Late Summer – John II establishes a supply base for his further campaigns at Antalya. While waiting for reinforcements, his eldest son
Alexios and appointed heir, falls ill and dies. His other two sons,
Andronikos and
Isaac are tasked to escort the body, but during the voyage Andronikos also dies. John continues his campaign against the
Armenian kingdom of Cilicia – to re-conquer the fortresses that the
Danishmends have taken. He appears by forced marches at
Turbessel in mid-September.[32] Meanwhile, Isaac brings the corpses of his two brothers back to
Constantinople, where they are entombed in the
Pantokrator Monastery.
Sigurd II, a Norwegian pretender, is joined in his efforts to overthrow the 7-year-old King
Inge Haraldsson of Norway by Inge's older half-brother
Eystein II, who becomes co-ruler. He receives one third of the late
Harald's kingdom.
May – Conrad III makes a peace agreement with the 13-year-old
Henry the Lion at
Frankfurt. He is appointed as duke of
Saxony, which territories are deprived from his father, the late Duke
Henry the Proud.[33]
December – Stephen lays siege to
Oxford Castle, trapping Matilda and her supporters inside the city. Just before
Christmas she manages to escape across the snow and ice of the frozen
Thames River – dressed in white (to get past Stephen's pickets), and safely reaches
Abingdon. The next day Oxford Castle surrenders to Stephen, Matilda rides with an escort to
Wallingford Castle, where she seeks refuge.
Levant
Autumn –
Imad al-Din Zengi, Seljuk governor (atabeg) of
Mosul, continues his campaign against the
Kurds in southeastern Anatolia (since
1141). Byzantine forces under John II fail to take
Antioch.[35]
January 5 – Emperor
Sutoku abdicates the throne after a 19-year reign and becomes a monk. He is succeeded by his 3-year-old brother
Konoe, who accedes as the 76th
emperor of Japan.
January 28 – Despite having saved the southern
Song Dynasty from attempts by the northern
Jin Dynasty to conquer it, Chinese general
Yue Fei is executed by the Song government.
Autumn – Stephen arrests
Geoffrey de Mandeville, 1st
Earl of Essex, during a meeting of the Royal Court at
St. Albans. He is charged with treason against Stephen, but given his freedom back in return for surrendering his title and castles. Geoffrey becomes an outlaw and fortifies
Ramsey Abbey, where he sets up his headquarters to plunder the countryside of
Ely.
Africa
Norman raiders capture
Jijel (modern
Algeria).[41] A Norman raid on
Ceuta fails,[42] but at the same time the Normans lead a successful assault against
Sfax.[43]
Autumn –
Imad al-Din Zengi, Seljuk governor (atabeg) of
Mosul, attacks the
Artuqid forces led by
Kara Arslan – who has made an alliance with
Joscelin II, count of
Edessa. In support of the alliance Joscelin marches out of Edessa with a Crusader army down to the
Euphrates River, to cut off Zengi's communications with
Aleppo. Zengi is informed by Muslim observers at
Harran of Joscelin's movements. He sends a detachment to ambush the Crusaders and reaches Edessa with his main army in late November.[44]
December 24 –
Siege of Edessa: Seljuk forces led by Imad al-Din Zengi conquer the fortress city of Edessa after a four-week siege. Thousands of inhabitants are massacred – only the Muslims are spared. The women and children are sold into slavery.[45] Lacking the forces to take on Zengi, Joscelin II retires to his fortress at
Turbessel. There, he request reinforcements from the
Byzantines and Queen-Regent
Melisende of Jerusalem.
Summer –
Geoffrey V (the Fair) completes his conquest of
Normandy, which comes under
Angevin control. In exchange for being recognised as
Duke of Normandy by King
Louis VII of France, Geoffrey surrenders half of the county of
Vexin – a region vital to Norman security – to Louis.
The city of
Ljubljana (modern
Slovenia) is first mentioned in historical records.[46]
England
Autumn –
Geoffrey de Mandeville, 1st
Earl of Essex, is mortally wounded by a stray arrow received in a skirmish. Because he is an outlaw, his burial is denied at the monastery he has founded,
Walden Abbey. Geoffrey's body is eventually accepted by the
Knights Templar community for burial within the
Temple Church in
London.
