January 25 –
Second Mongol invasion of Burma: The forces of
Temür Khan, Mongol leader who also serves as the Emperor Chengzong of China, reach Myinsaing, capital of the
Myinsaing Kingdom in central Burma, and begin a siege of the city that will last for almost three months before the invasion leaders are paid to leave.[2]
February 28 –
Second Mongol invasion of Burma: Five weeks after beginning the siege of Myinsaing with no success, the Mongol invaders launch a major assault, but the Burmese defenders continue their defense for 12 days, leading to a truce.[2]
March 2 – (Shōan 3, 21st day of the 1st month) Emperor
Go-Fushimi abdicates the throne after a 2½-year reign. He is succeeded by his 15-year-old cousin,
Go-Nijō, as the 94th
emperor of Japan. Go-Nijō will reign until
1308.
April 10 – In the Principality of Monaco, the first Grimaldi family ruler,
Rainier I, is forced to flee as troops from the
Republic of Genoa besiege the Monacans. The Genoese rule will last for more than 30 years, until September 12, 1331.
November 9 –
Bolko I ("Bolko the Strict"), Polish nobleman and co-ruler dies and is succeeded by his three minor sons (Bernard, 10; Henry, 9; and Bolko II, 2), with his brother-in-law
Herman, Margrave of Brandenburg-Salzwedel to serve as regent.
Spring – Sultan
Osman I calls for a military campaign to strike deep into Byzantine
Bithynia. During the campaign, Ottoman forces capture the towns of
İnegöl and
Yenişehir. The later town will be transformed into a capital city, as Osman moves his administration and personal household within its walls. By the end of the year, Ottoman forces begin blockading the major Byzantine city of
Nicaea.[7]
January 21 –
John XII is forced to resign as Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople and leader of the Eastern Orthodox Church after the January 17 earthquake. [8]
February 24 –
Battle of Roslin: Scottish forces (some 8,000 men) led by
John Comyn III "the Red" and
Simon Fraser ambush and defeat an English scouting party under
John Segrave at
Roslin. During the battle, the Scots attack the English camp, capturing Segrave and several other nobles. But a second English brigade manages to rescue Segrave in a pitched battle. Later, the English army is again defeated, according to sources they lose between 28,000 and 30,000 men.[10]
April 4 –
Battle of Arques: Flemish forces (some 10,000 men) led by
William of Jülich ("the Younger") defeats a French army at
Arques in
Flanders. During the battle, the French cavalry (1,600 men) tries to break the Flemish infantry militia formations, but to no avail. Finally, the French withdraw to
Saint-Omer, leaving 300 dead behind. Later, William receives a warm reception in
Bruges as a liberator in May.[11]
April 20 – Pope
Boniface VIII founds the
University of Rome with the papal bull In Supremae praeminentia Dignitatis, as a Studium for ecclesiastical studies under his control, making it the first pontifical university.
May 16 – King Edward I of England assembles 7,500 troops at
Roxburgh to prepare for a resumption of his campaign against the
Kingdom of Scotland, to begin after concluding peace between England and France. [13] In advance of the invasion, Edward orders that three pre-fabricated pontoon bridges be built and transported, in a fleet of 27 ships. After crossing into Scotland, Edward and his soldiers burns hamlet and towns, granges and granaries. Meanwhile,
Richard Óg de Burgh, "the Red Earl" with forces from
Ireland capture the castles of
Rothesay and
Inverkip.[14]
May 31 –
Pope Boniface VIII orders the nullification of the election of Wenceslaus as King of Hungary, and declares that
Károly Róbert, son of the late Hungarian king
Charles Martel of Anjou, is the rightful claimant to the throne. The Pope also threatens Wenceslaus with excommunication from the Roman Catholic Church if Wenceslaus continues to style himself "King of Hungary". The decision causes a breakdown of Hungary between supporters of Wenceslaus and supporters of Károly.
September 7 – Boniface VIII is imprisoned by
Guillaume de Nogaret, French councillor and advisor, on behalf of Philip the Fair at his residence in
Anagni. During the incident,
Gregory Bicskei, archbishop of
Esztergom, is killed. Boniface is for three days held in captivity, where he is beaten, tortured and nearly executed.
September 16 – The Kagen era begins in Japan during the reign of the Emperor Gonijo.
September – Emperor
Andronikos II Palaiologos, facing a possible siege of
Constantinople by Ottoman-Turkish forces, seeks support from the European kingdoms. He makes
Roger de Flor, Italian military adventurer and nobleman, an offer of service. Roger with his fleet and army (some 7,000 men), now known as the
Catalan Company, departs from
Messina with 36 ships (including 18 galleys), and arrives in Constantinople. He is adopted into the imperial family, Andronikos appoints him as grand duke (megas doux) and commander-in-chief of the Byzantine army and fleet.[19]
November 9 – Edward I Longshanks, King of England spends the winter at
Dunfermline Abbey where he plans the attack on
Stirling Castle. He stations an army in the field and operations continue throughout the winter. An English force (some 1,000 men) raids and plunder into
Lennox as far as
Drymen. Meanwhile, Lord
John Botetourt raids
Galloway in strength, with four
bannerets (some 3,000 men).[20]
January 18 – In France,
King Philip the Fair issues a mandate at
Toulouse to halt the threat of a civil war, declaring that "For the good of our realm... we expressly forbid and most strictly prohibit wars, battles, homicides, the burning of towns or houses, assaults or attacks on peasants or those who plow, or doing anything similar to our vassals and subjects, regardless of status or condition, in any place, or in any part of the realm," and adds that "the rash transgressors of these statutes and inhibitions ought to be punished as disturbers of the peace, regardless of contrary custom, or rather corruption allegedly followed in any part of the said realm."[22] The action comes after Philip's meeting with Franciscan friar
Bernard Délicieux concerning the Dominican Inquisition, but the King stops short of halting the Inquisition entirely despite Delicieux's claim that there had not been a single heretic among all the Albigensians for many years.[23]
February 9 –
War of Scottish Independence: Scottish nobles led by
Robert the Bruce and
John Comyn ("John the Red"), negotiate a peace treaty with King
Edward I of England ("Edward Longshanks"). His terms are accepted, and the Scots submit to English rule. In return, they are granted life and liberty under their old laws and freedom from the forfeiture of their lands. A few prominent nobles are singled out for temporary banishment – among them
John de Soules, guardian of
Scotland, who is exiled to
France. No terms are offered to
William Wallace, Edward's most wanted enemy, who remains defiantly at large despite every effort of Edward to capture him.[25][26]
February 20 –
Battle of Happrew: Scottish rebels led by William Wallace and
Simon Fraser fight guerilla warfare against King
Edward I of England. They defend themselves against a vanguard of English knights at
Peebles, in the
Scottish Borders. During the skirmish, the Scots are defeated and routed. Wallace and Fraser narrowly escape being captured.
