From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Calendar year
Wikimedia Commons has media related to
1868 .
1868 (
MDCCCLXVIII ) was a
leap year starting on Wednesday of the
Gregorian calendar and a
leap year starting on Monday of the
Julian calendar , the 1868th year of the
Common Era (CE) and
Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 868th year of the
2nd millennium , the 68th year of the
19th century , and the 9th year of the
1860s decade. As of the start of 1868, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
Calendar year
Events
January–March
January 3 :
Emperor Meiji .
January 2 –
British Expedition to Abyssinia :
Robert Napier leads an expedition to free captive British officials and missionaries.
[1]
January 3 – The 15-year-old Mutsuhito,
Emperor Meiji of Japan, declares the
Meiji Restoration , his own restoration to full power, under the influence of supporters from the
Chōshū and
Satsuma Domains , and against the supporters of the
Tokugawa shogunate , triggering the
Boshin War .
[2]
[3]
January 5 –
Paraguayan War : Brazilian Army commander
Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias enters
Asunción ,
Paraguay 's capital. Some days later he declares the war is over. Nevertheless,
Francisco Solano López , Paraguay's president, prepares guerrillas to fight in the countryside.
January 7 – The
Arkansas constitutional convention meets in
Little Rock .
January 9 –
Penal transportation from
Britain to
Australia ends, with arrival of the
convict ship
Hougoumont in Western Australia, after an 89-day voyage from England. There are 62
Fenians among the transportees.
January 10 –
Shōgun
Tokugawa Yoshinobu declares the emperor's declaration "illegal", and prepares to attack
Kyoto .
January 27 –
31 –
Battle of Toba–Fushimi : forces of the
Tokugawa shogunate and the allied pro-Imperial forces of the Chōshū, Satsuma and
Tosa Domains clash near
Fushimi, Kyoto , ending in a decisive victory for the Imperial forces (although in the
January 28 naval
Battle of Awa , the Shogunate is victorious against Satsuma).
February – Foreign ministers meeting in
Hyōgo are persuaded to recognise the restored
Emperor Meiji of Japan, with promises that harbours will be open in accordance with international treaties.
[4]
February 13 – The British
War Office sanctions the formation of what becomes the
Army Post Office Corps .
February 16 – In New York City the Jolly Corks organization is renamed the
Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks (BPOE).
February 19 – In the
Passage of Humaitá , a Brazilian naval force succeeds in dashing past a Paraguayan fortress on the
River Paraguay , considered by some the turning point in the
Paraguayan War .
February 24
March – French
geologist
Louis Lartet discovers the first identified skeletons of
Cro-Magnon , the first
early modern humans (early Homo sapiens sapiens ), at Abri de Crô-Magnon, a rock shelter at
Les Eyzies ,
Dordogne , France.
March 12
March 23 – The
University of California is founded in
Oakland, California , when the Organic Act is signed into
California law.
March 24 – The
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company is formed, in
New York City .
March 27 – The
Lake Ontario Shore Railroad Company is organized in
Oswego, New York .
March – The first transnational women's organization,
Association internationale des femmes , is founded.
April–June
April 1 – The
Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute is established in
Hampton, Virginia .
April 7 – The
Charter Oath , drawn up by his councilors, is promulgated at the enthronement of the
Emperor Meiji of Japan, promising deliberative assemblies and an end to
feudalism .
[5]
April 9 – Emperor
Tewodros II of Ethiopia massacres at least 197 of his own people at
Magdala . These are prisoners incarcerated, for the most part, for very trivial offenses, and are killed for requesting bread and water.
April 9 –
13 –
Battle of Magdala : A British-Indian task force under
Robert Napier inflicts 700 deaths and a crushing defeat on the army of Emperor
Tewodros II ; the British and Indians suffer 30 wounded, two of whom subsequently die. Tewodros commits suicide and Magdala is captured, ending the
British Expedition to Abyssinia .
