January 18 – In France,
King Philip the Fair issues a mandate at
Toulouse to halt the threat of a civil war, declaring that "For the good of our realm... we expressly forbid and most strictly prohibit wars, battles, homicides, the burning of towns or houses, assaults or attacks on peasants or those who plow, or doing anything similar to our vassals and subjects, regardless of status or condition, in any place, or in any part of the realm," and adds that "the rash transgressors of these statutes and inhibitions ought to be punished as disturbers of the peace, regardless of contrary custom, or rather corruption allegedly followed in any part of the said realm."[2] The action comes after Philip's meeting with Franciscan friar
Bernard Délicieux concerning the Dominican Inquisition, but the King stops short of halting the Inquisition entirely despite Delicieux's claim that there had not been a single heretic among all the Albigensians for many years.[3]
February 9 –
War of Scottish Independence: Scottish nobles led by
Robert the Bruce and
John Comyn ("John the Red"), negotiate a peace treaty with King
Edward I of England ("Edward Longshanks"). His terms are accepted, and the Scots submit to English rule. In return, they are granted life and liberty under their old laws and freedom from the forfeiture of their lands. A few prominent nobles are singled out for temporary banishment – among them
John de Soules, guardian of
Scotland, who is exiled to
France. No terms are offered to
William Wallace, Edward's most wanted enemy, who remains defiantly at large despite every effort of Edward to capture him.[5][6]
February 20 –
Battle of Happrew: Scottish rebels led by William Wallace and
Simon Fraser fight guerilla warfare against King
Edward I of England. They defend themselves against a vanguard of English knights at
Peebles, in the
Scottish Borders. During the skirmish, the Scots are defeated and routed. Wallace and Fraser narrowly escape being captured.
March 17 – Cardinal Albertini, the papal legate and peacemaker, enters
Florence and is granted special powers by the government to facilitate his mission.[4]
July 17 – A
papal conclave, with 15 of the 19 living Roman Catholic cardinals, assembles at
Perugia to elect a successor to Pope Benedict XI, who had died 10 days earlier. The conclave will be deadlocked for almost a year until Clement V receives the necessary two-thirds majority on June 5, 1305.[7]
August 11 –
Battle of Zierikzee: A French-Hollandic fleet (some 50 galleys) supported by Genoese ships led by Admiral
Rainier I defeats the Flemish ships near
Zierikzee. During the battle, the Flemish commander
Guy of Namur is captured, and his fleet (which consists of Flemish, English, Hanseatic, Spanish and Swedish ships) is annihilated.
September 22 –
Thomas of Corbridge, England's powerful
Archbishop of York, dies after a little more than four years in office. The office is vacant for several months, and leads to the resignation of Lord Chancellor William Greenfield to become the new Bishop.
December –
Roger de Flor, Italian nobleman and adventurer, settles with the
Catalan Company in
Gallipoli and other towns in the southern part of
Thrace and visits
Constantinople to demand payment for his forces. He lives at the expense of the local population and uses the city as a base for his marauding raids in the surrounding area.[18]
By place
Byzantine Empire
Battle of Skafida: Emperor
Michael IX Palaiologos sends a Byzantine expeditionary force (some 10,000 men) to halt the expansion of the Bulgarians in
Thrace. The two armies meet near
Sozopol on the
Bulgarian Black Sea Coast. During the battle, the Bulgarian army led by Tsar
Theodore Svetoslav is defeated and routed. The Byzantines, infatuated with the chase of the retreating enemy, crowd on a bridge – which possibly is sabotaged, and break down. The Bulgarians capture many Byzantine soldiers and some nobles are held for ransom. Svetoslav secures his territorial gains and stabilizes himself as the sole ruler of the
Bulgarian Empire (until
1322).[19]
The Byzantines lose the island of
Chios, in the
Aegean Sea, to the Genoese under Admiral
Benedetto I Zaccaria. He establishes an
autonomous lordship and justifies the act to the Byzantine court as necessary to prevent the island from being captured by Turkish pirates. Benedetto is granted the island as a fief for a period of 10 years.[20][21]
Asia
Ambassadors from the Mongol rulers of
Central Asia and the
Yuan Dynasty announce to
Toqta Khan, Mongol ruler of the
Golden Horde, their general peace proposal. Toqta accepts the supremacy of Emperor
Temür Khan and all
yams (postal relays) and commercial networks across the Mongol khanates reopen. In response, Toqta solidifies his rule upon the Rus' princes, who pledge allegiance to him at an assembly in
Pereyaslavl.[22][23]
Robert de Brus, Scoto-Norman nobleman and knight (b. 1243)
Wang Yun, Chinese official, politician, poet and writer (b.
1228)
References
^Michèle S. Duck, The Wars of Independence, 1249–1328 (Hodder Education, 2022)
^Justine Firnhaber-Baker, Violence and the State in Languedoc, 1250-1400 (Cambridge University Press, 2014) p.60
^Marc Saperstein, Leadership and Conflict: Tensions in Medieval and Modern Jewish History and Culture (Liverpool University Press, 2014) p.101
^
abJohn A. Scott, Dante's Political Purgatory (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2016) p.28
^
abArmstrong, Pete (2003). Osprey: Stirling Bridge & Falkirk 1297–1298, p. 87.
ISBN1-84176-510-4.
^The Oxford companion to Scottish history. Oxford University Press. February 24, 2011. p. 334.
ISBN9780199693054.
^
abWilliams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History, p. 153. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
ISBN0-304-35730-8.
^Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011). The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait, p. 120. University of Pennsylvania Press.
ISBN978-0-8122-2302-6.
^Verbruggen J. F. (2002). The Battle of the Golden Spurs: Courtrai, 11 July 1302, pp. 202–203. Woodbridge: Boydell Press.
ISBN0-85115-888-9.
^Fegley, Randall (2002). The Golden Spurs of Kortrijk: How the Knights of France Fell to the Foot Soldiers of Flanders in 1302, p. 105. McFarland & Co.
ISBN0786480548.
^Peter Jackson (2003). The Delhi Sultanate: A political and Military History, p. 288. Cambridge University Press.
ISBN978-0-521-54329-3.
^Satish Chandra (2007). History of Medieval India: 800–1700, p. 103. Orient Longman.
ISBN978-81-250-3226-7.
^Burns, R. Ignatius (1954). "The Catalan Company and the European Powers, 1305–1311", p. 752. Speculum, Vol. 29 (4). University of Chicago Press.
^Andreev, Y.; M. Lalkov (1996). The Bulgarian Khans and Tsars (in Bulgarian). Veliko Tarnovo Abagar.
ISBN954-427-216-X.
^Miller, William (1921). "The Zaccaria of Phocaea and Chios (1275-1329)". Essays on the Latin Orient, pp. 287–289. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
OCLC457893641.
^Nicol, Donald M. (1993). The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453, p. 113. (Second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
ISBN978-0-521-43991-6.
^Vernadsky, George (1953). The Mongols and Russia, p. 74. Yale University Press.
^Martin, Janet (2007). Medieval Russia, 980–1584, p. 175. Cambridge University Press.
ISBN978-0-521-85916-5.