March 17 – Cardinal Albertini, the papal legate and peacemaker, enters
Florence and is granted special powers by the government to facilitate his mission.[24]
July 17 – A
papal conclave, with 15 of the 19 living Roman Catholic cardinals, assembles at
Perugia to elect a successor to Pope Benedict XI, who had died 10 days earlier. The conclave will be deadlocked for almost a year until Clement V receives the necessary two-thirds majority on June 5, 1305.[27]
August 11 –
Battle of Zierikzee: A French-Hollandic fleet (some 50 galleys) supported by Genoese ships led by Admiral
Rainier I defeats the Flemish ships near
Zierikzee. During the battle, the Flemish commander
Guy of Namur is captured, and his fleet (which consists of Flemish, English, Hanseatic, Spanish and Swedish ships) is annihilated.
September 22 –
Thomas of Corbridge, England's powerful
Archbishop of York, dies after a little more than four years in office. The office is vacant for several months, and leads to the resignation of Lord Chancellor William Greenfield to become the new Bishop.
December –
Roger de Flor, Italian nobleman and adventurer, settles with the
Catalan Company in
Gallipoli and other towns in the southern part of
Thrace and visits
Constantinople to demand payment for his forces. He lives at the expense of the local population and uses the city as a base for his marauding raids in the surrounding area.[38]
By place
Byzantine Empire
Battle of Skafida: Emperor
Michael IX Palaiologos sends a Byzantine expeditionary force (some 10,000 men) to halt the expansion of the Bulgarians in
Thrace. The two armies meet near
Sozopol on the
Bulgarian Black Sea Coast. During the battle, the Bulgarian army led by Tsar
Theodore Svetoslav is defeated and routed. The Byzantines, infatuated with the chase of the retreating enemy, crowd on a bridge – which possibly is sabotaged, and break down. The Bulgarians capture many Byzantine soldiers and some nobles are held for ransom. Svetoslav secures his territorial gains and stabilizes himself as the sole ruler of the
Bulgarian Empire (until
1322).[39]
The Byzantines lose the island of
Chios, in the
Aegean Sea, to the Genoese under Admiral
Benedetto I Zaccaria. He establishes an
autonomous lordship and justifies the act to the Byzantine court as necessary to prevent the island from being captured by Turkish pirates. Benedetto is granted the island as a fief for a period of 10 years.[40][41]
Asia
Ambassadors from the Mongol rulers of
Central Asia and the
Yuan Dynasty announce to
Toqta Khan, Mongol ruler of the
Golden Horde, their general peace proposal. Toqta accepts the supremacy of Emperor
Temür Khan and all
yams (postal relays) and commercial networks across the Mongol khanates reopen. In response, Toqta solidifies his rule upon the Rus' princes, who pledge allegiance to him at an assembly in
Pereyaslavl.[42][43]
January 12 – The marriage of Bastam, the 8-year old son (and eldest child) of the Ikhanate ruler of Iran,
Oljaitu Khan, to
Uljay Qutlugh Khatun, the 7-year-old daughter and the only surviving child of the previous Ikhanate, the late
Ghazan Khan, takes place in
Tabriz. The betrothal of the two children had been arranged by Ghazan and Öljaitü on September 17, 1303.
April 30 – Byzantine Emperor
Michael IX Palaiologos invites
Roger de Flor, Italian nobleman and adventurer, to
Adrianople and has him assassinated there. Along with de Flor, 300 horsemen and some 1,000 foot soldiers who accompanied him are killed. The plan is executed by Alan mercenaries, who at that time are enlisted in the Byzantine army. The murder of the commander of the
Catalan Company does not have the expected results. Not only is the Company not disbanded, but its attacks on Byzantine territory becomes more severe. The period of destruction in
Macedonia and
Thrace after the murder of de Flor becomes known as the "Catalan Revenge".[45]
June 27 – In recognition of the marriage of his daughter to
Öljaitü the Mongol Ikhanate, Mongol
Irinjin is appointed Viceroy of
Anatolia. [46]
July – September
July 10 –
Battle of Apros: Byzantine forces (some 6,000 men) under Michael IX Palaiologos, consisting of a large contingent of Alans and
Turcopoles (Christianized Turks), attack the Catalan Company near
Apros.[47] Michael orders a general cavalry charge, but the Turcopoles desert en bloc to the Catalans. During the battle, the Byzantines are defeated (with many losses from the crossbowmen) and Michael is injured but escapes the field.[48]
July 15 – King Edward of England summons a new Parliament, to assemble on September 15.
August 23 – After a three week trial at Westminster, William Wallace is convicted of
treason and of atrocities against civilians in war. After the trial, he is dragged through the streets of
Smithfield in
London and
hanged, drawn and quartered – strangled by
hanging – but cut down while still alive,
emasculated, disemboweled (with his bowels burned before him), beheaded, and then cut into four parts. Wallace's head is placed
on a spike above the
London Bridge, and his limbs are displayed separately, in
Newcastle,
Berwick,
Stirling, and
Perth.[49]
September 15 – King
Edward I of England issues ordinances for the government of the
Kingdom of Scotland. King Edward issues the first commission of
Trailbaston – which empowers him to appoint judicial commissions to punish crimes (such as homicide, theft, arson, and rape) and certain trespasses. Edward adds also
conspiracy to the list of presentments.[50]
December 8 – At
Tabriz, the Mongol Ikhanate
Öljaitü receives the ambassador sent by
Toqta, Khan of the Golden Horde that rules territory comprising much of what is now Russia.
December 20 –
Battle of Amroha: Mongol forces (some 30,000 men) invade the
Delhi Sultanate again in northern
India. Sultan
Alauddin Khalji dispatches a cavalry force led by Vizier
Ghazi Malik, to repulse the Mongols. During the battle (somewhere in the
Amroha district), the Delhi forces inflict a crushing defeat upon the invaders. Many Mongols are taken prisoner and incorporated into the Delhi army.[53]
January 28 – After two hearings, Sunni Muslim theologian
Ibn Taymiyyah is found innocent of charges of heresy by the Indian Qur'an scholar
Safi al-Din al-Hindi. Taymiyyah is found guilty three months later by a panel of judges in the Mamluk state and imprisoned for four months.[54]
February 10 –
Robert the Bruce murders
John Comyn III, Scottish nobleman and political rival, before the high altar of the
Greyfriars Church at
Dumfries. Bruce and Comyn meet to discuss their differences at the church (without their swords). An argument between the two ensues, and Bruce draws his dagger in anger and stabs Comyn. He flees the church, telling his followers outside what has occurred.