April 11 –July –
Fall of Edo : The Japanese city surrenders to
Emperor Meiji .
Shōgun
Tokugawa Yoshinobu submits to the Emperor.
April 29 – General
William Tecumseh Sherman brokers the
Treaty of Fort Laramie , between the
federal government of the United States and the
Plains Indians .
May 10 –
14 –
Boshin War –
Battle of Utsunomiya Castle , Japan: Forces of the
Emperor Meiji resist the retreating troops of the
Tokugawa shogunate .
May 16 ,
May 26 –
President
Andrew Johnson is twice acquitted during
his impeachment trial , by one vote in the
United States Senate .
May 26 –
Fenian bomber
Michael Barrett becomes the last person publicly
hanged in the United Kingdom.
May 29 – The
Parliament of the United Kingdom passes the
Capital Punishment Amendment Act , thus ending public hanging.
May 30 –
Memorial Day is observed in the United States for the first time (it was proclaimed on
May 5 by General
John A. Logan ).
May 31
June –
Tītokowaru's War breaks out in the
South Taranaki District of New Zealand's
North Island between the Ngāti Ruanui
Māori tribe and the New Zealand Government.
June 1 – The
Treaty of Bosque Redondo is signed, allowing the Navajo to return to their lands in Arizona and New Mexico.
June 2 – The first
Trades Union Congress is held in
Manchester , England.
June 10 –
Mihailo Obrenović ,
Prince of Serbia , is assassinated in
Košutnjak ,
Belgrade .
June 20 – Fort Fred Steele is established to protect what is at this time the western terminus of the
Union Pacific Railway , near modern-day
Sinclair, Wyoming .
July–September
July 25 :
Wyoming Territory .
July 1 – The cable-operated
West Side and Yonkers Patent Railway in
Manhattan becomes the first
elevated railway in the United States.
July 4 –
Battle of Ueno : Imperial Japanese troops defeat the
Shōgitai (elite forces remaining loyal to the
shōgun ).
July 5 – Preacher
William Booth establishes the Christian Mission, predecessor of
The Salvation Army , in the
East End of London .
July 9 – The
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified.
July 18 – The
Navajo people begin their long march home.
July 25
July 27 – The United States
Expatriation Act ("An Act concerning the Rights of American Citizens in foreign States") is adopted.
[6]
July 28 – The
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution is adopted, including the
Citizenship Clause and the
Equal Protection Clause , legally, if not actually, guaranteeing
African Americans full citizenship and equal protection, and all persons in the United States
due process of law.
August 13 – The 8.5–9.0
Arica earthquake strikes southern
Peru , with a maximum
Mercalli intensity of XI (Extreme ), causing 25,000+ deaths and a destructive basin-wide
tsunami , that affects Hawaii and New Zealand.
August 18 – The element later named as
helium is first detected in the
spectrum of the Sun's
chromosphere , by
French
astronomer
Jules Janssen , during a total
eclipse in
Guntur ,
British India , but is assumed to be
sodium .
[7]
August 20 –
Abergele rail disaster in Wales: An Irish Mail passenger train collides with 4 cargo trucks loaded with paraffin oil (more akin to modern
kerosine ); 33 are killed (the first major train disaster in Britain).
August 22 – The
Yangzhou riot in China targets a station of the
China Inland Mission , and nearly leads to war between Britain and China.
September –
Glorious Revolution : Queen
Isabella II of Spain is effectively deposed and sent into exile; she formally
abdicates on
June 25 ,
1870 .
September 3 –
Emperor Meiji of Japan announces that the name of the city of
Edo is to be changed to Tokyo.
September 7 –
Tītokowaru's War :
Māori leader
Tītokowaru defeats a New Zealand military force at Te Ngutu o Te Manu, North Island.
September 18 – The
University of the South holds its first convocation in
Sewanee, Tennessee .
