May 24 – A Crusader expeditionary force, (some 30,000 men) under King
John I of Jerusalem, embarks at
Acre (supported by Frisian ships), and sails for
Egypt. They arrive at the harbour of
Damietta, on the right bank of the
Nile, on
May 27. Sultan
Al-Adil, surprised by the invasion, recruits an army in
Syria, while his son
Al-Kamil marches an Egyptian force northwards from
Cairo, and encamps at Al-Adiliya, a few miles south of Damietta.[1]
June 24 –
Siege of Damietta: The Crusader army assaults the fortified city of Damietta, but they repeatedly fail. As a result, the Crusaders create a new type of naval siege weaponry, attributed by the German chronicler
Oliver of Paderborn: two ships are bound together, with a siege tower and ladder constructed on top.
August 24 – After a fierce fight, the Crusaders manage to establish themselves on the ramparts of Damietta, and capture the fort.[2]
September – Cardinal
Pelagius arrives with reinforcements at the Crusader camp, and proceeds to challenge the command of John I, claiming that the Church holds greater authority than a secular leader. Meanwhile, the Crusaders spend time clearing out an old canal, so that their ships can surround Damietta. Pelagius also brings news that King
Frederick II has promised to follow soon, with a German expeditionary force.[3]
Al-Kamil decides to offer the Crusaders a deal,
Jerusalem in exchange for their departure from Egypt. John I favored accepting this offer but Pelagius refuses, unless it also includes
Kerak Castle and other former castles of Jerusalem, to the east of the
Jordan River. Al-Kamil refuses these strategically important sites, and Pelagius rejects the offer. This angers the Crusaders – who consider Jerusalem their important goal.[4]
October 9 – Al-Kamil conducts a surprise attack on the Crusader camp. Discovering their movements, John I and his retinue counter-attack and annihilates the Egyptian advance guard. On
October 26, Al-Kamil attacks by using a bridge across the Nile, after a fierce onslaught the Egyptians are driven back into the river. The Crusaders strengthen their siege lines and receive French and English reinforcements at Damietta.[5]
November 29 – A storm, lasting for 3 days, floods the Crusader camp – devastating the Crusaders' supplies and transportation. To prevent a recurrence Pelagius orders a dyke to be constructed. After the camp is repaired, a serious epidemic strikes the Crusader forces. The victims suffer from a high fever, and at least a sixth of the soldiers die. During the severe winter, the survivors are left enfeebled and depressed.[6]
Mongol Empire
Spring –
Genghis Khan dispatches a Mongolian army (some 20,000 cavalry) under
Jebe, to deal with the
Qara Khitai (or Western Liao) threat. Meanwhile, he sends
Subutai with another army on a simultaneous campaign against the
Merkits. Jebe defeats a force of 30,000 men led by Prince
Kuchlug at the Khitan capital
Balasagun. Kuchlug flees south to modern
Afghanistan, but is captured by hunters – who hands him over to the Mongols. After Kuchlug is beheaded and paraded through the cities of his new domains, Genghis annexes the entire Khitai empire under Mongol rule.[7]
Jochi, eldest son of Genghis Khan, leads a successful campaign against the
Kyrgyz. Meanwhile, Genghis sends a caravan with precious gifts to
Muhammad II, ruler (shah) of the
Khwarazmian Empire, hoping to establish trade relations. However,
Inalchuq, Khwarazmian governor of
Otrar, attacks the caravan, claiming that the caravan contains spies. Genghis then sends a second group of three ambassadors to Muhammad to demand the merchants be set free. Muhammad refuses, and the merchants along with one of the ambassadors are executed.[8]
Britain
March 11 –
Treaty of Worcester: King
Henry III writes to the Welsh ruler
Llywelyn the Great and promises safe-conduct if they meet at
Worcester. A peace treaty is signed, which confirms Llywelyn's ownership of
Wales. In return, Llywelyn agrees to pay homage to Henry and to return those castles that he has captured during his recent conquests.[9]
August 31 – Al-Adil I falls ill and dies at
Damascus after an 18-year reign. He is succeeded in
Syria by his eldest son
Al-Mu'azzam and in Egypt by his younger son, Al-Kamil.[12]
The city of
Rheims emits the first recorded public
life annuity in
Medieval Europe. This type of instrument had been mostly issued by religious institutions. The emission by Rheims is the first evidence of a consolidation of public debt that is to become common in the
Langue d'Oïl, the
Low Countries and
Germany.[14]
^
abcHywel Williams (2011). Cassell's Chronology of World History, p. 135.
ISBN0-304-35730-8.
^Linehan, Peter (1999). "Chapter 21: Castile, Portugal and Navarre". In
David Abulafia (ed.). The New Cambridge Medieval History c.1198-c.1300. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 668–671.
ISBN0-521-36289-X.
^Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 129.
ISBN978-0-241-29877-0.
^Zuijderduijn, Jaco (2009). Medieval Capital Markets. Markets for rent, state formation and private investment in Holland (1300-1550). Leiden; Boston: Brill.
ISBN978-9-00417565-5.