Roger de Kirkpatrick, cousin of Bruce, goes back inside and finishes off the seriously wounded Comyn. In response, Bruce is excommunicated by Pope
Clement V.[55][56]
March 25 – Robert the Bruce is crowned king of
Scotland by Bishop
William de Lamberton at
Scone, near
Perth. Despite lacking the traditional coronation stone, diadem and scepter, all of which have transferred to
London. During the ceremony, the Scottish nobles of
Atholl,
Lennox,
Mar and
Menteith are present – while the 18-year-old
Elizabeth de Burgh is crowned queen of Scots. The coronation takes place in defiance of the English claims of suzerainty after King
Edward I of England, strips
John de Baliol of his crown as
King of Scots.[58]
May 22 –
Feast of the Swans: At
Westminster Abbey King Edward I of England proclaims that all squires, who agree to march in an invasion of
Scotland, will be knighted. After the feast, the King has two
swans brought in and swears "before God and the swans" to avenge the murder of
John III Comyn, Lord of Badenoch, the desecration of Greyfriars Church in Dumfries by Robert Bruce, and to fight the infidels in the Holy Land. The King knights his son,
Prince Edward of Caernarfon. The Prince knights 266 other men. King Edward then gives his "Raise the Dragon" orders, proclaiming that no mercy is to be granted to Scotland, and all Scots taken in arms are to be executed without trial. Among the persons knighted, the King appoints
Aymer de Valance, lieutenant for Scotland. Valence will make his base at Perth, along with
Henry Percy and
Robert Clifford, to organize an army.[62]
May 30 – The English Parliament meets at
Westminster in a one-day session, on orders of King Edward I, a week after
Whit Sunday and passes a five percent tax on "citizens and burgesses and communities of all the cities and boroughs of the realm and the tenants of our demesne."[63]
June 8 – After bringing the Flemish War to a victorious conclusion, King
Philip IV of France orders the silver content of new livre coins to be raised back to the 1285 level of 3.96 grams of silver, and orders the devaluation of the coins of 1303, 1304 and 1305 to one-third of their face value. The economic decree leads to rioting.[64]
June 19 –
Battle of Methven: Scottish forces (some 5,000 men) under Robert the Bruce are defeated by the English army at
Methven. During the battle, the Scots are overwhelmed by a surprise attack on their camp. They are outnumbered, but Bruce manages to form a phalanx to break free. Finally, he is forced to retreat, leaving many of his followers dead or soon to be executed.[65]
July 22 –
The Great Exile of 1306: King
Philip IV of France turns his attentions to Italian bankers and orders the Jews to be exiled in
France. The Jewish quarter in
Paris is cleared and goods are confiscated – to regain money spent on expanding the domains of
Flanders and
Gascony. Meanwhile, rumors of a secret initiation ceremony of the
Knights Templar create distrust, and Philip – while being deeply in debt to the Order for loans from his war against
England, uses this distrust for political and religious motivations against the Templars.[67]
August 11 –
Battle of Dalrigh: Robert the Bruce is defeated by rival Scottish forces (some 1,000 men) led by
John the Lame of Argyll chieftain and uncle of John Comyn the Red of the
Clan MacDougall at
Dalrigh (known as "King's Field"). ("After the defeat which Robert Bruce experienced in Perthshire from Edward I, soon after his coronation at Scone, he was endeavoring to make his way toward the West Highlands with a few followers, when, on the 11th of August 1306, he was encountered at a place, since called Darligh (the King's field) near Tyndrum, on the border of Argyllshire, by that powerful chief, or rather potentate, Allaster or Alexander MacDougall of Argyll...") [68] During the battle, Bruce himself narrowly escapes capture and takes with the remnants refuge in the mountains of
Atholl (
Scottish Highlands).[69]
October 23 –
James Stewart, 5th High Steward of Scotland, after having been defeated in battle by King Edward of England, swears fealty to King Edward again at
Lanercost Priory. To render his oath inviolable, Stewart's oath is taken upon the two crosses of Scotland most esteemed for their sanctity, the holy gospels and on various relics of saints. Stewart agrees to submit to instant excommunication if he should break his oath of allegiance to Edward.
November 3 – From Lanercost Prior, King Edward of England summons Parliament to meet in
Carlisle, starting on January 20, "to "treat of the ordering and settling of the land of Scotland."[73]
December 6 – The monetary policy of King
Philip IV of France triggers a revolt in Paris. The
provost's house is burned, and King Philip the Fair has to flee to the fortress of the
Temple.[74]
Mongol invasion of India: Mongol forces invade the
Delhi Sultanate, Sultan
Alauddin Khalji sends an army under
Malik Kafur to deal with the invaders and defeats them at the banks of the
Ravi River. The Delhi army kills and captures many Mongols in their pursuit. Alauddin orders the survivors to be trampled under the feet of elephants.[76][77]
By topic
Economy
In London, a city ordinance decrees that heating with coal is forbidden when
Parliament is in session (the ordinance is not particularly effective).[78]
January 13 – (11th waxing of Tabodwe 668 ME,
Burmese calendar) After a reign of almost 20 years,
King Wareru, who founded the
Martaban Kingdom in what is now southern
Myanmar, is stabbed to death by two of his grandsons, Shin Gyi and Shin Nge, who were avenging the execution by Wareru (in
1296 of their father,
Tarabya of Pegu.
Hkun Law, younger brother of Wareru, becomes the new King of Martaban.
February 10 –
Temür Khan (or Chengzong), the sixth
Great Khan of the Mongol Empire (as well as the Emperor Chengzong of Yuan-dynasty China) dies at the age of 41 after a reign of 12 years.[80] He is succeeded by his nephew,
Külüg Khan.