September 23 –
Grito de Lares : Rebels (some 400–600 led by
Ramón Emeterio Betances ) in the town of
Lares declare
Puerto Rico independent; the local militia easily defeats them a week later.
September 24 –
Croatian–Hungarian Settlement (
Croatian : Hrvatsko-ugarska nagodba ,
Hungarian : Horvát–magyar kiegyezés ,
German : Kroatisch-Ungarischer Ausgleich ) is concluded, governing Croatia's political status in the Hungarian-ruled part of
Austria-Hungary until
1918 .
[8]
September 28 – The
Opelousas massacre , one of the bloodiest massacres of the Reconstruction era in the United States.
October–December
November 27 :
Battle of Washita River .
Date unknown
Births
January–March
Felix Hoffmann
Countess Markiewicz
January 1 –
Snitz Edwards , Hungarian-born actor (d.
1937 )
January 6 –
Vittorio Monti , Italian composer (d.
1922 )
[14]
January 9 –
S. P. L. Sørensen , Danish chemist (d.
1939 )
January 11 –
Cai Yuanpei , Chinese educator (d.
1940 )
January 15 –
Otto von Lossow , Bavarian and German general (d.
1938 )
January 18 –
Kantarō Suzuki , 29th Prime Minister of Japan (d.
1948 )
January 21 –
Felix Hoffmann , German chemist (d.
1946 )
January 31 –
Theodore William Richards , American chemist,
Nobel Prize laureate (d.
1928 )
February 4 –
Constance Markievicz , Irish politician (d.
1927 )
[15]
February 5 –
Maxine Elliott , American actress (d.
1940 )
February 12 –
William Faversham , English actor (d.
1940 )
February 16 –
Edward S. Curtis , American photographer, ethnologist, and film director (d.
1952 )
February 23 –
W. E. B. Du Bois , African American civil rights leader (d.
1963 )
[16]
February 25
February 26 –
Venceslau Brás , Brazilian president (d.
1966 )
March 1 –
Adolf von Trotha , German admiral (d.
1940 )
March 14 –
Emily Murphy , Canadian woman's rights activist (d.
1933 )
March 22 –
Robert Andrews Millikan , American physicist,
Nobel Prize laureate (d.
1953 )
[17]
March 25 –
Bill Lockwood , English cricketer (d.
1932 )
March 28 –
Maxim Gorky , Russian author (d.
1936 )
[18]
March 29 –
Joseph Cawthorn , American actor (d.
1949 )
April–June
Nicholas II of Russia
John L. Hines
Robert Falcon Scott
Karl Landsteiner
Miklós Horthy
April 1 –
Edmond Rostand , French poet and playwright (d.
1918 )
[19]
April 10 –
George Arliss , English actor (d.
1946 )
April 12 –
Akiyama Saneyuki , Japanese admiral (d.
1918 )
April 17 –
Zdeňka Wiedermannová-Motyčková , Moravian pioneer of female education (d.
1915 )
April 25
May 6
May 12 –
Al Shean , German-born actor (d.
1949 )
May 21 –
John L. Hines , American general,
Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army (d.
1968 )
May 29 –
Abdülmecid II , last Caliph of the Ottoman Empire (d.
1944 )
June 5 –
James Connolly , Irish-Scots socialist (d.
1916 )
June 6 –
Robert Falcon Scott , English Antarctic explorer (d.
1912 )
[22]
June 7
June 14
July–September
July 2 –
Traian Moșoiu , Romanian general and politician (d.
1932 )
July 4 –
Henrietta Swan Leavitt , American astronomer (d.
1921 )
[26]
July 12 –
Stefan George , German poet (d.
1933 )
July 14 –
Gertrude Bell , English archaeologist, writer, spy and administrator (d.
1926 )
[27]
July 15 –
Nobuyoshi Mutō , Japanese field marshal and ambassador (d.
1933 )
July 17 –
Mikhail Bakhirev , Russian admiral (d.
1920 )
July 19 –
Florence Foster Jenkins , American socialite and amateur operatic soprano (d.