Spring – Seljuk forces led by
Imad al-Din Zengi capture
Saruj, the second great Crusader fortress east of the
Euphrates. They advance to
Birejik and besiege the city, but the garrison puts up a stiff resistance. Meanwhile, Queen-Regent
Melisende of Jerusalem joins forces with
Joscelin II, count of
Edessa and approaches the city. Zengi raises the siege after hearing rumours of trouble in
Mosul. He rushes back with his army to take control. There, Zengi is praised throughout Islam as "defender of the faith" and al-Malik al-Mansur, the "victorious king".[49]
Raymond of Poitiers, prince of
Antioch, travels to
Constantinople to ask Emperor
Manuel I Komnenos for help to support his campaign against the Seljuks. When he arrives, Raymond is forced to accept the suzerainty of the
Byzantine Empire. Manuel treats him graciously, gives him gifts and promises him a money subsidy.[50]
February 15 – Pope
Lucius II dies at Rome after having been hit by a stone missile during the fighting against Senatorial forces led by Giordano Pierleoni. He is succeeded after an 11-month
pontificate by
Eugene III who becomes the 167th pope of the
Catholic Church. Eugene is forced into exile by Arnold of Brescia.
Władysław II (the Exiled), High Duke of
Poland, suffers a defeat against the coalition forces under his brother
Bolesław IV (the Curly). Władysław and his family escape across the border to
Bohemia and later seek refuge in
Germany. Bolesław captures
Silesia and the
Senioral territories, and becomes the new ruler of
Greater Poland.
The Republic of Genoa reaches a commercial agreement with
Ramon Berenguer IV, count of
Barcelona, granting privileges to merchants of both nations in the
Catalan and
Ligurian ports.[56]
Late spring – An expedition of Crusaders, Englishmen together with forces from
Flanders,
Frisia,
Scotland and some German polities, leaves from
Dartmouth in
England for the
Holy Land. Leadership is provided by
Hervey de Glanvill, a Norman nobleman and constable of
Suffolk, who leads a fleet of some 200 ships. Bad weather forces them to take refuge at the mouth of the
Douro River, on the Portuguese coast, on
June 16.
June – A French expeditionary force (some 18,000 men) led by King
Louis VII departs from
Metz and travels through
Bavaria. Louis is accompanied by the French nobility and his wife, Queen
Eleanor of Aquitaine, heiress of
France. At Regensburg, where the force arrives on
June 29, the Crusaders journey peaceably for fifteen days through Hungary and reach the Byzantine frontier at the end of August.[61]
September 7 – The German crusaders suffer a natural disaster near
Constantinople, when part of their encampment is swept away by a flash flood with considerable loss of life. Emperor
Manuel I Komnenos orders the Crusaders to cross to
Asia Minor by the
Hellespont. Conrad III ignores the advice of Manuel and after some minor clashes with the Byzantines, pushes towards Constantinople.[65]
September 10 – The German crusaders under Conrad III reach Constantinople, where there is a frosty exchange of letters between Conrad and Manuel I. The German forces make camp at
Galata on the northern shore of the
Golden Horn. Manuel orders that a full-scale effort must be made to transport the Germans, who are causing troubles by sacking the
Philopatium, across the
Bosporus.[66]
Autumn – Conrad III decides not to wait for the French and crosses the Bosporus into Asia Minor. He leads the German crusader army to
Nicomedia, and divides his forces into two divisions. Conrad takes the knights and his professional soldiers across Seljuk central territory while the
baggage train, pilgrims and a defending force under Bishop
Otto of Freising travel along the
Aegean coast.[67]
October 4–
5 – Louis VII arrives at Constantinople and joins with forces from
Savoy under
Amadeus III (his uncle) – who have taken the land route through
Italy. Louis crosses the Bosporus, and leads the French crusader army into Asia Minor – where he hears in
Nicaea of Conrad's defeat at the end of October. Louis sends a military escort for Conrad and agrees to rendezvous at
Lopardium.[68] The German crusaders under Otto of Freising follow the coastal road before turning inland, up the
Gediz River valley to
Philadelphia. Otto's force is ambushed by the Seljuk Turks, just outside
Laodicea, losing many men killed or taken prisoner. Otto and the survivors struggle on to
Adalia, from where they sail for the Holy Land. Others attempt to continue along the southern coast of
