From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Day of the year
April 20 is the 110th day of the year (111th in
leap years ) in the
Gregorian calendar ; 255 days remain until the end of the year.
April 20th has historically been associated with ominous or tragic events, most notably the birth of
Adolf Hitler , as well as the
Columbine High School massacre and the start of the
BP oil disaster .
[1]
Events
Pre-1600
1601–1900
1653 –
Oliver Cromwell dissolves England's
Rump Parliament .
[3]
1657 – English Admiral
Robert Blake destroys a Spanish silver fleet, under heavy fire from the shore, at the
Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife .
[4]
1657 –
Freedom of religion is granted to the Jews of
New Amsterdam (later New York City).
1752 – Start of
Konbaung–Hanthawaddy War , a new phase in the Burmese Civil War (1740–57).
1770 – The
Georgian king,
Erekle II , abandoned by his
Russian ally
Count Totleben , wins a victory over
Ottoman forces at
Aspindza .
1775 –
American Revolutionary War : The
Siege of Boston begins, following the battles at
Lexington and Concord .
1789 –
George Washington arrives at
Grays Ferry, Philadelphia , while en route to Manhattan for his
inauguration .
1792 – France declares war against the "
King of Hungary and Bohemia ", the beginning of the
French Revolutionary Wars .
1800 – The
Septinsular Republic is established.
1809 – Two Austrian army corps in Bavaria are defeated by a
First French Empire army led by
Napoleon at the
Battle of Abensberg on the second day of a four-day campaign that ended in a French victory.
1828 –
René Caillié becomes the second non-Muslim to enter
Timbuktu , following
Major Gordon Laing . He would also be the first to return alive.
[5]
1836 –
U.S. Congress passes an act creating the
Wisconsin Territory .
1859 –
Daniel E. Sickles , a New York Congressman, is acquitted of the murder of
Philip Barton Key on grounds of temporary insanity.
[6] The case marked the first successful use of the "temporary insanity" legal defense.
[7]
1861 –
American Civil War :
Robert E. Lee resigns his commission in the
United States Army in order to command the forces of the state of
Virginia .
[8]
1861 –
Thaddeus S. C. Lowe , attempting to display the value of balloons, makes record journey, flying 900 miles from Cincinnati to South Carolina.
[9]
1862 –
Louis Pasteur and
Claude Bernard complete the experiment disproving the theory of
spontaneous generation .
1865 – Astronomer
Angelo Secchi demonstrates the
Secchi disk , which measures water clarity, aboard
Pope Pius IX 's yacht, the L'Immaculata Concezion .
1876 – The
April Uprising begins. Its suppression shocks European opinion, and Bulgarian independence becomes a condition for ending the
Russo-Turkish War .
1884 – Pope Leo XIII publishes the encyclical
Humanum genus , condemning Freemasonry.
1898 – U.S. President
William McKinley signs a joint resolution to Congress for declaration of war against Spain, beginning the
Spanish–American War .
[10]
1901–present
1902 –
Pierre and
Marie Curie refine
radium chloride .
1908 – Opening day of competition in the
New South Wales Rugby League .
[11]
1914 – Nineteen men, women, and children participating in a strike are killed in the
Ludlow Massacre during the
Colorado Coalfield War .
[12]
1918 –
Manfred von Richthofen , a.k.a. The Red Baron, shoots down his 79th and 80th victims, his final victories before his death the following day.
1922 – The
Soviet government creates
South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast within
Georgian SSR .
1945 –
World War II : U.S. troops capture
Leipzig , Germany, only to later cede the city to the
Soviet Union .
1945 – World War II:
Führerbunker : On his 56th birthday
Adolf Hitler makes his last trip to the surface to award
Iron Crosses to boy soldiers of the
Hitler Youth .
1945 – Twenty Jewish children used in
medical experiments at
Neuengamme are killed in the basement of the
Bullenhuser Damm school.