1944 )
[28]
July 20 –
Patriarch Miron of Romania , 38th Prime Minister of Romania (d.
1939 )
July 24 – Princess
Srivilailaksana The Princess of Suphanburi daughter of King
Chulalongkorn of Siam and Chao Chom Manda Pae Bunnag (d.
1904 )
July 28 –
Theodor Wulf , German physicist and Jesuit (d.
1946 )
August 5 –
Oskar Merikanto , Finnish composer (d.
1924 )
August 6 –
Paul Claudel , French poet, dramatist and diplomat (d.
1955 )
[29]
August 7 –
Martin Wetzer , Finnish general (d.
1954 )
August 10 –
Hugo Eckener , German dirigible engineer, Commander of
Graf Zeppelin I (d.
1954 )
August 23 –
Edgar Lee Masters , American poet, biographer and dramatist (d.
1950 )
August 26 –
Charles Stewart ,
Premier of Alberta (d.
1946 )
September 1 –
Henri Bourassa , Canadian politician and publisher (d.
1952 )
September 6 –
Heinrich Häberlin , Swiss politician, member of the Federal Council (d.
1947 )
September 17 –
James Alexander Calder , Canadian politician (d.
1956 )
September 22 –
John T. Raulston , American state judge (Scopes Monkey Trial) (d.
1956 )
October–December
Mary Brewster Hazelton
Arturo Alessandri
Fritz Haber
October 4 –
Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear , President of Argentina (d.
1942 )
October 15 –
J. B. Johnson , American attorney and politician (d.
1940 )
October 21 –
Ernest Swinton , British Army general (d.
1951 )
October 24 –
Alexandra David-Néel , French explorer (d.
1969 )
October 30 –
António Cabreira , Portuguese polygraph (d.
1953 )
[30]
November 7 –
Delfim Moreira , Brazilian president (d.
1920 )
November 8 –
Felix Hausdorff , German mathematician (d.
1942 )
November 9 –
Marie Dressler , Canadian actress (d.
1934 )
November 17 –
Korbinian Brodmann , German neurologist (d.
1918 )
November 23 –
Mary Brewster Hazelton , American portrait painter (d.
1953 )
December 5 –
Arnold Sommerfeld , German theoretical physicist (d.
1951 )
[31]
December 9 –
Fritz Haber , German chemist,
Nobel Prize laureate (d.
1934 )
[32]
December 19 –
Eleanor H. Porter , American novelist (d.
1920 )
[33]
December 20 –
Arturo Alessandri , Chilean statesman, 3-Time
President of Chile (d.
1950 )
December 21 –
George W. Fuller , American sanitation engineer (d.
1934 )
December 22 –
Jaan Tõnisson , 2nd Prime Minister of Estonia (d.
1941 ?)
December 25 –
Eugenie Besserer , American silent film actress (d.
1934 )
probable –
Scott Joplin , African American ragtime composer and pianist (d.
1917 )
[34]
Deaths
January–June
January 20 –
Damien Marchesseault , 7th
Mayor of Los Angeles (suicide) (b.
1818 )
January 23 –
János Erdélyi , Hungarian poet and ethnographer (b.
1814 )
January 28 –
Adalbert Stifter , Austrian writer (b.
1805 )
February 8 –
Lai Wenguang , Chinese leader of the
Taiping Rebellion and
Nien Rebellion (b.
1827 )
February 10 –
Sir David Brewster , Scottish physicist (b.
1781 )
[35]
February 11 –
Léon Foucault , French physicist (b.
1819 )
[36]
February 19 –
Venancio Flores , Uruguayan general and president of
Uruguay (b.
1808 )
February 29 – King
Ludwig I of Bavaria (b.
1786 )
[37]
March 4 –
Jesse Chisholm , American pioneer (b.
1805 )
March 19 –
Philipp von Stadion und Thannhausen , Austrian field marshal (b.
