addendum to the December 8 bull Ad conditorem canonum, declaring that the assertion of the
Fraticelli that Christ and the Apostles possessed no property (and advocated poverty as a Christian virtue) is a heresy. [53]
November –
Flemish Revolt: A uprising in
Flanders is caused by both excessive taxation levied by Louis I, and by his pro-French policies. The revolt is led by landowning farmers under
Nicolaas Zannekin. Members of the local gentry join and
William Deken, mayor of
Bruges, becomes the leader of the revolt.[65]
December 7 – John of Nottingham and Robert of Coventry, two Englishmen believed by Coventry residents to be expert on
necromancy, begin the process of casting a spell to kill King Edward II, Sir Hugh le Despenser of Winchester, as well as the prior of Coventry. John allegedly accepted 20 pounds sterling, and starts his necromancy by making wax figurines of the targets of elimination and then using them for the next six months. The two men will later be prosecuted for sorcery after one of the designated victims allegedly dies after a pin is driven into his figurine. [66]
December 21 – In further retaliation by the King Charles of France against King Edward of England for the Saint-Sardos incident, Edward's chief advocate in France's parliament, Pons Tournemire, is arrested and imprisoned in the
Grand Châtelet. [67]
January 23 – England's envoy to France,
Ralph Basset, and Raymond-Bernard de Montpezat, decline to obey an order to appear before King Charles IV to answer for the October 16 burning of
Saint-Sardos. King Charles orders their properties forfeited to the crown.
February 29 –
Battle of Lucocisterna: Aragonese forces led by Prince Alfonso defeat a Pisan army, which is disembarked near the area of
Capoterra. During the battle, Alfonso loses some 150 knights. On the same day, a Pisan fleet (some 30 galleys) is defeated in the
Gulf of Cagliari at
Sardinia.[69]
March 26 –
Marie of Luxembourg, Queen of
France, dies of injuries after falling from a carriage while she and King Charles IV of France were riding from Paris and Avignon. After she fell, she had gone into labor and given birth prematurely to a daughter, who died shortly afterward.
May 22 – King Ludwig the Bavarian comes to the defense of the
Spiritual Franciscans, delivering a sharp criticism of
Pope John XXII, whom Ludwig describes as a heretic.
June 11 – The Byzantine Empire, represented by diplomatic envoy Stephen Syropoulos, signs a treaty with the Republic of Venice, led by the Doge Giovanni Soranzo.[72]
June 13 – King Edward II of England dispatches his envoy,
Aymer de Valence, 2nd Earl of Pembroke to France in an attempt to negotiate a peaceful end to the Saint-Sardos incident. Stopping at
Saint-Riquier 10 days later, Pembroke dies of a heart attack before reaching Paris.[73]
King Charles IV of France issues an order declaring the
Duchy of Aquitaine, French territory ruled by King Edward II of England, forfeited to the crown. The move comes after King Edward fails to render
homage, as Duke of Aquitaine, to King Charles.[74] A French army of 7,000 men is massed at the border of Aquitaine for an invasion.
July 11 –
Pope John XXII declares that
Ludwig the Bavarian will be deposed as King of the Germans[70] because of his March 23 excommunication from the Roman Catholic Church. King Ludwig continues his reign and in the 1325 Treaty of Trausnitz made his rival, the Habsburg claimant Friedrich, his co-king.
July 19 – (26 Rajab 724 AH)
Mansa Musa, the extraordinarily-wealthy Emperor of Africa's
Mali Empire, arrives in
Cairo after three days of camping by the pyramids of Giza, and brings with him a large entourage of fellow Muslim pilgrims and a vast supply of gold.[77] Musa, who is making the pilgrimage to
Mecca, meets with Egypt's Sultan
al-Nasir Muhammad and stays in Cairo for three months before departing with the pilgrims on
October 18.[78]
August 5 – The
Blitar Regency is established on the island of
Java (now part of Indonesia) by Java's King Jayanegara of Majapahit.
"Sejarah Kabupaten Blitar" ("History of Blitar Regency"), Pemerintah Kabupaten Blitar (Blitar Regency Government, 2012)
September 11 – When the body of King Sancho of Majorca arrives in the French city of
Perpignan for interment at the
Perpignan Cathedral, a mob attacks the funeral procession and steals valuables that had accompanied the corpse.[82]
September 15 –
War of Four Lords: The armies of Bohemia, Luxembourg, Bar and Lorraine begin their siege of the walled city of
Metz, capital of the
Messin Republic. The attackers use a new weapon, the
cannon, to fire projectiles at high speed against the city walls in order to destroy the city.[83] The group withdraws at the end of the month after plundering the surrounding area.