1946 – The
League of Nations officially
dissolves , giving most of its power to the
United Nations .
1961 –
Cold War : Failure of the
Bay of Pigs Invasion of US-backed Cuban exiles against
Cuba .
1968 – English politician
Enoch Powell makes his controversial
"Rivers of Blood" speech .
[13]
1968 –
South African Airways Flight 228 crashes near the
Hosea Kutako International Airport in
South West Africa (now
Namibia ), killing 123 people.
[14]
1972 –
Apollo program :
Apollo 16
Lunar Module , commanded by
John Young and piloted by
Charles Duke , lands on the Moon.
1998 –
Air France Flight 422 crashes after taking off from
El Dorado International Airport in
Bogotá ,
Colombia , killing all 53 people on board.
[15]
1999 –
Columbine High School massacre :
Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold kill 13 people and injure 24 others before committing suicide at
Columbine High School in
Columbine, Colorado .
[16]
2007 –
Johnson Space Center shooting : William Phillips barricades himself with a
handgun in
NASA 's
Johnson Space Center in
Houston, Texas before killing a male hostage and himself.
[17]
2008 –
Danica Patrick wins the
Indy Japan 300 becoming the first female driver in history to win an
Indy car race.
[18]
2010 – The
Deepwater Horizon drilling rig
explodes in the Gulf of Mexico, killing eleven workers and beginning an
oil spill that would last six months .
2012 – One hundred twenty-seven people are killed when a
plane crashes in a residential area near the
Benazir Bhutto International Airport near
Islamabad , Pakistan.
2013 – A 6.6-
magnitude
earthquake strikes
Lushan County ,
Ya'an , in China's
Sichuan province, killing more than 150 people and injuring thousands.
2015 – Ten people are killed in a
bomb attack on a convoy carrying food supplies to a
United Nations compound in
Garowe in the Somali region of
Puntland .
2020 – For the first time in history,
oil prices drop
below zero , an effect of the
2020 Russia-Saudi Arabia oil price war .
[19]
2021 –
State of Minnesota v. Derek Michael Chauvin :
Derek Chauvin is found guilty of all charges in the
murder of George Floyd by the
Fourth Judicial District Court of Minnesota .
[20]
2023 –
SpaceX's Starship rocket, the largest and most powerful rocket ever built, launches for the first time. It explodes 4 minutes into flight.
[21]
Births
Pre-1600
1601–1900
1633 –
Emperor Go-Kōmyō of Japan (d. 1654)
1646 –
Charles Plumier , French botanist and author (d. 1704)
1650 –
William Bedloe , English spy (d. 1680)
1718 –
David Brainerd , American missionary (d. 1747)
1723 –
Cornelius Harnett , American merchant, farmer, and politician (d. 1781)
[23]
1727 –
Florimond Claude, Comte de Mercy-Argenteau , Belgian-Austrian minister and diplomat (d. 1794)
1745 –
Philippe Pinel , French physician and psychiatrist (d. 1826)
1748 –
Georg Michael Telemann , German composer and theologian (d. 1831)
1808 –
Napoleon III , French politician, 1st
President of France (d. 1873)
1816 –
Bogoslav Šulek , Croatian philologist, historian, and lexicographer (d. 1895)
1818 –
Heinrich Göbel , German-American mechanic and engineer (d. 1893)
1826 –
Dinah Craik , English author and poet (d. 1887)
1836 –
Eli Whitney Blake, Jr. , American scientist and academic (d. 1895)
1839 –
Carol I of Romania , King of Romania (d. 1914)
1840 –
Odilon Redon , French painter and illustrator (d. 1916)
1850 –
Daniel Chester French , American sculptor, designed the
Lincoln statue (d. 1931)
1851 –
Alexander Dianin , Russian chemist (d. 1918)