April –
Battle of Glen Trool: Scottish forces led by Robert the Bruce defeat the English army at
Glen Trool,
Galloway. During the battle, Robert gives the order to push down several boulders to ambush the English, who are approaching through a narrow
glen (called the "Steps of Trool"). Scottish forces charge down an extremely steep 700-meter sloop, the narrowness of the
defile prevents support from either the front or the rear. Without any room to maneuver, many of the English are killed and routed.[83]
May 10 –
Battle of Loudoun Hill: Scottish forces under Robert the Bruce defeat the English army (some 3,000 men) at
Loudoun Hill. During the battle, a frontal charge by the English knights led by
Aymer de Valence is halted by Robert's spearmen militia, who effectively slaughtered them as they are on marshy ground. Aymer manages to escape the carnage and flees to the safety of
Bothwell Castle. The battle marks the turning point in Robert's struggle to reclaim the independence of
Scotland.[84]
June 21 – The coronation of
Külüg Khan as Khan of the Mongol Empire and as Emperor Wuzong of Yuan dynasty China, takes place in
Khanbaliq in what is now
Beijing.
July 7 – King
Edward I of England, known as Edward Longshanks, dies at
Burgh by Sands after a 34-year reign. He is succeeded by his son 23-year-old
Edward II, who becomes new ruler of
England. After his death Edward's body is embalmed and transported to
Waltham Abbey in
Essex. Here it lay unburied for several weeks so that people can come and see the body lying in state. After this, Edward is taken to
Westminster Abbey for a proper burial on
October 28.[86][87]
July 20 – King Edward II travels from
London, after he is proclaimed king and continues north into Scotland, where he receives homage from his Scottish supporters at
Dumfries.[88]
August 18 – On the question of whether a prayer to the English Bishop
Thomas de Cantilupe led to the miracle of the resurrection of
William Cragh the day after Cragh's execution by hanging on November 27,
1290, Cragh himself testifies before a papal commission at a hearing in
Hereford. Of 38 miracles alleged to have been the result of intercession by Cantilupe, the papal commission finds 12 of them doubtful, but accepts another 26 and recommends canonization.
Pope John XXII will formally canonize Bishop Cantilupe on April 17, 1320.[89]
August 26 – After the restructuring of his government, King Edward II summons his first Parliament, directing members to be elected and to assemble at Northampton on October 13.
September 23 – A marriage contract is concluded between the
Otto IV, Count of Burgundy and King
Philip IV of France for the marriage of Otto's 11-year-old daughter
Blanche to the King's 13-year-old son,
Prince Charles. The marriage takes place on February 2, 1308, but will be annulled on May 19, 1322, shortly after Prince Charles assumes the throne as King Charles IV.
October – December
October 13 – King
Philip IV of France orders the arrest of all members of the
Knights Templar in
France. The Templars, together with their Grand Master
Jacques de Molay, are imprisoned, interrogated, and tortured into confessing
heresy. In
Paris, the king's inquisitors torture some 140 Templars, most of whom eventually make confessions. Many are subjected to "fire torture": their legs are fastened in an iron frame and the soles of their feet are greased with fat or butter. Unable to withstand these tortures, many Templars eventually confess.[91][92]
November 17 – The Mongol General
Bilarghu hosts the
Armenian Kings
Hethum II and
Leo III at a banquet at his in castle at
Anazarbus (now in ruins near the Turkish village of
Dilekkaya). After the guests complete the banquet, Bilarghu massacres all of the Armenian royalty and nobles.[93]
November 22 – Following the example of France's King Philip the Fair,
Pope Clement V issues a
papal decree directing all monarchs of the Christian faith to arrest the Knights Templar and to confiscate their lands as property of the Church.[94]
January 25 – King
Edward II marries the 13-year-old
Isabella of France, daughter of
King Philip IV of France ("Philip the Fair"). The marriage takes place at
Boulogne and Edward leaves his friend and
favourite,
Piers Gaveston, as
regent in his absence. Isabella's wardrobe indicates her wealth and style – she has dresses of
silk,
velvet,
taffeta and cloth along with numerous furs; she has over 72 headdresses and
coifs. Isabella brings with her two gold crowns, gold and silver dinnerware and 419 yards of linen. Meanwhile, Edward alienates the nobles by placing Gaveston in such a powerful position, who react by signing the
Boulogne agreement on
January 31.[97][98]
February 1 –
Herman I the Tall Margrave of Brandenburg-Salzwedel (and co-ruler of Brandenburg with
Otto IV), dies and is succeeded as Margrave by his son
John V.
February 25 – Edward II is crowned at
Westminster Abbey under the guidance of
Henry Woodlock, bishop of
Winchester. During the ceremony, Piers Gaveston is given the honour of carrying the crown. At the banquet that followed, Edward spends more time with Gaveston than with his wife Isabella of France. Isabella's family, who have travelled with her from
France, leave to report back to Philip IV of Edward's favouritism for Gaveston over Isabella. As part of the coronation, Edward swears an oath to uphold "the rightful laws and customs which the community of the realm shall have chosen".[99][100]
March 18 – Brothers
Andrei Rurik and
Lev II Rurik become the co-monarchs of
Ruthenia (now part of Ukraine and Poland, with a capital at
Lviv), upon the death of their father, King
Yuri I of Galicia. The two brothers will reign until their deaths in 1323 at the Battle of Berestia against Mongol invaders.
May 23 –
Battle of Inverurie: Scottish forces led by King
Robert the Bruce defeat the rival Scots under
John Comyn at
Oldmeldrum. During the battle, Robert repulses a surprise attack on his camp, and counter-attacks the Scots of
Clan Comyn. John flees to seek refuge at the English court and is well received by Edward II, who appoints him as
Lord Warden of the Marches. Meanwhile, Robert orders his forces to burn the farms, houses and strongholds associated with Clan Cumming in north-east
Scotland. The
Earldom of Buchan will never again rise for Clan Cumming.[101]
June 25 – Piers Gaveston is exiled for the second time by the
Parliament, due to possible corruption and exploited personal gains. As compensation for the loss of the
Earldom of Cornwall, which is another condition of his exile, Gaveston is granted land worth 3,000 marks annually in
Gascony. Further to this, he is appointed
Lord Lieutenant of Ireland – so that a certain amount of honour can be maintained despite the humiliation of the exile. Gaveston is also threatened with ex-communication by
Pope Clement V. Edward II accompanies him to
Bristol, from where he sets sail for
Ireland.[102][103]
June 28 – After 138 members of the
Knights Templar were convicted of heresy on October 19, 1307, a trial is held for 54 Templars who testify before
Pope Clement V, with most confessing to at least one charge.
