March 9 –
Battle of Klokotnitsa: Byzantine forces under
Theodore Komnenos (Doukas) invade
Bulgaria, breaking the peace treaty with Tsar
Ivan Asen II. Theodore gathers a large army, including western mercenaries. The two armies meet near the village of
Klokotnitsa. Ivan applies clever tactics and manages to surround the Byzantines. They are completely defeated, only a small force under Theodore's brother
Manuel Doukas manages to escape the battlefield. Theodore is taken prisoner and is blinded. In the aftermath, Ivan quickly extends its control over most of Theodore's domains in
Thrace,
Macedonia and
Albania. The Latin
Duchy of Philippopolis and the independent principality of
Alexius Slav are also captured and annexed into Bulgaria.[1]
Europe
King
Alfonso IX defeats Ibn Hud al-Yamani (known as Almogàver by the Christians). This success opens the road to
Badajoz to the Leonese troops.[2] The Portuguese king
Sancho II continues his offensive southward and takes
Beja,
Juromenha,
Serpa and
Moura.[3]
Frederick II bestows on the
Teutonic Order a special privilege for the conquest of
Prussia, including
Chełmno Land, with papal sovereignty. He allows the Teutonic Knights to forcibly convert the
Prussians to
Christianity.
September 24 – Alfonso IX dies after a 42-year reign and is succeeded by his son
Ferdinand III. He receives the
Kingdom of León, in return for compensation in cash and lands for his half-sisters
Sancha and
Dulce.
Siege of Galway: Norman forces under
Richard Mór de Burgh invade
Connacht and desolate a large portion of the country. He besieges
Galway, but is forced to retreat after a week-long inconclusive battle.
England
April 30 – King
Henry III embarks from
Portsmouth with a large expeditionary force. On
May 2, he arrives at
Guernsey, and the next day the English army lands at
Saint-Malo, where
Peter I (or de Dreux), duke of
Brittany, meets Henry to pay him homage. During the months, the English forces march through the
County of Anjou, taking the castle of
Mirebeau in late July.[5]
October 27 – Henry III signs a truce with King
Louis IX (the Saint) and returns to Portsmouth. He leaves a small force under Peter I and
Ranulf de Blondeville, to act against the French in Brittany and
Normandy.
^Picard, Christophe (2000). Le Portugal musulman (VIIIe-XIIIe siècle. L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique. Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose. p. 110.
ISBN2-7068-1398-9.
^Hywel Williams (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History, p. 138.
ISBN0-304-35730-8.
^Carpenter, David (2004). The Struggle for Mastery: The Penguin History of Britain 1066–1284, p. 130. London, UK: Penguin.
ISBN978-0-14-014824-4.
^Carmina Burana. Die Lieder der Benediktbeurer Handschrift. Zweisprachige Ausgabe, hg. u. übers. v. Carl Fischer und Hugo Kuhn, dtv, München 1991; wenn man dagegen z. B. CB 211 und 211a jeweils als zwei Lieder zählt, kommt man auf insgesamt 315 Texte in der Sammlung, so auch Dieter Schaller, Carmina Burana, in:
Lexikon des Mittelalters, Bd. 2, Artemis Verlag, München und Zürich 1983, Sp. 1513