Anatolia.[67]
October 25 –
Battle of Dorylaeum: The German crusaders under Conrad III are defeated by the Seljuk Turks led by Sultan
Mesud I. Conrad is forced to turn back and is wounded by arrows during the retreat to Nicaea. In Seljuk territory the Crusaders are harassed all the way and demoralised by the intensified attacks. Many of the weakest people fall behind and are captured by the Muslims.[69]
November – The combined forces of Louis VII and Conrad III meet at Lopardium and march along the coastal road via
Pergamon and
Smyrna to
Ephesus, where they celebrate
Christmas. Conrad, still suffering from his wounds, sails back to Constantinople to be placed under the care of Manuel's own physicians. Meanwhile, the Crusader camp is attacked by Turkish raiders near Ephesus.[70]
December 24 –
Battle of Ephesus: The French crusaders under Louis VII leave Ephesus, and ascend the
Meander Valley. Louis is warned by messengers of Manuel that Seljuk and
Danishmendid forces are assembling west of Adalia. Louis ignores the advice and successfully fends off an ambush just outside Ephesus.[71]
Europe
April 13 – Pope
Eugene III issues a bull (known as the Divina dispensatione), permitting Conrad III to attack the
Polabian Slavs (or
Wends) under the spiritual guidance of Bishop
Anselm of Havelberg. The Crusaders are allowed to wear sacred crosses, and
Bernard of Clairvaux instructs the Germans how to treat the Slavs under their control. "With God's help", says the abbot, "they shall be either converted or slaughtered".[72]
A Sicilian fleet (some 70 ships) under
George of Antioch attacks
Corfu, the island surrenders and welcomes the Normans as their liberators. Leaving a garrison of 1,000 men, George sails to the
Peloponnesus. He pillages the cities of
Corinth,
Athens and
Thebes. King
Roger II begins an 11-year war between
Sicily and the
Byzantine Empire.
May–June –
Nur al-Din, Seljuk ruler (atabeg) of
Aleppo, signs a peace treaty with
Mu'in al-Din Unur. As part of the agreement, he marries Mu'in al-Din's daughter
Ismat al-Din Khatun. Together Mu'in al-Din and Nur al-Din besiege the fortresses of
Bosra and
Salkhad, which has been captured by rebellious Muslim forces.[75]
Battle of Bosra: A Crusader force under King
Baldwin III fights an inconclusive battle against Seljuk forces from
Damascus led by Mu'in al-Din aided by Nur al-Din's contingents from Aleppo and
Mosul. Baldwin retreats to
Jerusalem, while the Seljuk Turks attack his rearguard and stragglers underway back to
Palestine.[76]
Spring – Eugene III leaves
Viterbo and travels to France. At the start of April he meets Louis VII at
Dijon. It is agreed that Abbot
Suger, Louis' adviser, governs France while Louis is away.
January 8 –
Battle of Mount Cadmus: The French crusaders under Louis VII are defeated by the
Seljuk Turks. The vanguard led by
Geoffrey de Rancon ignores orders to pause and moves too far ahead, losing touch with the main army. The French are attacked by the Turks with the
baggage train (almost 10 km long) unprotected. Louis is able to escape the fray under cover of the darkness.[80]
March – The French crusaders are left in Adalia; lack of available shipping obliges Louis VII to divide his forces – the knights and best troops accompany him to
St. Symeon. Large numbers of pilgrims and non-combatants try to continue along the coastal road. Continually harassed by the Turks many French and Germans are killed. Less than half of them arrive in the late spring at
Antioch.[81]
March 7 – King
Conrad III recovers from his wounds and leaves
Constantinople with his household. He is well supplied with money by Emperor
Manuel I Komnenos and uses these funds to recruit pilgrims to augment the forces that remain to him. Conrad and his re-equipped Crusaders sail with a Byzantine fleet to
Palestine. The fleet is scattered by storms and lands in different ports.[82]
March 19 – Louis VII and his wife, Queen
Eleanor of Aquitaine, are welcomed at St. Symeon by Eleanor's uncle
Raymond of Poitiers and all his household. Raymond escorts the French crusaders to Antioch, where for the next days festivities are held. He urges Louis to accompany him on a expedition against
Aleppo but Louis refuses and prefers instead to finish his
pilgrimage to
Jerusalem.[83]
April – Southern French crusaders under
Alfonso Jordan of Toulouse arrive by sea at
Acre. Alfonso dies suddenly at
Caesarea, resulting in the accusation that he has been poisoned by