July 30 –
Chungseon of Goryeo becomes the King of Korea for the second time, after the death of his father,
King Chungnyeol of Korea. Chungseon had ruled for a few months in 1298 during the illness of his father.
August 20 – The
Chinon Parchment is written by French Cardinal
Berengar Fredol the Elder, summarizing the results of the investigations of Fredol and the two other Cardinals of their disposition of the Knights Templar charges. The parchment is then put in the Vatican Apostolic Archive and will remain undiscovered for almost seven centuries before being rediscovered
Barbara Frale.[105]
August 31 – (Tokuji 3, 15th day of the 8th month of Tokuji 3) Prince Morikuni becomes the ninth, and last, shogun of the Kamakura bakufu.
September –
Siege of Siwana: Delhi forces under
Alauddin Khalji capture the
Siwana fortress after a two-month siege. During the siege, Alauddin defiles the main water tank of Siwana (by a traitor) with cows' blood.[108]
November 10 – After the fall of
the fortress of Siwana in
India, Prince Sital Deva is ambushed while trying to flee to safety at
Jalor. The soldiers decapitate Sital's and present his head as a trophy to the Delhi Sultan, Alauddin.[111]
November 13 – The
Teutonic Knights capture
Gdańsk by treachery – while a Brandenburger force of 100 knights and 200 followers led by
Heinrich von Plötzke and Günther von Schwarzburg lay siege to the city. The garrison of Gdańsk castle is too weak to defend itself against the Brandenburgers. Meanwhile, the Polish ruler of
Gdańsk Pomerania,
Władysław I Łokietek ("Wladyslaw the Elbow-High"), is unable to send reinforcements. The citizens call upon the Teutonic Knights for military help and offer to pay their costs. The arrival of the knights, lead the Brandenburgers to beat a hasty retreat. In an act of supreme treachery, the Teutonic Knights attack the city they have come to save. The houses of both Polish and German are burnt and destroyed. Many people are slaughtered without mercy, including women and children who have sought sanctuary in churches. Within a year, the German Crusaders occupy the whole of
Eastern Pomerania and consolidate their power at the
Baltic Sea.[112]
November 22 – The coronation of the Emperor
Hanazono of Japan takes place at Edo.
On the same day, Hungarian nobles formally elect the 20-year-old
Charles Robert of Salerno as King of
Hungary and
Croatia in the Hungarian city of
Pest (now part of
Budapest). He becomes Charles I, but his rule remains nominal in most parts of the realm after he is crowned.[114]
December – King Władysław I Łokietek of Poland imprisons
Jan Muskata,
Bishop of Kraków. In response, Polish and German citizens revolt against his rule in Kraków (as in all Poland's cities at this time). Władysław in a delicate position responds with force and arrests the revolt's leaders. He ties them to horses and drags them through the city streets.
By place
Europe
Sultan
Mesud II, Seljuk vassal of the Mongol
Ilkhanate, is murdered after a 5-year reign. During his rule, he exercises no real authority and becomes the last ruler. Ending the
Sultanate of Rum after 230 years.[116]
The
harrying of Buchan takes places as Scottish forces under
Edward Bruce devastate the lands of John Comyn, and his supporters following the victory at
Inverurie. Meanwhile, Robert the Bruce takes
Aberdeen, conquers
Galloway and threatens northern Scotland.
Asia
Summer – Delhi forces led by
Malik Kafur invade the
Yadava Kingdom under King
Ramachandra, who shelters the fugitive Vaghela king
Karna. Ramachandra sues for peace and acknowledges Delhi's overlordship.[120]
February 2 – At Avignon, Pope Clement V begins the investigation and posthumous trial of the late
Pope Boniface VIII, who was accused of heresy and sodomy after his death in 1303, in papers circulated by
Guillaume de Nogaret.[122]
February 15 – King
Denis of Portugal grants the Magna Charta Privilegioum, charter for Portugal's first university, now the
University of Coimbra. Joseph M. M. Hermans and Marc Nelissen, Charters of Foundation and Early Documents of the Universities of the Coimbra Group (Leuven University Press, 2005) p.38.
March 9 –
Pope Clement V officially transfers the headquarters of the Roman Catholic Pontiff from
Rome to the French city of
Avignon, his residence and at this time part of the
Kingdom of Arles, starting the
Avignon Papacy. Since 1305, the papal court had been at
Poitiers, and the move is justified by violence in Rome. The papal seat becomes part of the
Holy Roman Empire, and its absence from Rome is referred to as the "
Babylonian captivity of the Papacy".[123]
April 24 – Spanish kings
James II of Aragon and
Ferdinand IV of Castile persuade
Pope Clement V to grant
the papal bull Indesinentis cure, authorizing them approval and church financial support for a crusade to rid the Iberian peninsula of Islam, as well as to conquer Corsica and Sardinia.[124] The two monarchs fail to mention their collaboration with the Muslim Marinid Empire, and use the papal bull to plan a blockade of the
Strait of Gibraltar with their combined fleet of 40 warships on their mission to expel the Saracen forces from
Spain.[125]
April 29 – Pope Clement V issues the papal bull Prioribus decanis granting King Ferdinand IV 1⁄10th of clergy taxes collected in Castile, in order to finance the war against Granada.[126]
April – After his ascent to the throne, the Emir Nasr ad-Din Muhammad of Granada sends envoys to the Marinid court at
Fez, in
Morocco.[127]
May 12 – Marinid Sultan
Abu al-Rabi Sulayman launches an attack on
Ceuta. He concludes an alliance with King James II of Castile, and concedes commercial benefits to Castilian merchants. Abu al-Rabi also sends 1,000 measures of wheat to Aragon. A few months later, Marinid forces, without Castilian support, occupy Ceuta and expel Saracen forces from
Morocco.[128]
July 30 – (21 Safar 709 A.H.)
Siege of Algeciras: Castilian forces led by Ferdinand IV "the Summoned"") begin the siege of
Algeciras, capital of the Emirate of Granada.[129]King Denis I of Portugal ("the Poet King") sends a contingent of 700 knights to support the siege. He provides Ferdinand, in accordance with his friendship, a loan of 16,600 silver marks.