1851 –
Siegmund Lubin , Polish-American businessman, founded the
Lubin Manufacturing Company (d. 1923)
1860 –
Justinien de Clary , French target shooter (d. 1933)
1871 –
Sydney Chapman , English economist and civil servant (d. 1951)
1873 –
James Harcourt , English character actor (d. 1951)
1875 –
Vladimir Vidrić , Croatian poet and lawyer (d. 1909)
1879 –
Paul Poiret , French fashion designer (d. 1944)
1882 –
Holland Smith , American general (d. 1967)
1884 –
Princess Beatrice of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (d. 1966)
1884 –
Oliver Kirk , American boxer (d. 1960)
1884 –
Daniel Varoujan , Armenian poet and educator (d. 1915)
1889 –
Albert Jean Amateau , Turkish rabbi, lawyer, and activist (d. 1996)
1889 –
Prince Erik, Duke of Västmanland (d. 1918)
1889 –
Marie-Antoinette de Geuser , French mystic (d. 1918)
1889 –
Adolf Hitler , Austrian-born German politician,
Führer of
Nazi Germany (d. 1945)
1889 –
Tonny Kessler , Dutch footballer (d. 1960)
1890 –
Maurice Duplessis , Canadian lawyer and politician, 16th
Premier of Quebec (d. 1959)
1890 –
Adolf Schärf , Austrian soldier and politician, 6th
President of Austria (d. 1965)
1891 –
Dave Bancroft , American baseball player and manager (d. 1972)
1893 –
Harold Lloyd , American actor, comedian, and producer (d. 1971)
1893 –
Joan Miró , Spanish painter and sculptor (d. 1983)
1895 –
Emile Christian , American trombonist and composer (d. 1973)
1895 –
Henry de Montherlant , French essayist, novelist, and dramatist (d. 1972)
1896 –
Wop May , Canadian captain and pilot (d. 1952)
1899 –
Alan Arnett McLeod , Canadian lieutenant,
Victoria Cross recipient (d. 1918)
1901–present
1904 –
Bruce Cabot , American actor (d. 1972)
1907 –
Miran Bakhsh , Pakistani cricketer (d. 1991)
[24]
1907 –
Augoustinos Kantiotes , Greek bishop (d. 2010)
1908 –
Lionel Hampton , American vibraphone player, pianist, bandleader, and actor (d. 2002)
1910 –
Fatin Rüştü Zorlu , Turkish diplomat and politician (d. 1961)
1913 –
Mimis Fotopoulos , Greek actor and poet (d. 1986)
1913 –
Willi Hennig , German biologist and entomologist (d. 1976)
1914 –
Betty Lou Gerson , American actress (d. 1999)
1915 –
Joseph Wolpe , South African psychotherapist and physician (d. 1997)
1916 –
Nasiba Zeynalova , Azerbaijani actress (d. 2004)
1918 –
Kai Siegbahn , Swedish physicist and academic,
Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2007)
1919 –
Richard Hillary , Australian lieutenant and pilot (d. 1943)
1920 –
Frances Ames , South African
neurologist , psychiatrist, and human rights activist (d. 2002)
1920 –
Clement Isong , Nigerian banker and politician,
Governor of Cross River State (d. 2000)
1920 –
John Paul Stevens , American lawyer and jurist,
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 2019)
[25]
1921 –
Katarína Kolníková , Slovak actress (d. 2006)
[26]
1923 –
Mother Angelica , American nun and broadcaster, founded
Eternal Word Television Network (d. 2016)
[27]
1923 –
Irene Lieblich , Polish-American painter and illustrator (d. 2008)
1923 –
Tito Puente , American drummer and producer (d. 2000)
[28]
1924 –
Nina Foch , Dutch-American actress (d. 2008)
[29]
1924 –
Leslie Phillips , English actor and producer (d. 2022)
[30]
1924 –
Guy Rocher , Canadian sociologist and academic
1925 –
Ernie Stautner , German-American football player and coach (d. 2006)
1925 –
Elena Verdugo , American actress (d. 2017)
1927 –
Bud Cullen , Canadian judge and politician, 1st
Canadian Minister of Employment and Immigration (d. 2005)