Raymond II, Count of Tripoli. Most of the Provençal forces turn back and return home. Meanwhile, an unknown proportion of northern European naval crusaders (from
England and
Germany) arrive at Acre.[84]
April–May – Louis VII and the French crusaders remain in Antioch, but there are rumours of an incestuous affair between Eleanor of Aquitaine and Raymond of Poitiers. Louis, alarmed for his honour, departs with his army to Jerusalem in late May. Meanwhile, Conrad III with his chief nobleman are welcomed by Queen
Melisende and her 18-year-old son, co-ruler
Baldwin III at Jerusalem.[85]
June –
Mu'in ad-Din Unur, Seljuk ruler (atabeg) of
Damascus, prepares for war and strengthens the fortifications of the city. He sends an urgent request for military assistance to the Zangid ruler
Sayf al-Din. Unur orders his troops to destroy the water sources in areas that the Crusaders must cross. Seljuk governors of frontier provinces station scouting parties along the road to Damascus.[86]
June 24 –
Council of Acre: Conrad III, Louis VII, Melisende and many other nobles join in a war council near Acre. They decide that Damascus rather than
Edessa will be the primary target of the
Second Crusade.[87]
July – The Crusaders under Baldwin III join forces with the Crusader armies of Louis VII and Conrad III (all together some 50,000 men) at
Tiberias. They march up the
Jordan Valley and cross into Zangid territory.[88]
July 24 – Zangid forces under Sayf al-Din arrive at
Homs. Mu'in al-Din Unur sends a letter of ultimatum to the Crusader leaders to lift the siege of Damascus. Meanwhile,
guerrilla attacks demoralise the Crusaders.[89]
July 28 –
Siege of Damascus: The Crusaders are forced to withdraw from their siege of Damascus after only four days. First Conrad III, then the rest of the Crusader army, decides to retreat to Jerusalem.[90]
September – The French crusaders raid the province of Damascus, in reprisal for the failure of their siege. Mu'in al-Din Unur takes his forces to the
Hawran to protect the harvest and its transport to Damascus.[91]
February 1 – A small Crusader fleet of Genoese and English ships sets sail from
Lisbon for the
Holy land.[93] The Anglo-Flemish Crusader fleet takes
Oran.[94]
Following the uprising of other cities in the region of
Meknes (modern
Morocco) under al-Massati, the population of
Ceuta rebels against the
Almohads.[99]
Spring – Emperor
Manuel I (Komnenos) recovers
Corfu with the help of the Venetians, who defeat the Sicilian fleet. During the three-month siege, Byzantine admiral
Stephen Kontostephanos is killed by a stone thrown by a catapult. Manuel prepares an offensive against the
Normans; King
Roger II sends a fleet (some 40 ships) under
George of Antioch, to pillage the suburbs of
Constantinople.[100]
Levant
Spring –
Nur al-Din, Seljuk ruler (atabeg) of
Aleppo, invades the
Principality of Antioch and defeats the Crusaders under
Raymond of Poitiers at
Baghras. He moves southward to besiege the fortress of
Inab, one of the few strongholds of the Crusaders east of the
Orontes River. Raymond with a small army (supported by the
Assassin allies under
Ali ibn Wafa) hurries to its rescue. Nur al-Din, misinformed of the strength of the Crusader forces, retreats. In fact the
Zangid forces (some 6,000 men) outnumber the Crusaders by over four to one. Against Ali's advice Raymond decides to reinforce the garrison of Inab.[101]
April – King
Louis VII and Queen
Eleanor of Aquitaine sail homeward in separate Sicilian ships. While the fleet rounds the
Peloponnese (southern
Greece) it is attacked by ships of the
Byzantine navy. Louis gives orders to raise the
French flag and is allowed to sail on. But the ships containing many of his followers and his possessions are captured and taken as a war-prize to Constantinople.[102]
June 29 –
Battle of Inab: The Zangid army under Nur al-Din defeats the combined army of Raymond of Poitiers and the Assassins of Ali ibn Wafa at Inab. After the battle, Nur al-Din invades Antiochene territory and captures the fortresses of
Artah and
Harim. He then turns west to appear before the walls of
Antioch itself and raids as far as
St. Symeon.[103]
July – King
Baldwin III receives an urgent request for help from Antioch to break the incomplete Zangid blockade of the city. Meanwhile, the Crusaders fail to retake Harim.[104] Nur al-Din strengthens his siege of Antioch, but it is too large to surround. A truce is agreed under which Harim and farther east territory remains under
Seljuk dominance.