August 11 –
Siege of Almería: Aragonese forces (some 12,000 men) under King James II of Aragon ("James the Just") land on the coast of
Almería and begin blockading the city with his fleet. His forces include
siege engines such as
mangonels and
trebuchets. James orders multiple unsuccessful assaults on the city and is forced (due to a shortage of supplies) to make a truce in December.[130][131]
At
Avignon,
Pope Clement V signs a mandate consenting "for any persons who wanted to proceed against the memory of
Boniface VIII to proceed" and sends it to the Bishop of Paris for the posthumous trial of Boniface for heresy. [136]
King
Edward II summons a council to meet at
York, but several nobles (the earls of Lancaster, Lincoln, Warwick, Oxford and Arundel) refuse to attend due to
Piers Gaveston's attendance. Since he returned from exile, Gaveston tries to alienate the nobles from the king.[137]
October – About 500 knights led by
John of Castile, Lord of Valencia de Campos, uncle of King James II of Castile, desert the Castilian encampment during the Siege of Algeciras because they are not getting paid and because one-sixth of Granada will be ceded to the Kingdom of Aragon. King Ferdinand of Aragon continues the siege.[139]
November 4 – Pope Clement V declares that Knights Hospitaller will not be sent to the
Holy Land and
Jerusalem, and that they will be limited to defending the Mediterranean Sea including Cyprus and Rhodes.
November 13 – After a layover in Masudspur, the Delhi Sultanate Army of General Kafur resumes its march toward Warangal, stopping at Sultanpur on November 19, at Khandar on December 5 and at Nikanth on December 27.[140]
November 19 – Pope Clement V reverses the excommunication of Flemish hero
Willem van Saeftinghe and grants him absolution, but requires him to join the Knights Hospitaller in their crusade at the island of
Rhodes.
^
abcdThan Tun, History of Burma: A.D. 1300–1400 (Burma Research Society, 1959)
^
abcJeffrey Hamilton, The Plantagenets: History of a Dynasty (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2010) p.78
^Satish Chandra, History of Medieval India: 800–1700 (Orient Longman, 2007) p. 97
ISBN978-81-250-3226-7.
^ "Finalment, el tractat fou signat per Jaume II ale 16 de setembre de 1301, amb contingut practicament igual que la proposta que ja hem comentat del rei de Granada." ("Finally, the treaty was signed by James II on September 16, 1301, with practically the same content as the proposal we have already commented on from the King of Granada.")
Maria Teresa Ferrer i Mallol, La frontera amb l'Islam en el segle XIV cristians i sarraïns al país Valencia ("The border with Islam in the 14th century: Christians and Saracens in the Country of Valencia") (Institució Milà i Fontanals, 1988) p. 77
^ Hywel Williams, Cassell's Chronology of World History, (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2005) p.153.
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^Kazhdan, Alexander (1991). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, pp. 1539–1540. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
ISBN0-19-504652-8.
^
abc Donald M. Nicol, The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261-1453 (Cambridge University Press, 1993) p.103
^"The Khaljis: Alauddin Khalji", by Banarsi Prasad Saksena, in A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526), ed. by Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (People's Publishing House, 1970) p. 367
^Sadler, John (2005). Border Fury: England and Scotland at War, 1296–1568, p. 86. Harlow: Pearson Education.
ISBN978-0-582-77293-9.
^Verbruggen, J. F. (1997). The Art of Warfare in Western Europe During the Middle Ages: From the Eighth Century to 1340, p. 197. Suffolk: Boydell Press.
ISBN0-85115-630-4.
^Waterson, James (2007). The Knights of Islam: The Wars of the Mamluks, p. 210. Greenhill Books.
ISBN978-1-85367-734-2.
^Jeffrey Hamilton, The Plantagenets: History of a Dynasty (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2010) p.79
^Armstrong, Pete (2003). Osprey: Stirling Bridge & Falkirk 1297–1298, pp. 86–87.
ISBN1-84176-510-4.
^Fiona Watson, Under the Hammer: Edward I and Scotland, 1286-1307 (Birlinn, 2013) p.176
^Kishori Saran Lal (1950). History of the Khalijis (1290–1320), p. 120. Allahabad: The Indian Press.
OCLC685167335.
^Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011). The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait, p. 120. University of Pennsylvania Press.
ISBN978-0-8122-2302-6.
^Waley, Daniel (1985). Later Medieval Europe, p. 165 (2nd ed.). New York: Longman Inc.
ISBN0-582-49262-9.
^Armstrong, Pete (2003). Osprey: Stirling Bridge & Falkirk 1297–1298, p. 87.
ISBN1-84176-510-4.
^Michèle S. Duck, The Wars of Independence, 1249–1328 (Hodder Education, 2022)
^Justine Firnhaber-Baker, Violence and the State in Languedoc, 1250-1400 (Cambridge University Press, 2014) p.60
^Marc Saperstein, Leadership and Conflict: Tensions in Medieval and Modern Jewish History and Culture (Liverpool University Press, 2014) p.101
^
abJohn A. Scott, Dante's Political Purgatory (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2016) p.28
^
abArmstrong, Pete (2003). Osprey: Stirling Bridge & Falkirk 1297–1298, p. 87.
ISBN1-84176-510-4.
^The Oxford companion to Scottish history. Oxford University Press. February 24, 2011. p. 334.
ISBN9780199693054.
^
abWilliams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History, p. 153. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
ISBN0-304-35730-8.
^Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011). The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait, p. 120. University of Pennsylvania Press.
ISBN978-0-8122-2302-6.
^Verbruggen J. F. (2002). The Battle of the Golden Spurs: Courtrai, 11 July 1302, pp. 202–203. Woodbridge: Boydell Press.
ISBN0-85115-888-9.
^Fegley, Randall (2002). The Golden Spurs of Kortrijk: How the Knights of France Fell to the Foot Soldiers of Flanders in 1302, p. 105. McFarland & Co.
ISBN0786480548.
^Peter Jackson (2003). The Delhi Sultanate: A political and Military History, p. 288. Cambridge University Press.
ISBN978-0-521-54329-3.
^Satish Chandra (2007). History of Medieval India: 800–1700, p. 103. Orient Longman.
ISBN978-81-250-3226-7.
^Burns, R. Ignatius (1954). "The Catalan Company and the European Powers, 1305–1311", p. 752. Speculum, Vol. 29 (4). University of Chicago Press.
^Andreev, Y.; M. Lalkov (1996). The Bulgarian Khans and Tsars (in Bulgarian). Veliko Tarnovo Abagar.
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^Miller, William (1921). "The Zaccaria of Phocaea and Chios (1275-1329)". Essays on the Latin Orient, pp. 287–289. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
OCLC457893641.
^Nicol, Donald M. (1993). The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453, p. 113. (Second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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^Vernadsky, George (1953). The Mongols and Russia, p. 74. Yale University Press.
