From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Calendar year
Wikimedia Commons has media related to
1871 .
January 18 :
Proclamation of the German Empire
March 18 :
Paris Commune formed
October 8 –
10 :
Great Chicago Fire
1871 (
MDCCCLXXI ) was a
common year starting on Sunday of the
Gregorian calendar and a
common year starting on Friday of the
Julian calendar , the 1871st year of the
Common Era (CE) and
Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 871st year of the
2nd millennium , the 71st year of the
19th century , and the 2nd year of the
1870s decade. As of the start of 1871, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
Calendar year
Events
January–March
January 3 –
Franco-Prussian War :
Battle of Bapaume – Prussians win a strategic victory.
January 18 –
Proclamation of the German Empire : The member states of the
North German Confederation and the south German states, aside from Austria, unite into a single
nation state , known as the
German Empire . The
King of Prussia is declared the first
German Emperor as
Wilhelm I of Germany , in the
Hall of Mirrors at the
Palace of Versailles .
Constitution of the German Confederation comes into effect. It abolishes all restrictions on Jewish marriage, choice of occupation, place of residence, and property ownership, but exclusion from government employment and discrimination in social relations remain in effect.
January 21 –
Giuseppe Garibaldi 's group of French and Italian volunteer troops, in support of the
French Third Republic , win a battle against the Prussians in the
Battle of Dijon .
February 8 –
1871 French legislative election elects the first legislature of the
French Third Republic ; monarchists (
Legitimists and
Orleanists ) favourable to peace with the
German Empire gain a large majority. The
National Assembly meets in
Bordeaux .
February 9 – The United States Commission on Fish and Fisheries is founded.
February 21 – The
District of Columbia Organic Act of 1871 is signed into law by U.S. President
Ulysses S. Grant .
February 24 – The
Danish Women's Society is founded to promote women's rights in Denmark; on December 15 it adopts the style Dansk Kvindesamfund .
[1]
March 3 – The first American civil service reform legislation is signed into law by U.S. President
Ulysses S. Grant , creating the
United States Civil Service Commission .
[2]
March 7 –
José Paranhos, Viscount of Rio Branco , becomes Prime Minister of the
Empire of Brazil , serving for four years.
March 16 –
Mokrani Revolt breaks out in
French Algeria against colonial rule.
March 18 – Origin of the
Paris Commune : Troops of the regular
French Army , sent by
Adolphe Thiers , Chef du pouvoir executive de la République française , to seize cannons stored on the hill of
Montmartre , fraternise with civilians and the
National Guard , and two army generals are killed. Regular troops are evacuated to
Versailles .
March 21
March 22
March 26 – The
Paris Commune is formally established in France.
March 27 – The first
Rugby Union International results in a 1–0 win, by Scotland over England.
March 29
April–June
April – The
Stockholms Handelsbank is founded.
April 4 – The New Jersey Detective Agency is chartered, and the
New Jersey State Detectives are initiated.
April 10 – In
Brooklyn, New York ,
P. T. Barnum opens his three-ring
circus , hailing it as "The Greatest Show on Earth ".
April 20 – U.S. President
Ulysses S. Grant signs the
Civil Rights Act of 1871 .
April 24 –
Murder of Jane Clouson , a servant girl, in
Eltham , England; her probable murderer is acquitted.
May 4 – The first supposedly
Major League Baseball game is played in America.
May 8 – The first Major League Baseball home run is hit by
Ezra Sutton , of the
Cleveland Forest Citys .
May 10 – The
Treaty of Frankfurt is signed, confirming the frontiers between Germany and France. The provinces of
Alsace and
Lorraine are transferred from France to Germany.
May 11 – The first trial in the
Tichborne case begins, in the London
Court of Common Pleas .
May 21
May 27 – French government troops massacre 147
Communards from Belleville, at
Père-Lachaise Cemetery in Paris.
May 28 –
Paris Commune falls to French government forces.
June 1 –
Bombardment of the Selee River Forts : Koreans attack two United States Navy warships.
June 10 –
United States expedition to Korea : Captain McLane Tilton leads 109 members of the
United States Marine Corps in a punitive naval attack on the
Han River forts on
Ganghwa Island in Korea, resulting in 250 Koreans dying and diplomatic failure to "open up" Korea.
June 18 – The
Universities Tests Act 1871 removes restrictions which have previously limited access to
Oxford ,
Cambridge and
Durham universities to members of the
Church of England .
June 27 – The
Meiji government officially adopts the
yen as Japan's modern unit of currency. Coins which have been made in advance with the date 1870 are released into circulation.
June 29 –
Trade unions are legalized in the United Kingdom by the
Trade Union Act 1871 .