1799 )
March 28 –
James Brudenell, 7th Earl of Cardigan , British military leader (b.
1797 )
April 3 –
Franz Berwald , Swedish composer (b.
1796 )
[38]
April 7 –
Thomas D'Arcy McGee , Canadian father of confederation (assassinated) (b.
1825 )
April 12 –
James Gascoyne-Cecil, 2nd Marquess of Salisbury , British politician and peer (b.
1791 )
April 13 – Emperor Theodore or
Tewodros II of
Ethiopia by suicide (b.
1818 )
April 21 –
Henry O'Farrell , Irish-Australian criminal (executed) (b.
1833 )
May 7 –
Henry Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux ,
Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain (b.
1778 )
May 10 –
Henry Bennett , American politician (b.
1808 )
John Crawfurd
May 11 –
John Crawfurd , Scottish physician, colonial administrator, diplomat and author, last British Resident of Singapore (b.
1783 )
May 17 –
Isami Kondo , Commander of the
Shinsengumi (b.
1834 )
May 22 –
Julius Plücker , German mathematician and physicist (b.
1801 )
May 23 –
Kit Carson , American trapper, scout, and Indian agent (b.
1809 )
[39]
June 1 –
James Buchanan , 15th
President of the United States (b.
1791 )
[40]
June 10 –
Princess Anka Obrenović , Serbian princess (b.
1821 )
June 22 –
Heber C. Kimball ,
Latter Day Saint leader (b.
1801 )
June 29 –
Sir John Lillie , British army officer, entrepreneur and inventor (b.
1790 )
July–December
Gioachino Rossini
Adah Isaacs Menken
Mongkut
July 6 –
Harada Sanosuke ,
Shinsengumi Captain (b.
1840 )
July 19 –
Okita Sōji ,
Shinsengumi Captain (b.
1842 or
1844 )
July 21 –
William Bland , Australian politician (b.
1789 )
July 26 –
Robert Rolfe, 1st Baron Cranworth , English
Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain (b.
1791 )
July 29 –
John Elliotson , English physician (b.
1791 )
August 3 –
Edward Welch , Welsh architect (b.
1806 )
August 10 –
Adah Isaacs Menken , American actress (b.
1835 )
August 11 –
Thaddeus Stevens , American politician (b.
1792 )
August 25 –
Charlotte Birch-Pfeiffer , German actress, writer and theater director (b.
1799 )
August 29 –
Christian Friedrich Schönbein , German chemist (b.
1799 )
September 1 –
Ferenc Gyulay , Hungarian nobleman, general and governor (b.
1799 )
September 9 –
Mzilikazi , first king of
Mthwakazi (b. c.1790)
September 11 –
Maria James , Welsh-born American poet (b.
1793 )
September 19 –
William Sprague , American minister and politician from Michigan (b.
1809 )
September 26 –
August Ferdinand Möbius , German mathematician and astronomer (b.
1790 )
[41]
October 1 –
Mongkut (Rama IV),
King of Siam (
Thailand ) (b.
1804 )
October 9 –
Howell Cobb , American politician (b.
1815 )
October 17 –
Laura Secord , Canadian patriot (b.
1775 )
October 27 –
Charles Longley ,
Archbishop of Canterbury (b.
1794 )
November 13 –
Gioachino Rossini , Italian composer (b.
1792 )
[42]
November 15 –
James Mayer de Rothschild , German-born banker (b.
1792 )
November 27 – Chief
Black Kettle , Southern Cheyenne Peace Chief, Survivor of
Sand Creek massacre (b.
1803 )
December 6 –
August Schleicher , German linguist (b.
1821 )
December 23 –
Sir Herbert Edwardes , British army general and colonial administrator (b.
1819 )
December 25 –
Linus Yale, Jr. , American inventor (b.
1821 )
[43]
December 31 –
Cyrus Kingsbury , American missionary and Choctaw linguist (b.1786)
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