^Martin, Janet (2007). Medieval Russia, 980–1584, p. 175. Cambridge University Press.
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^
abPeter Such, The Chronicle of King Pedro (Oxford University Press, 2020) p.358
^Burns, R. Ignatius (1954). "The Catalan Company and the European Powers, 1305–1311", p. 752. Speculum, Vol. 29 (4). University of Chicago Press.
^Charles Melville, "Anatolia under the Mongols", in The Cambridge History of Turkey, ed. by Kate Fleet (Cambridge University Press, 2009)
^Peter Lock, The Franks in the Aegean: 1204-1500 (Taylor & Francis, 2014) p.322
^Bartusis, Mark C. (1997). The Late Byzantine Army: Arms and Society 1204–1453, pp. 79–82. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press.
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^Armstrong, Pete (2003). Osprey: Stirling Bridge & Falkirk 1297–98, p. 88.
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^Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History, p. 154. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
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^Engel, Pál (2001). The Realm of St. Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526, p. 129. Tauris Publishers.
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^Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History, p. 154. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
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^Banarsi Prasad Saksena (1970). "The Khalijs: Alauddin Khalij". A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526, p. 393. Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress/People's Publishing House.
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^Peri Bearman, The Law Applied: Contextualizing the Islamic Shari'a (I.B.Tauris, 2007) pp.263–264
^Murison, A. F. (1899). King Robert the Bruce, p. 30 (reprint 2005 ed.). Kessinger Publishing.
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abElizabeth A. R. Brown (1992). Customary aids and royal finance in Capetian France: the marriage aid of Philip the Fair. Medieval Academy of America. p. 183.
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^Scott, Ronald McNair (1982). Robert the Bruce: King of Scots, p. 75. New York: Barnes and Noble.
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^"13 mai 1306: Le "Sultan de Grenade s'empare par surprise", Auguste Mouliéras, Le Maroc inconnu: vingt deux ans d'explorations dans le Maroc septentrional (1872 à 1893) ("The unknown Morocco: twenty two years of explorations in northern Morocco (1872 to 1893)" (Challamel, 1895) p.725
^Harvey, L. P. (1992). Islamic Spain, 1250 to 1500, p. 169. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
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^Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011). The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait, p. 121. University of Pennsylvania Press.
ISBN978-0-8122-2302-6.
^Ronald McNair Scott, Robert the Bruce: King of Scots (Barnes and Noble, 1982) p. 81
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^"The Monetary Fluctuations in Philip IV's Kingdom of France and Their Relevance to the Arrest of the Templars", by Ignacio de la Torre, in The Debate on the Trial of the Templars (1307–1314), ed. by Jochen Burgtorf, et al. (Ashgate, 2010) pp. 57–68
^Scott, Ronald McNair (1982). Robert the Bruce: King of Scots, p. 82. New York: Barnes and Noble.
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^"The Hospitallers at Rhodes, 1306–1421", by Anthony Luttrell, in A History of the Crusades, Volume III: The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries, ed. by Kenneth M. Setton and Harry W. Hazard (University of Wisconsin Press, 1975) pp. 278–313
^Nirenberg, David (1998). Communities of violence: persecution of minorities in the Middle Ages, p. 18. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
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^Sir Thomas Dick Lauder, Memorial of the Royal Progress in Scotland (A. and C. Black, 1843) pp.359-360
^MacDougall, Ian (1905). "The Brooch of Lorn"in "Communications and Replies", pp. 110–115. The Scottish Historical Review, Vol. 3, Edinburgh University Press.
^The Actis and Deidis of the Illustere and Vailðeand Campioun Schir William Wallace, Knicht of Ellerslie, by Henry the Minstrel, Commonly Known as Blind Harry, ed. by James Moir (William Blackwood and Sons, 1889) p.460
^Robert de Bruce (King of Scotland (1810). The Life of Robert Bruce, King of Scotland, p. 39. Edinburgh, retrieved 14 January 2017.
^Luttrell, Anthony (1975).
"The Hospitallers at Rhodes, 1306–1421". In Hazard, Harry W. (ed.). A History of the Crusades, Volume III: The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 278–313.
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^J. Enoch Powell and Keith Wallis, The House of Lords in the Middle Ages (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1968), p.255
^Favier, Jean (2012). Le Bourgeois de Paris au Moyen Age. Paris: Tallandier. p. 135.
^Duncan, A. A. M. (1973). "The Scots' Invasion of Ireland, 1315", p. 105, in R. R. Davies (ed.). The British Isles, 1100–1500, pp. 100–117. Edinburgh: J. Donald (1988).
^Banarsi Prasad Saksena (1970). "The Khalijs: Alauddin Khalji". In Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (ed.). A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526, p. 394. Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress/People's Publishing House.
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^Jackson, Peter (2003). The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History, p. 230.
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^Regner, Elisabet (2013). Det medeltida Stockholm. En arkeologisk guidebok [Medieval Stockholm. An archaeological guide book] (in Swedish). Lund: Historiska Media. p. 150.
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^Morrison, Elizabeth; Hedeman, Anne Dawson, eds. (2010). Imagining the Past in France: History in Manuscript Painting, 1250-1500. J. Paul Getty Museum. p. 4.
^Philips, Seymour (2011). Edward II, p. 131. New Haven, CT & London. UK: Yale University Press.
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abPhilips, Seymour (2011). Edward II, pp. 126–127. New Haven, CT & London. UK: Yale University Press.
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^Robert Bartlett, The Hanged Man: A Story of Miracle, Memory, and Colonialism in the Middle Ages (Princeton University Press, 2004) p. 24
^"The Hospitallers at Rhodes, 1306–1421", by Anthony Luttrell, in A History of the Crusades, Volume III: The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries, ed by. Kenneth M. Setton and Harry W. Hazard (University of Wisconsin Press, 1975) pp. 278–313
^Howarth, Stephen (1982). The Knights Templar, pp. 260–261. New York: Barnes & Noble.
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^Barber, Malcolm (2012). The Trial of the Templars, p. 1. Cambridge University Press.
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^Malcolm Barber, The New Knighthood: A History of the Order of the Temple (Cambridge University Press, 1998), p. 303
^"Slioch, battle of", by Bruce Webster, in The Oxford Companion to British History (Oxford University Press, 2015) p.841
^Barbour, John, The Bruce, p. 264. Translation: A. A. H. Duncan, 1964.