The Italian 'naval republics' of
Genoa,
Pisa and
Venice finance their expanding
trade within and outside
Europe – trade which includes an arms industry for manufactures and merchants alike (approximate date).
Spring – King
Stephen besieges
Worcester, but is unable to capture the castle due to its strong defences. He expels
William de Beauchamp, lord of the city. Stephen builds two forts near the castle to assist in the attack.
May 22 – Henry of Anjou is knighted at Carlisle by King
David I. Henry acknowledges the Scottish king's right to
Northumberland.
By topic
Commerce
Genoa grants the benefits of a part of the city's fiscal revenues to a consortium of creditors called compera, the first example of the consolidation of public debt in medieval Europe.[106]
Religion
April 8 –
Pope Eugene III takes refuge in the castle of
Tusculum where he meets Louis VII and Eleanor of Aquitaine. He attempts to reunite the couple by insisting to restore the love between them.[107]
^David Nicolle (2009). Osprey: Campaign 204. The Second Crusade 1148: Disaster outside Damascus, p. 15.
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ISBN9780521030236. For example, in four poems written in 1141 as the anxious pilgrim awaited favorable gusts to take him by ship from Alexandria to the coast of northern Palestine
^Goitein, Shelomo Dov (1959). "The Biography of Rabbi Judah Ha-Levi in the Light of the Cairo Geniza Documents". Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research. 28: 41–56.
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^Sinor, D. (1999).
"The Kitan and the Kara Khitay". In Asimov, Muchamed Sajfutdinovič; Bosworth, C. E. (eds.). History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Vol. IV: The Age of Achievement A.D. 750 to the End of the Fifteenth Century (Part One: The historical, social and economic setting). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited. p. 238.
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^Hamilton, Alastair (2016-01-01). "Prester John. The Legend and its Sources, written by Keagan Brewer (editor and translator)". Church History and Religious Culture. 96 (3): 379–380.
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^Lancelott, Francis (1859).
"Matilda of Bolougne, Queen of Stephen". The Queens of England and Their Times: From Matilda, Queen of William the Conqueror, to Adelaide, Queen of William the Fourth. Vol. I. New York: D. Appleton and Company. pp. 53–54.
^Crouch, David (1988-01-01). "Earl William of Gloucester and the end of the Anarchy: new evidence relating to the honor of Eudo Dapifer". The English Historical Review. CIII (CCCCVI): 69–75.
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^Liu, Shi-Yee (January 2010). "Epitome of National Disgrace: A Painting Illuminating Song-Jin Diplomatic Relations". Metropolitan Museum Journal. 45: 55–82.
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S2CID155655394. It was not until the autumn of 1141, after the Song army had scored a few significant victories, that the two states began negotiating a peace treaty, which was completed in October 1142. Although this Peace Treaty of the Shaoxing Era (Shaoxing heyi) ended the ravaging decade-long military conflict, the Song empire was degraded to a vassal state of the Jin in a hierarchical relationship defined as minister to ruler.
^Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, pp. 190–191.
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^Mallinus, Daniel. La Yougoslavie. Brussels: Éd. Artis-Historia, 1988. D/1988/0832/27, pp. 37–39.
^Picard, C. (1997). La mer et les musulmans d'Occident au Moyen Age. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. p.76.
^Fletcher, R. A. (1987). "Reconquest and Crusade in Spain c. 1050-1150". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. 5. 37: 31–47 [45].
JSTOR3679149.
^Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 193.
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^David Nicolle (2009). The Second Crusade 1148: Disaster outside Damascus, p. 37.
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^Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem, p. 210.
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