July–September
July 13 – The first cat show is held at the
Crystal Palace of
London .
July 20
July 21 –
August 26 – The first ever photographs of
Yellowstone National Park region are taken by photographer
William Henry Jackson , during the
Hayden Geological Survey of 1871 .
July 22 – The foundation stone of the first
Tay Bridge is laid;
[3] the bridge collapses as a train crosses in a storm eight years later.
July 28 – The Annie becomes the first boat ever launched on
Yellowstone Lake , in the Yellowstone National Park region.
August 7 – Banco de Concepcion, predecessor of
Itaú Unibanco , a major
financial services provider in
South America , is founded in
Chile .[
citation needed ]
August 9 – One of the few known
major hurricanes to strike
Hawaii causes significant damage on the islands of
Hawaii and
Maui .
[4]
August 29 – The
abolition of the han system is carried out in Japan.
August 31 –
Adolphe Thiers becomes President of the French Republic.
September 2 –
Whaling disaster of 1871 : The Comet , a
brig used by whalers, becomes the first of 33 ships to be crushed in the Arctic ice by an early freeze.
[5] Remarkably, all 1,219 people on the abandoned ships are rescued without a single loss of life.
[6]
September 3 – New York City residents, tired of the corruption of the
Tammany Hall political machine and "Boss"
William M. Tweed , its "Grand Sachem", meet to form the '
Committee of Seventy ' to reform local politics.
[7]
September 25 –
West Chester University (
Pennsylvania ) is charted as West Chester Normal School
[8]
October–December
October 5
The Società degli Spettroscopisti Italiani (laterSocietà Astronomica Italiana ) is established in
Rome , the first scientific organisation in the world dedicated to
astrophysics .
John O'Neill (Fenian) is arrested by US authuroties ending the
Fenian raids .
October 8
October 11 –
Heinrich Schliemann begins the
excavation of
Troy .
[9]
October 12 – The
Criminal Tribes Act is enacted by the
British Raj in India, naming over 160 communities as "
Denotified Tribes ", allegedly habitually criminal (it will be repealed in
1949 , after Indian independence).
October 20 – The
Royal Regiment of Artillery forms the first regular Canadian army units, when they create two
batteries of
garrison artillery, which later become the
Royal Canadian Artillery .
October 24 –
Chinese massacre of 1871 . In
Los Angeles '
Chinatown , 19
Chinese
immigrants are killed by a mob of 500 men.
October 26 – Liberian President
Edward James Roye is deposed in
a coup d'état .
[10]
October 27
c. November – The
South Improvement Company is formed in Pennsylvania by
John D. Rockefeller and a group of major United States railroad interests, in an early effort to organize and control the American petroleum industry.
November 5 –
Wickenburg Massacre : Six men travelling by stagecoach, in the
Arizona Territory , are reportedly murdered by
Yavapai people .
November 7 – The London–Australia
telegraph cable is brought ashore at
Darwin .
[11]
November 10 –
Henry Morton Stanley , Welsh-born correspondent for the
New York Herald , locates missing Scottish explorer and missionary Dr.
David Livingstone in
Ujiji , near
Lake Tanganyika , and greets him by saying, "Dr. Livingstone, I presume?" (according to his later account).
[12]
November 17
December 10 – German chancellor
Otto von Bismarck tries to ban
Catholics from the political stage by introducing harsh laws concerning the
separation of church and state .
December 15 – The
Deseret Telegraph Company office in
Pipe Spring begins service with a message keyed by
Ella Stewart .
[13] It is the first telegraph sent from
Arizona Territory .
[14]
December 19 – The city of
Birmingham, Alabama , is incorporated with the merger of three existing towns.
December 24 – The opera
Aida opens in Cairo, Egypt.
December 25 –
Reading F.C. is formed as an
Association football club in England.
December 26 –
Thespis , the first of the
Gilbert and Sullivan operas, premières in London. It does modestly well, but the two composers will not collaborate again for four years.
Date unknown
Births
January–February
James Weldon Johnson
Friedrich Ebert
Birdie Blye
Heinrich Mann
Christian Morgenstern
Ernst Stromer von Reichenbach
January 1 –
Manuel Gondra , Paraguayan author and journalist, 21st
President of Paraguay (d.
1927 )
[16]
January 7 –
Émile Borel , French mathematician, politician (d.
1956 )
January 17 –
David Beatty, 1st Earl Beatty , British admiral (d.
1936 )
[17]
January 30 –
Wilfred Lucas , Canadian-born actor (d.
1940 )
February 4 –
Friedrich Ebert ,
President of Germany (d.