October 7 – (
Genko 4, 19th day of 9th month) The
Shōchū Incident, the plan by Japan's Emperor Go-Daigo to overthrow the Kamakura shogunate, is discovered by the shogun's security police, the
Rokuhara Tandai, and persons involved (other than the Emperor) are arrested and punished.
October 18 – (28 Shawwal 724 AH) After he and his entourage of Muslim pilgrims have stayed in
Cairo for three months, the Emperor
Mansa Musa of Africa's
Mali Empire resumes the group's pilgrimage to
Mecca[78]
November 3 – At
Kilkenny in Ireland,
Petronilla de Meath, the maidservant of Dame
Alice Kyteler, becomes the first person in the British Isles to be burned at the stake as a witch. Dame Alice had been able to escape before capture.[85]
November 10 – Pope John XXII issues the papal bull Quia quorundam, his third major statement concerning apostolic poverty and the
Fraticelli, in response to a claim that an earlier bull by
Pope Nicholas III had implied that Christ and the apostles had lived without possessions.[86] In addition, Pope John restates the doctrine of
Papal infallibility, declaring that "What the Roman pontiffs have once defined in faith and morals with the key of knowledge stands so immutably that it is not permitted to a successor to revoke it."[87]
Ottoman Sultan
Osman I dies after a 25-year reign at
Bursa. He is the founder of the
Ottoman Empire (first known as a Turkmen principality in the northwest of
Anatolia). He is succeeded by his 43-year-old son
Orhan I as the second ruler (bey), who places his residence at
Söğüt in
Bilecik Province (approximate date).[89]
By topic
Literature
Marsilius of Padua writes Defensor pacis ("The Defender of Peace"), a theological treatise arguing against the power of the clergy and in favor of a secular state.[90]
Religion
William of Ockham, English Franciscan friar and philosopher, is summoned by John XXII to the papal court at
Avignon and imprisoned.[91]
March 9 –
Queen Isabella of England, wife of King Edward II of England and sister of King Charles IV of France, departs from England on a mission to Paris to mediate an end to the war between the two kingdoms. She is directed to return to England by midsummer.[94]
The
Treaty of Trausnitz is signed between the Duchy of Austria and the Kingdom of Bavaria. Austria's ruler,
Frederick the Fair, is released from Trausnitz Castle, where he has been imprisoned for two and a half years by
Ludwig the Bavarian, King of Germany, since his defeat in the
Battle of Mühldorf in 1322.
April 20 –
Elizabeth de Comyn, daughter of the late Guardian of Scotland,
John Comyn III of Badenoch, is forced to sign away her title to her properties in England at Painswick and at Goodrich Castle to Hugh Despenser the Elder after being kidnapped in 1324 and imprisoned in England at
Pirbright.[95]
May 20 – Led by
Michael of Cesena, the
Michaelites, a French branch of the
Spiritual Franciscans who have been accused of heresy within the Roman Catholic Church in a disagreement over the issue of a vow of poverty, assemble at
Lyon in France and agree to make peace with the Church and to make no further disrespectful references to
Pope John XXII.[96]
June 14 – (2 Rajab 725 AH)
Ibn Battuta, Moroccan scholar and explorer, sets off from his hometown of
Tangier on a hajj, or
pilgrimage, to
Mecca.[99] En route, he travels to
Tlemcen,
Béjaïa and
Tunis, where he stays for two months. For safety, Ibn Battuta joins a
caravan to reduce the risk of being robbed. Underway, he takes a bride in
Sfax, but soon leaves her due to a dispute with her father. Traveling more than any other explorer before the modern era, he will travel an estimated 73,000 miles (117,000 km) over the next 30 years, more than twice as much as
Zheng He in the 15th century and three times as far as
Marco Polo in the 14th century.
June 22 –
Ismail, Sultan of Granada, begins the siege of
Martos in the Spanish Kingdom of Castile, but loses control of his troops, who pillage the city after two weeks.