1927 –
Phil Hill , American race car driver (d. 2008)
1927 –
K. Alex Müller , Swiss physicist and academic,
Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2023)
[31]
1928 –
Robert Byrne , American chess player and author (d. 2013)
1928 –
Johnny Gavin , Irish international footballer (d. 2007)
[32]
1929 –
Harry Agganis , American baseball and football player (d. 1955)
1929 –
Bobby Hollander , American film director, actor, and magazine publisher (d. 2002)
1930 –
Dwight Gustafson , American composer and conductor (d. 2014)
1930 –
Antony Jay , English director and screenwriter (d. 2016)
1931 –
Michael Allenby, 3rd Viscount Allenby , English lieutenant and politician (d. 2014)
1931 –
John Eccles, 2nd Viscount Eccles , English businessman and politician
1932 –
Myriam Bru , French actress
1936 –
Lisa Davis , English-American actress
1936 –
Pauli Ellefsen , Faroese technician, surveyor, and politician, 6th
Prime Minister of the Faroe Islands (d. 2012)
[33]
1936 –
Pat Roberts , American captain, journalist, and politician
[34]
1937 –
Jiří Dienstbier , Czech journalist and politician,
Czech Minister of Foreign Affairs (d. 2011)
1937 –
Harvey Quaytman , American painter and educator (d. 2002)
[35]
1937 –
George Takei , American actor
[36]
1938 –
Betty Cuthbert , Australian sprinter (d. 2017)
[37]
1938 –
Manfred Kinder , German runner
[38]
1938 –
Eszter Tamási , Hungarian actress (d. 1991)
1939 –
Peter S. Beagle , American author and screenwriter
1939 –
Gro Harlem Brundtland , Norwegian physician and politician, 22nd
Prime Minister of Norway
1939 –
Johnny Tillotson , American singer-songwriter
1940 –
James Gammon , American actor (d. 2010)
[39]
1941 –
Ryan O'Neal , American actor (d. 2023)
[40]
1943 –
Alan Beith , English academic and politician
1943 –
John Eliot Gardiner , English conductor and director
1944 –
Toivo Aare , Estonian journalist and author (d. 1999)
1945 –
Michael Brandon , American actor and director
1945 –
Olga Karlatos , Greek actress and Bermudian lawyer
1945 –
Thein Sein , Burmese general and politician, 8th
President of Burma
1945 –
Naftali Temu , Kenyan runner (d. 2003)
1945 –
Steve Spurrier , American football player and coach
[41]
1945 –
Mike , American
Wyandotte chicken , lived 18 months following decapitation (d. 1947)
[42]
1946 –
Sandro Chia , Italian painter and sculptor
1947 –
Rita Dionne-Marsolais , Canadian economist and politician
1947 –
Viktor Suvorov , Russian intelligence officer, historian, and author
1948 –
Matthias Kuhle , German geographer and academic (d. 2015)
1949 –
Veronica Cartwright , English-American actress
[43]
1949 –
Toller Cranston , Canadian-Mexican figure skater and painter (d. 2015)
1949 –
Massimo D'Alema , Italian journalist and politician, 76th
Prime Minister of Italy
1949 –
Jessica Lange , American actress
1950 –
Alexander Lebed , Russian general and politician (d. 2002)
1950 –
N. Chandrababu Naidu , Indian politician, 13th
Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh
1951 –
Luther Vandross , American singer-songwriter and producer (d.
2005 )
[44]
1952 –
Louka Katseli , Greek economist and politician
1953 –
Sebastian Faulks , English journalist and author
[45]
1955 –
Donald Pettit , American engineer and astronaut
[46]
1955 –
Svante Pääbo , Swedish geneticist and Nobel Laureate
[47]
1956 –
Beatrice Ask , Swedish politician,
Swedish Minister for Justice
[48]
1956 –
Peter Chelsom , English film director, writer, and actor
1956 –
Kakha Bendukidze , Georgian economist and politician (d.