1925 )
February 9 –
Howard Taylor Ricketts , American pathologist (d.
1910 )
February 18 –
Harry Brearley , English inventor (d.
1948 )
February 25 –
Lesya Ukrainka , born Larysa Petrivna Kosach, Ukrainian writer; political, civil and feminist activist (d.
1913 )
February 26 –
Matti Turkia , Finnish politician (d.
1946 )
[18]
February 27 –
Otto Praeger , American postal official, implemented U.S. Airmail (d.
1948 )
February 28 –
Manuel Díaz Rodríguez , Venezuelan writer and politician (d.
1927 )
[19]
March–April
March 1 –
Ben Harney , American composer and pianist (d.
1938 )
March 4 –
Boris Galerkin , Russian mathematician (d.
1945 )
March 5 –
Rosa Luxemburg , German politician (d.
1919 )
[20]
March 6 –
Afonso Costa , Portuguese lawyer, professor, politician and 3-time
Prime Minister of Portugal (d.
1937 )
March 12 –
Kitty Marion , German-born actress and women's rights activist in England and the United States (d.
1944 )
March 15 –
Constantin Argetoianu , 41st Prime Minister of Romania (d.
1955 )
March 17 –
Konstantinos Pallis , Greek general (d.
1941 )
March 19 –
Schofield Haigh , English cricketer (d.
1921 )
March 24 –
Birdie Blye , American pianist (d.
1935 )
March 27 –
Heinrich Mann , German writer (d.
1950 )
March 31 –
Arthur Griffith ,
President of Ireland (d.
1922 )
April 4 –
Luke McNamee , American admiral (d.
1952 )
April 8 –
Clarence Hudson White , American photographer (d.
1925 )
April 12 –
Ioannis Metaxas , Prime Minister of Greece (d.
1941 )
April 13 –
Jurgis Matulaitis-Matulevičius , Lithuanian author,
Roman Catholic archbishop and blessed (d.
1927 )
April 15 –
Jonathan Zenneck , German physicist, electrical engineer (d.
1959 )
May–June
May 2 –
Francis P. Duffy , Canadian-born American Catholic priest (d.
1932 )
May 6
May 7 –
Gyula Károlyi , 29th Prime Minister of Hungary (d.
1947 )
May 27 –
Georges Rouault , French painter, graphic artist (d.
1958 )
June 5 –
Nicolae Iorga , 34th Prime Minister of Romania (d.
1940 )
[21]
June 11 –
Walter Cowan , British admiral (d.
1956 )
June 12 –
Ernst Stromer , German paleontologist (d.
1952 )
June 14 –
Jacob Ellehammer , Danish inventor (d.
1946 )
June 17 –
James Weldon Johnson , American author, politician, diplomat, critic, journalist, poet, anthologist, educator, lawyer, songwriter and early civil rights activist (d.
1938 )
June 18 –
Edmund Breese , American actor (d.
1936 )
June 23 –
Jantina Tammes , Dutch plant biologist (d.
1947 )
June 26 –
Reginald R. Belknap , United States Navy rear admiral (d.
1959 )
July–August
Marcel Proust
Orville Wright
Ernest Rutherford
Pietro Badoglio
July 5 –
Claus Schilling , German medical researcher and war criminal (d.
1946 )
July 10 –
Marcel Proust , French writer (d.
1922 )
July 17 –
Lyonel Feininger , German painter (d.
1956 )
July 18 –
Sada Yacco , Japanese stage actress (d.
1946 )
July 25 –
Richard Ernest William Turner , Canadian soldier (d.
1961 )
August 1 –
John Lester , American
cricketer (d.
1969 )
August 3 –
Augusta Holtz , Polish-American supercentenarian, last surviving person born in 1871 (d.
1986 )
August 12 –
Gustavs Zemgals , 2nd President of Latvia (d.
1939 )
August 13 –
Karl Liebknecht , German politician (d.
1919 )
August 14 –
Guangxu Emperor of China (d.
1908 )
August 19
August 23 –
Sofia Panina , Russian politician (d.
1956 )
August 25 –
Nils Edén , 15th Prime Minister of Sweden (d.
1945 )
August 27 –
Theodore Dreiser , American writer (d.
1945 )
August 29 –
Albert François Lebrun , French politician (d.
1950 )
August 30 –
Ernest Rutherford , New Zealand physicist, recipient of the
Nobel Prize in Chemistry (d.
1937 )
September–October
September 1 –
J. Reuben Clark , Under Secretary of State for U.S. President
Calvin Coolidge (d.
1961 )
September 10
September 17 –
Eivind Astrup , Norwegian Arctic explorer (d.