July – September
July 8 – (26 Rajab 725 AH) Sultan
Ismail I is murdered in his palace, the
Alhambra, after a 9-year reign. The attackers are captured and beheaded. Ismail is succeeded by his 10-year-old son
Muhammad IV, who becomes the new ruler of the
Emirate of Granada. Vizier
Muhammad ibn al-Mahruq, serving as wakil (or
regent), quarrels for control of the young sultan's government.[100]
September 12 – Edward II is persuaded not to go to France by
Hugh Despenser the Elder, his chief adviser. He decides to send his 12-year-old son, Prince
Edward of Windsor, to go to Paris and to pay homage instead. Before the young Edward departs, he is bestowed with the title of
Count of Ponthieu. Charles IV gives his consent for him to receive the English
Aquitaine.[103]
September 21 – Isabella of France conspires with the exiled Roger Mortimer to have Edward II deposed. To build up diplomatic and military support, Isabella has Edward of Windsor engaged to the 12-year-old
Philippa of Hainault. She is the daughter of Count
William the Good of Hainaut, who is married to
Joan of Valois, granddaughter of the late King
Philip III of France.[104][105]
October 10 – King Edward II calls for representatives of the three estates (including the knights representative) to meet at Westminster for a session of the
English Parliament, beginning on November 18 to discuss the matter of the failure of his wife, Queen Isabella, to return from France.[106]
October 18 – King Edward II sends a letter to Pope John XXII (who is in
Avignon in France), expressing deep concern for Queen Isabella's failure to return home from Paris.[107]
November 15 –
War of the Bucket: At the
Battle of Zappolino in northern Italy, the 7,000-man Ghibelline forces backed by the Holy Roman Empire defeat the much stronger (32,000-men) Guelph army under sent by Pope John XXII near
Bologna. After the battle, Ghibelline influence in the region is consolidated.[108][109]
December 1 – King Edward II of England makes one final attempt to save his marriage to Queen Isabella, and sends her a letter ordering her to return from France to England immediately, writing that "Oftentimes have we informed you, both before an after the homage, of our great desire to have you with us, and of our grief of heart at your long absence," and adds that he is aware of her affair with Roger Mortimer and that "ceasing from all pretenses, delays and excuses, you come to us with all the haste you can."[110] She declines to come back.
February 14 –
Queen Ingbeborg, the regent and de facto ruler of
Sweden, is stripped from all political authority. Due to having many debts (known as the
Scania affair), she gives up several fiefs.
April 6 –
Siege of Bursa: Ottoman forces (some 10,000 men) led by Sultan
Orhan I capture the Byzantine city of
Bursa. Orhan makes Bursa the first official Ottoman capital.[113][114]
June 3 – The
Treaty of Novgorod, a 10-year armistice, ends decades of border skirmishes between Norway and Novgorod in the far-northern region of
Finnmark.
July 15 – The Scottish Parliament meets at
Cambuskenneth and votes to restore 10-year-old
Robert Stewart, grandson of Robert the Bruce to the line of succession to the throne of Scotland. Robert is granted lands in Argyll, Roxburghshire and the Lothians, and will eventually become King of Scotland in 1371.[116]
July 16 – Moroccan traveler
Ibn Battuta departs from Cairo on a trip through Palestine on the way to Damascus.[117]
September 24 –
Invasion of England: Isabella of France and her supporters (including
Roger Mortimer) land at
Orwell in
Suffolk. Their aim is to remove King
Edward II from his throne and place Prince Edward there as the new ruler. Meanwhile, residing at the
Tower of London, Edward tries to raise support in the capital, but instead, there is anarchy in
London and mobs killing Edward's officials (including his treasurer,
Walter de Stapledon).[119]
October 26 – After eight days, the castle of Bristol is captured by Queen Isabella, and Hugh Despenser the elder is taken captive. With Bristol secured, Isabella moves her base of operations to
Hereford, near the
Welsh border. There, she orders
Henry of Lancaster to locate and arrest Edward II.
October 27 – The day after his capture at Bristol,
Hugh Despenser the Elder, the chief adviser to King Edward II of England, is dressed in his armor and hanged in public. Afterwards, Hugh's body is dismembered, with his head presented to Queen Isabella to show to others among Edward's allies.
October 27 – Declaring that they are acting in the name of King Edward and giving as the reason that he is away in France, Queen Isabella and Crown Prince Edward issue a writ summoning the English Parliament to assemble on December 14 at Westminster.
