May 5 – The College of Electors select
Adolf, count of Nassau, as the new King of the Romans and successor of Habsburg
Rudolf I who had died the previous year. Adolf is forced to make wide-ranging concessions to the Electors to get elected. He is crowned king on June 24 in Aachen by the Archbishop of Cologne.
June 24 – Castilian forces led by King
Sancho IV (the Brave) begin the siege of
Tarifa, eleven newly built engines bombard the city constantly by land and sea. Meanwhile,
Muhammad II, Nasrid ruler of
Granada, provides the army of Sancho with men, arms and also aid the blockade in the
Strait of Gibraltar. Muhammad attacks Marinid outposts, and his forces seize
Estepona on the coast to the west of
Málaga. Sancho conquers Tarifa after a siege of four months, on
October 13.[1]
December – Muhammad II sends ambassadors to the Castilian court to ask Sancho IV (the Brave) to surrender Tarifa. Sancho refuses to yield the city to Granada and Muhammad, feeling betrayed, switches sides to form an alliance with the Marinids.[2][3]
December – John Balliol is summoned by Edward I (Longshanks) to
Westminster to answer an appeal by
Macduff of Fife against a judgment imposed on him by the Scottish Parliament. John refuses to answer MacDuff's appeal, 'without consulting the people of his realm'. Edward asks for compensation for the violation of English law and demands to hand him over three Scottish castles as repayment for the crime committed.[6]
Levant
Mamluk forces under Sultan
Al-Ashraf Khalil accompanied by his vizier
Ibn al-Sal'us arrive in
Damascus. Khalil travels via
Aleppo to besiege the castle of
Qal'at ar-Rum ("Castle of the Romans"), which is the official seat of
Stephen IV, patriarch of
Armenia. The Mamluks besiege the castle with more than 30 catapults and capture it after 30 days.[7]
Al-Ashraf Khalil returns to Damascus and assembles an army to attack
Sis, the capital of the
Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia. An Armenian embassy arrives in Damascus, and reaches a settlement with Khalil. The cities of
Til Hemdun,
Marash and
Behesni are given to the Mamluks in order to maintain peace.
Kublai Khan sends a Mongol expeditionary force (some 20,000 men) to
Java. He collects an invasion fleet with some 500–1,000 ships and enough provisions for a year from
Fujian,
Jiangxi and
Huguang in southern
China. The fleet travels past
Champa (modern
Vietnam) and the
Karimata Islands. The Mongols land on Java, taking the capital of
Kediri, but it proves impossible to hold.[9]
Spring – The Taxatio Ecclesiastica, compiled in 1291–1292, is completed under the order of Pope
Nicholas IV. The Taxatio is a detailed database valuation for ecclesiastical taxation of English, Welsh and Irish churches.
Roger Bacon, English monk, philosopher and scientist (b.
1220)
References
^O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (2011). The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait, pp. 100–101. Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press.
ISBN978-0-8122-2302-6.
^O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (2011). The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait, p. 102. Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press.
ISBN978-0-8122-2302-6.
^Kennedy, Hugh (2014). Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of Al-Andalus, pp. 284–285. London: Routledge.
ISBN978-1-317-87041-8.
^Dunbar, Sir Archibald H.,Bt, Scottish Kings – A Revised Chronology of Scottish History 1005–1625, p. 115. Edinburgh, 1899.
^Lynch, Michael, ed. (February 24, 2011). The Oxford Companion to Scottish history. Oxford University Press. pp. 281–282.
ISBN9780199693054.
^Armstrong, Pete (2003). Osprey: Stirling Bridge & Falkirk 1297–98 , p. 9.
ISBN1-84176-510-4.
^The
Templar of Tyre, Chronicle (Getes des Chiprois). Published by Crawford, P., Ashgate Publishing. Ltd, Cyprus 2003.
ISBN1-84014-618-4.
^Carlson, Thomas A. (2018). Christianity in Fifteenth-Century Iraq. Cambridge University Press. p. 267.
^Man, John (2007). Kublai Khan: The Mongol king who remade China, p. 281. London: Bantam Books.
ISBN978-0-553-81718-8.