2014 )
[49]
1958 –
Viacheslav Fetisov , Russian ice hockey player and coach
1960 –
Debbie Flintoff-King , Australian hurdler and coach
[50]
1961 –
Don Mattingly , American baseball player, coach, and manager
1961 –
Konstantin Lavronenko , Russian actor
1963 –
Rachel Whiteread , English sculptor
1964 –
John Carney , American football player
[51]
1964 –
Crispin Glover , American actor and filmmaker
[52]
1964 –
Andy Serkis , English actor and director
1964 –
Rosalynn Sumners , American figure skater
[53]
1965 –
Kostis Chatzidakis , Greek politician,
Ministry of Economy, Infrastructure, Shipping and Tourism
1965 –
Léa Fazer , Swiss film director, screenwriter and actress
1966 –
David Chalmers , Australian philosopher and academic
1966 –
David Filo , American businessman, co-founded
Yahoo!
1967 –
Mike Portnoy , American drummer and songwriter
[54]
1968 –
Julia Morris , Australian entertainer
1969 –
Felix Baumgartner , Austrian daredevil
[55]
1969 –
Will Hodgman , Australian politician, 45th
Premier of Tasmania
[56]
1970 –
Shemar Moore , American actor
[57]
1971 –
Allan Houston , American basketball player
[58]
1972 –
Carmen Electra , American model and actress
[59]
1972 –
Stephen Marley , Jamaican-American musician
[60]
1973 –
Julie Powell , American food writer and memoirist (d. 2022)
[61]
1975 –
Killer Mike , American rapper
[62]
1978 –
Carl Greenidge , English cricketer
[63]
1980 –
Emma Husar , Australian politician
[64]
1983 –
Miranda Kerr , Australian model
[65]
1987 –
Jorge Pinto , Portuguese politician
[66]
1988 –
Brandon Belt , American baseball player
[67]
1989 –
Vannesa Rosales , Venezuelan activist and teacher
[68]
1990 –
Jason Behrendorff , Australian cricketer
[69]
1991 –
Luke Kuechly , American football player
[70]
1997 –
Alexander Zverev , German tennis player
[71]
Deaths
Pre-1600
689 –
Cædwalla , king of
Wessex (b. 659)
[72]
888 –
Xi Zong , Chinese emperor (b. 862)
1099 –
Peter Bartholomew (b. 1061)
[73]
1164 –
Antipope Victor IV
1176 –
Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke , English-Irish politician,
Lord Chief Justice of Ireland (b. 1130)
1248 –
Güyük Khan , Mongol ruler, 3rd
Great Khan of the Mongol Empire (b. 1206)
1284 –
Hōjō Tokimune , regent of Japan (b. 1251)
1314 –
Pope Clement V (b. 1264)
1322 –
Simon Rinalducci , Italian Augustinian friar
1502 –
Mary of Looz-Heinsberg , Dutch noble (b. 1424)
[74]
[75]
[76]
[77]
[78]
1521 –
Zhengde , Chinese emperor (b. 1491)
1534 –
Elizabeth Barton , English nun and martyr (b. 1506)
1558 –
Johannes Bugenhagen , German priest and theologian (b. 1485)
1601–1900
1643 –
Christoph Demantius , German composer and poet (b. 1567)
1703 –
Lancelot Addison , English clergyman and educator (b. 1632)
1769 –
Chief Pontiac , American tribal leader (b. 1720)
1831 –
John Abernethy , English surgeon and anatomist (b. 1764)
1873 –
William Tite , English architect, designed the
Royal Exchange (b. 1798)
1874 –
Alexander H. Bailey , American lawyer, judge, and politician (b. 1817)
1881 –
William Burges , English architect and designer (b. 1827)
1886 –
Charles-François-Frédéric, marquis de Montholon-Sémonville , French general and diplomat,
French ambassador to the United States (b. 1814)
1887 –
Muhammad Sharif Pasha , Greek-Egyptian politician, 2nd
Prime Minister of Egypt (b. 1826)
1899 –
Joseph Wolf , German ornithologist and illustrator (b. 1820)
1901–present
1902 –
Joaquim de Sousa Andrade , Brazilian poet and educator (b. 1833)
1912 –
Bram Stoker , Anglo-Irish novelist and critic, created
Count Dracula (b. 1847)
1918 –
Jussi Merinen , Finnish politician (b. 1873)
[79]
1918 –