December 3 – Queen Isabella and Crown Prince Edward, claiming to act on behalf of King Edward II, issue a new writ postponing the opening of the English Parliament from December 14 to January 7. The new parliament will approve the replacement of King Edward II by the Crown Prince as "Keeper of the Realm".[121]
Spring –
Ibn Battuta, Moroccan scholar and explorer, arrives after a journey of over 3,500 km (2,200 miles) at the port of
Alexandria, at the time part of the
Bahri Mamluk Empire.[123]
January 13 – In Spain, Marinid Prince
Uthman ibn Abi al-Ula, who started an uprising the year before against the
Emirate of Granada and its ruler
Muhammad IV, arrives at
Almería and proceeds to enlist Abu Abdallah Muhammad ibn Abi Sa'id, Muhammad IV's uncle, to be installed as the new Emir, with the name al-Qa'im bi-amr Allah. [124]
King
Charles I of Hungary and King
John of Bohemia sign an alliance agreement at
Nagyszombat in Bohemia (now Trnava in the Republic of Slovakia), to proceed against the Austrian Habsburgs who occupy
Pressburg (now Bratislava, capital of Slovakia). [127]
In Bavaria, a large fire breaks out in
Munich and is not brought under control for two days. One-third of the buildings in the city are destroyed.
April 5 –
Edward II is moved to
Berkeley Castle in
Gloucestershire. He is kept under the custody of Roger Mortimer's son-in-law,
Thomas Berkeley and
John Maltravers – who are given £5.00 a day to look after Edward and despite records showing luxury goods being bought for him. Edward is possibly mistreated by his captives.[129]
July 4 – During a banquet given by
Galeazzo I Visconti in
Milan, an attempt is apparently made to poison the guest of honor,
Ludwig the Bavarian, newly crowned as
King of Italy. Galeazzo's brother,
Stefano Visconti, becomes ill after tasting food and drink intended for Ludwig and dies suddenly at home. Stefano's brothers Galeazzo, Giovanni, and Luchino, along with his nephew Azzone Visconti, are all imprisoned on orders of the Holy Roman Emperor based on accusations of a fourth brother, Marco Visconti.
August 25 –
Demasq Kaja, Viceroy of Azerbaijan and of Iraq in the
Ilkhanate, the Mongol Empire's area of control in the Middle East, is killed in
Soltaniyeh after trying to escape arrest on orders of the
Ilkhan,
Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan. Abu Sa'id had concluded that Demasq's father,
Amir Chūpān, was attempting to take over the Ilkhanate.
October 27 –
Elizabeth de Burgh, Queen consort of Scotland as the wife of King Robert the Bruce, is fatally injured when she falls from her horse while traveling with her entourage to
Cullen Castle in
Banffshire.
December 11 –
Simon Mepeham is elected as England's new
Archbishop of Canterbury as the candidate of the
Earl of Lancaster leader of the regency council. [133] Mepeham defeats the candidate supported by Queen Isabella and Roger Mortimer, and soon works with King Edward III to end Mortimer's power in England. [134]
December 22 –
Ala ud-Din Timurtash, the Viceroy for Anatolia within the
Ilkhanate of the Middle East, and the brother of Demasq Kaja, learns that the Ilkhan
Abu Sa'id had arranged for the execution of Demasq. [136] Fearing for his own safety, Timurtash decides to leave and eventually flees to Egypt, but will be executed there on August 12, 1328.
August 4 – Wittelsbach possessions are divided by the
Treaty of Pavia into those of the Bavarian line and those of Palatinate line. Both lines will be reunited in 1777.
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abHywel Williams (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History, p. 157.
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abSir James H. Ramsay, Genesis of Lancaster (Clarendon Press, 1913) pp.114-115
^David Nirenberg, Communities of Violence: Persecution of Minorities in the Middle Ages (Princeton University Press, 1996) p.54
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^Jacob G. Ghazarian, The Armenian Kingdom in Cilicia During the Crusades (Curzon Press, 2000) pp. 73-77
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^ "Roman Horses, Enemy Horses and Writers: The Testimony of Historia Romana by Nikephoros Gregoras", by Alexia-Foteini Stamouli, in The Liminal Horse: Equitation and Boundaries, ed. by Rena Maguire and Anastasija Roja (Trivent Publishing, 2021) p. 142
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ab Robert Kerr, History of Scotland during the Reign of Robert I, surnamed the Bruce (Brown & Crombie, 1811) pp.280-281
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^Delbrück, Hans (1982). History of the Art of War, Volume III: Medieval Warfare, p. 541. University of Nebraska Press.