^Weir, Alison (2006). Queen Isabella: She-Wolf of France, Queen of England, p. 25. London: Pimlico Books.
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^Castor, Helen (2011). She-Wolves: The Woman Who Ruled England Before Elizabeth, p. 227. Faber and Faber.
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^Haines, Roy Martin (2003). King Edward II: His Life, his reign and its aftermath, 1284–1330, pp. 56–58. Montreal, Canada and Kingston, Canada: McGill-Queen's University Press.
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^Philips, Seymour (2011). Edward II, pp. 140–141. New Haven, CT & London. UK: Yale University Press.
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^Armstrong, Pete (2002). Osprey: Bannockburn 1314 – Robert Bruce's great victory, p. 15.
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^Maddicot, J. R. (1970). Thomas of Lancaster, 1307–1322, p. 73. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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^Hamilton, J. S. (1988). Piers Gaveston, Earl of Cornwall, 1307–1312: Politics and Patronage in the Reign of Edward II, p. 53. Detroit; London: Wayne State University Press.
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^Kishori Saran Lal, History of the Khaljis (1290-1320) (The Indian Press, 1950) p.135
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abBarbara Frale, and Umberto Eco, The Templars: The Secret History Revealed (translation of Il papato e il processo ai templari) (Arcade Publishing, 2009) p. 168
^Luciano Petech, Medieval History of Nepal (Fondata Da Giuseppe Tucci, 1984) p.109
^Albert Failler, "L'occupation de Rhodes par les Hospitaliers", in Revue des études Byzantines (1992) pp. 113–135
^Peter Jackson (2003). The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History, p. 198. Cambridge University Press.
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^Peter Lock, The Franks in the Aegean, 1204–1500 (Longman Publishing, 1995) p.104
^Seymour Phillips, Edward II (Yale University Press, 2011) p.152
^Kishori Saran Lal, History of the Khaljis (1290-1320) (The Indian Press, 1950) p.135
^Brzezinski, Richard (1998). History of Poland: The Piast Dynasty, p. 24.
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^Jones, Michael (2000). The New Cambridge Medieval History, p. 530. Vol. VI: c. 1300–1415. Cambridge University Press.
^Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History, p. 154. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
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^John Joseph Saunders (1971). The History of the Mongol Conquests, p. 79. University of Pennsylvania Press.
^Bernard Grun, (1991). The Timetables of History, p. 185. Simon & Schuster.
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^Barbour, John. The Bruce, translation by A. A. H. Douglas, 1964.
^Fordun, John of, Chronicles of the Scottish Nation, ed. W. F. Skene, 1972.
^Abraham Eraly (2015). The Age of Wrath: A History of the Delhi Sultanate, p. 178. Penguin Books.
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^Michael Jones, The New Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. VI: c. 1300-c. 1415 (Cambridge University Press, 2000) p.530
^Stephen Howarth, The Knights Templar (Barnes and Noble, 1982) pp. 11–14
^Adrian Hastings, Alistair Mason and Hugh S. Pyper (2000). The Oxford Companion to Christian Thought, p. 227. Oxford University Press.
^"Fernando IV de Castilla: La Conquista de Gibraltar (1309)", by Cesar Gonzalez Mingues, Medievalismo (2009) p.181
^ Joseph F. Callaghan (2011). The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait, p. 123. University of Pennsylvania Press.
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^"III Concilio Provincial de Alcala de Henares, 8 Noviembre 1309", in Actas Inéditas de Siete Concilos Españoles Celebrados Desde el Año 1282 Hasta el de 1314 (F. Maroto é Hijos, 1882) p.40
^Harvey, L. P. (1992). Islamic Spain, 1250 to 1500, p. 170. University of Chicago Press.
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^Joseph F. Callaghan (2011). The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait, p. 127. University of Pennsylvania Press.
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^J. H. Mann "XVII: The First Siege", in A History of Gibraltar and its Sieges (Provost, 1873) p. 355
^Harvey, L. P. (1992). Islamic Spain, 1250 to 1500, p. 175. University of Chicago Press.
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^Joseph F. Callaghan (2011). The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait, pp. 131–132. University of Pennsylvania Press.
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^Failler, Albert (1992). "L'occupation de Rhodes par les Hospitaliers", pp. 128–132. Revue des études byzantines (in French).
^Joseph F. O'Callaghan, The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011) p.131
^Jackson, William G. F. (1986). The Rock of the Gibraltarians, p. 41. Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Press.
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^Eugenio Cazzani, Vescovi e arcivescovi di Milano (Massimo, 1996) pp. 183–185
^Denis de Sainte-Marthe, Gallia Christiana, in provincias ecclesiasticas distributa (Lutetiae Parisiorum, 1716) pp. 919–920
^William Stubbs, The Constitutional History of England, in Its Origin and Development (Clarendon Press, 1880) p.353
^Kishori Saran Lal, History of the Khaljis (1290-1320) (The Indian Press, 1950) p.194
^Joseph F. Callaghan (2011). The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait, pp. 128–130. University of Pennsylvania Press.
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^"The Khaljis: Alauddin Khalji", by Banarsi Prasad Saksena, in A Comprehensive History of India (volume 5): The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526); (People's Publishing House, 1992)
^Koenen, H.J. (1903). "Het ridderlijk geslacht van Heemskerk in de middeleeuwen", pp. 228–244. De Wapenheraut, Archief van Epen, 's Gravenhage - Brussel, vol VII.
^Sansom, George (1961). A History of Japan, 1334–1615. Stanford University Press. pp. 18–21, 26–27.
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^"Ni Zan". China Online Museum. Retrieved 24 December 2022.
^Johann Samuel Ersch (1832). Allgemeine Encyclopädie der Wissenschaften und Künste in alphabetischer Folge von genannten Schriftstellern: Zweite Section H - N ; Hirudo - Höklyn (in German). Brockhaus.
^Courtenay, William J. (2020). "King's Hall and Michaelhouse in the Context of Fourteenth-Century Cambridge". In Marenbon, John (ed.). King’s Hall, Cambridge and the Fourteenth-Century Universities: New Perspectives. Brill. pp. 28–29.
^Helle, Knut (1990). "Norwegian Foreign Policy and the Maid of Norway". The Scottish Historical Review. Vol. 69. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 142–156.
^Morrison, Elizabeth; Hedeman, Anne Dawson, eds. (2010). Imagining the Past in France: History in Manuscript Painting, 1250-1500. J. Paul Getty Museum. p. 4.