Karl Ferdinand Braun , German-American physicist and academic,
Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1850)
1927 –
Enrique Simonet , Spanish painter and educator (b. 1866)
1929 –
Prince Henry of Prussia (b. 1862)
1931 –
Sir Cosmo Duff-Gordon, 5th Baronet , Scottish-English fencer and businessman (b. 1862)
1932 –
Giuseppe Peano , Italian mathematician and philosopher (b. 1858)
1935 –
John Cameron , Scottish footballer and manager (b. 1872)
1935 –
Lucy, Lady Duff-Gordon , English fashion designer (b. 1863)
1942 –
Jüri Jaakson , Estonian businessman and politician, 6th
State Elder of Estonia (b. 1870)
1944 –
Elmer Gedeon , American baseball player and pilot (b. 1917)
1945 –
Erwin Bumke , Polish-German jurist and politician (b. 1874)
1946 –
Mae Busch , Australian actress (b. 1891)
1947 –
Christian X of Denmark (b. 1870)
1951 –
Ivanoe Bonomi , Italian politician, 25th
Prime Minister of Italy (b. 1873)
1961 –
Ado Vabbe , Estonian painter (b. 1892)
1967 –
Léo-Paul Desrosiers , Canadian journalist and author (b. 1896)
1968 –
Rudolph Dirks , German-American illustrator (b. 1877)
1969 –
Vjekoslav Luburić , Croatian
Ustaše official and concentration camp administrator (b. 1914)
1980 –
M. Canagaratnam , Sri Lankan politician (b. 1924)
1982 –
Archibald MacLeish , American poet, playwright, and lawyer (b. 1892)
1986 –
Sibte Hassan , Pakistani journalist, scholar, and activist (b. 1916)
1991 –
Steve Marriott , English singer-songwriter and producer (b. 1947)
1991 –
Don Siegel , American director and producer (b. 1912)
1992 –
Marjorie Gestring , American springboard diver (b. 1922)
1992 –
Benny Hill , English comedian, actor, and screenwriter (b. 1924)
1993 –
Cantinflas , Mexican actor, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1911)
1995 –
Milovan Đilas , Yugoslav communist, politician, theorist and author (b. 1911)
1996 –
Trần Văn Trà , Vietnamese general and politician (b. 1918)
1999 –
Rick Rude , American professional wrestler (b. 1958)
[80]
[81]
1999 –
Rachel Scott , American victim of
Columbine High School massacre (b.1981)
[82]
1999 –
Cassie Bernall , American victim of
Columbine High School massacre (b. 1981)
[83]
2001 –
Giuseppe Sinopoli , Italian conductor and composer (b. 1946)
2002 –
Alan Dale , American singer (b. 1925)
2003 –
Bernard Katz , German-English biophysicist and academic,
Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1911)
2004 –
Lizzy Mercier Descloux , French musician, singer-songwriter, composer, actress, writer and painter (b. 1956)
2005 –
Fumio Niwa , Japanese journalist and author (b. 1904)
2007 –
Andrew Hill , American pianist, composer, and bandleader (b. 1931)
2007 –
Michael Fu Tieshan , Chinese bishop (b. 1931)
2008 –
Monica Lovinescu , Romanian journalist and author (b. 1923)
2010 –
Dorothy Height , American educator and activist (b. 1912)
2011 –
Tim Hetherington , English photographer and journalist (b. 1970)
2012 –
Bert Weedon , English guitarist and songwriter (b. 1920)
[84]
2014 –
Neville Wran , Australian politician, 35th
Premier of New South Wales (b. 1926)
[85]
2016 –
Victoria Wood , British comedian, actress and writer (b. 1953)
2018 –
Avicii , Swedish DJ and musician (b. 1989)
[86]
2021 –
Idriss Déby , Chadian politician and military officer (b. 1952)
[87]
2021 –
Monte Hellman , American film director (b.1929)
[88]
2021 –
Les McKeown , Scottish pop singer (b. 1955)
[89]
2022 –
Gavin Millar , Scottish film director (b. 1938)
[90]
Holidays and observances
References
^
"Is 4/20 Cursed? Here's a List of What's Happened on This Strange and Eerie Day" . Faithwire . April 20, 2017.