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abc Sir Herbert Maxwell, The Chronicle of Lanercost, 1272-1346: Translated with Notes (J. Maclehose and Sons, 1913) pp. 250-252
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ab"Bonagratia of Bergamo", The Catholic Encyclopedia (Robert Appleton Company, 1907)
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abSnyder, Timothy (2003). The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999, pp. 92–93. Yale University Press.
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^
abHywel Williams (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History, p. 158.
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^O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (1975). A History of Medieval Spain, p. 408. Cornell University Press.
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^Natalie Fryde, The Tyranny and Fall of Edward II 1321-1326 (Cambridge University Press, 2004) pp.162-163
^Roy Martin Haines, King Edward II: Edward of Caernarfon, His Life, His Reign and Its Aftermath 1284—1330 (McGill-Queen's University Press, 2003) pp. 315-321, 509
^O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (1975). A History of Medieval Spain, p. 408. Cornell University Press.
^Casula, Francesco Cesare (1994). La storia di Sardegna: L'evo moderno e contemporaneo (in Italian), p. 343. Delfino.
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^
abAnthony K. Cassell, The Monarchia Controversy (Catholic University of America Press. 2004) p.35
^George Hill, A History of Cyprus (Cambridge University Press, 1948) p.283
^Donald M. Nicol, Byzantium and Venice: A Study in Diplomatic and Cultural Relations (Cambridge University Press, 1992) p.248
^Jonathan Sumption, The Hundred Years War, Volume 1: Trial by Battle (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999) p.94-95
^Stephen Spinks, Robert the Bruce: Champion of a Nation (Amberley Publishing, 2019)
^Gerhard Heitz and Henning Rischer, Geschichte in Daten. Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (Koehler & Amelang, 1995), p.180
^David d'Avray, Papacy, Monarchy and Marriage 860–1600 (Cambridge University Press, 2015) p.232
^
abNehemia Levtzion and John F. P. Hopkins, eds., Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West Africa (Marcus Weiner Press, 1981) p.355
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^"Erik, o. 1307—1332", by Johannes C. H. R. Steenstrup, in Dansk biografisk Lexikon Volume IV (Clemens - Eynden), ed. by Carl Frederik Bricka (Gyldendalske Boghandels Forlag, 1890) p. 554
^Henry Charles Shelley, Majorca (Methuen & Company, 1926) pp. 42–45, 187
^Philip Daileader, True Citizens: Violence, Memory, and Identity in the Medieval Community of Perpignan, 1162-1397 (BRILL, 2000) p.105
^Kelly de Vries and Robert Douglas Smith (2012). Medieval Military Technology, p. 138, (2nd edit). University of Toronto Press.
^"Edmund of Woodstock, Earl of Kent (1301–1330): a study of personal loyalty", by Penny Lawne, in Fourteenth Century England, ed. by Chris Given-Wilson (Boydell & Brewer, 2010) p.34
^Sharon Davidson and John O. Ward, The Sorcery Trial of Alice Kyteler: A Contemporary Account (Pegasus Press, 2004)
^Massimiliano Traversino di Cristo, Against the Backdrop of Sovereignty and Absolutism: The Theology of God's Power and Its Bearing on the Western Legal Tradition, 1100–1600 (Brill, 2022) p.75
^Brian Tierney, Origins of Papal Infallibility, 1150-1350 (E. J. Brill, 1972) p.186
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abJoseph F. O'Callaghan (2013). A History of Medieval Spain, p. 149, 456-458. Cornell University Press.
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^Hywel Williams (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History, p. 158.
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^Kathryn Warner, Hugh Despenser the Younger and Edward II: Downfall of a King's Favourite (Pen & Sword Books, 2018)
^
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^O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (2011). The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait, p. 149. University of Pennsylvania Press.
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^Stephen Boardman, The Early Stewart Kings: Robert II and Robert III, 1371–1406 (Birlinn, 2007) p.3
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abH.A.R. Gibb, The Travels of Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, A.D. 1325–1354 (Hakluyt Society, 1958)
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^Philips, J. R. S. (1972). Aymer de Valence, Earl of Pembroke, 1307–1324: baronial politics in the reign of Edward II, pp. 311–312. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
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^Murphey, Rhoads (2008). Exploring Ottoman Sovereignty: Tradition, Image and Practice in the Ottoman Imperial Household, 1400–1800, p. 24. London: Continuum.
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^Howard de Walden, Thomas (1904). Some Feudal Lords and their Seals, pp. 9–10. London: de Walden Library.
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