1895 )
September 19 –
Frederick Ruple , Swiss-born American portrait painter (d.
1938 )
September 24 –
Lottie Dod , English athlete (d.
1960 )
September 26 –
Winsor McCay , American cartoonist, animator (d.
1934 )
September 27 –
Grazia Deledda , Italian writer,
Nobel Prize laureate (d.
1936 )
September 28 –
Pietro Badoglio , Italian field marshal, prime minister (d.
1956 )
October 2 –
Cordell Hull ,
United States Secretary of State , recipient of the
Nobel Peace Prize (d.
1955 )
October 19 –
Walter Bradford Cannon , American physiologist (d.
1945 )
October 11 –
Harriet Boyd Hawes , American archaeologist (d.
1945 )
October 17 –
Dénes Berinkey , 21st Prime Minister of Hungary (d.
1944 )
October 25 –
John Gough , British general, Victoria Cross recipient (d.
1915 )
October 30
November–December
Date unknown
Deaths
January–June
John Herschel
Samuel Harvey Taylor
January 8 –
José Trinidad Cabañas , Honduran general, president and national hero (b.
1805 )
January 13 –
Kawakami Gensai , Japanese swordsman of the
Bakumatsu period (b.
1834 )
January 15 –
Edward C. Delavan ,
American temperance movement leader (b.
1793 )
January 19 –
Sir William Denison , Governor of New South Wales (b.
1804 )
January 25 –
Jeanne Villepreux-Power , French
marine biologist (b.
1794 )
January 29 –
Samuel Harvey Taylor , 6th
Principal of
Phillips Academy ,
Andover, Massachusetts (b.
1807 )
February 10 –
Étienne Constantin de Gerlache , 1st Prime Minister of Belgium (b.
1785 )
February 12 –
Alice Cary , American poet, sister of Phoebe Cary (b.
1820 )
February 20 –
Paul Kane , Irish-born painter (b.
1810 )
February 22 –
Sir Charles Shaw , British army officer and police commissioner (b.
1795 )
February 23 –
Amanda Cajander , Finnish medical reformer (b.
1827 )
[24]
March –
Emma Fürstenhoff , Swedish florist (b.
1802 )
March 18 –
Augustus De Morgan , English professor of mathematics, mathematician (b.
1806 )
April 7
April 30 –
Jane Clouson , teenaged British murder victim (b.
1854 )
May 11 –
John Herschel , English astronomer (b.
1792 )
May 12 –
Elzéar-Henri Juchereau Duchesnay , Canadian politician (b.
1809 )
May 18 –
Constance Trotti , Belgian salonnière, culture patron (b.
1800 )
May 21 –
Antonija Höffern , Slovene noblewoman and educator (b.
1803 )
[25]
May 23 –
Jarosław Dąbrowski , Polish general (b.
1836 )
June 9 –
Anna Atkins , British botanist (b.
1799 )
July–December
Cristina Trivulzio Belgiojoso
July 5 –
Cristina Trivulzio Belgiojoso , Italian noble, patriot, writer and journalist (b.
1808 )
July 6 –
Castro Alves , Brazilian poet and playwright (b.
1847 )
July 15 –
Tad Lincoln , youngest son of American President Abraham Lincoln (b.
1853 )
July 31 –
Phoebe Cary , American poet, sister to Alice Cary (b.
1824 )
August 9 –
John Paterson , politician in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly (b.
1831 )
September 16 –
Jan Erazim Vocel , Czech poet, archaeologist, historian and cultural revivalist (b.
1803 )
September 20 –
John Patteson , Anglican bishop, missionary (martyred) (b.
1827 )
September 21 –
Charlotte Elliott , English hymnwriter (b.
1789 )
September 23 –
Louis-Joseph Papineau , Canadian politician (b.
1786 )
October 4 –
Sarel Cilliers ,
Voortrekker leader, preacher (b.
1801 )
October 7 –
Sir John Burgoyne , British field marshal (b.
1782 )
October 16 –
Martha Hooper Blackler Kalopothakes , American missionary, journalist, translator (b.
1830 )
October 18 –
Charles Babbage , English mathematician, inventor (b.
1791 )
October 29 –
Andrea Debono , Maltese trader and explorer (b.
1821 )
[26]
November 2 –
Athalia Schwartz , Danish writer, journalist and educator (b.
1821 )
November 22 –
Oscar James Dunn , Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana (b.
1825 )
December 21 –
Luise Aston , German author, feminist (b.
1814 )
December 28 –
John Henry Pratt , English clergyman, mathematician (b.
1809 )
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Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia...for 1871 (1873), comprehensive collection of facts
online edition