^ Torgil Magnuson (2004).
Urban Transformation of Medieval Rome, 312-1420 . Swedish Institute in Rome. p. 121.
ISBN
978-91-7042-167-9 .
^ William Robison; Ronald H. Fritze (1996). Historical Dictionary of Stuart England, 1603-1689 . Greenwood Press. p. 147.
ISBN
9780313283918 .
^ Manganiello, Stephen C (2004). The Concise Encyclopedia of the Revolutions and Wars of England, Scotland, and Ireland, 1639-1660 . Scarecrow Press. p. 481.
ISBN
978-0-8108-5100-9 .
^ Quella-Villéger, Alain (2012). René Caillié, l'Africain: une vie d'explorateur, 1799–1838 (in French). Anglet, France: Aubéron. p. 95.
ISBN
978-2-84498-137-0 .
^
"United States v. Sickles" (PDF) . Law Resource . April 20, 1859. Retrieved February 18, 2024 .
^ Srankowski, J. E. (2009).
"Temporary Insanity" . Wiley Encyclopedia of Forensic Science .
doi :
10.1002/9780470061589.fsa272 .
ISBN
978-0470018262 .
^ Pryor, Elizabeth Brown (Winter 2008).
"Robert E. Lee's 'Severest Struggle' " . American Heritage . Retrieved April 20, 2019 .
^ Daniel, Clifton (1989). Chronicle of America . Chronicle publication. p. 364.
ISBN
0-13-133745-9 .
^ McCallum, Jack (2008).
Military Medicine: From Ancient Times to the 21st Century . Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 306.
ISBN
978-1-85109-693-0 .
^ Cunneen, Chris (2001).
The best ever Australian Sports Writing . Australia: Black Inc. p. 321.
ISBN
1-86395-266-7 . Retrieved 19 February 2011 .
^ Rees, Jonathan (2013). "Ludlow Massacre". In Dubofsky, Melvyn (ed.).
The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Business, Labor, and Economic History. Volume 1: Abra to Mutu . Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 483–484.
ISBN
978-0-19-999304-8 .
^ Anthony F Heath; Sin Yi Cheung; Shawna N. Smith (25 October 2007).
Unequal Chances: Ethnic Minorities in Western Labour Markets . OUP/British Academy. p. 512.
ISBN
978-0-19-726386-0 .
^ Ranter, Harro.
"ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 707-344C ZS-EUW Windhoek-Strijdom International Airport (WDH)" . aviation-safety.net .
Aviation Safety Network . Retrieved 2022-04-19 .
^ Ranter, Harro.
"ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 727-230 HC-BSU Bogotá-Eldorado Airport (BOG)" . aviation-safety.net . Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 2019-04-17 .
^ Toppo, Greg (April 13, 2009).
"10 years later, the real story behind Columbine" .
USA Today .
Archived from the original on August 6, 2023. Retrieved August 6, 2023 .
^
"Gunman kills hostage, self at NASA center" .
NBC News . April 20, 2007.
Archived from the original on August 6, 2023. Retrieved August 6, 2023 .
^
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