They may be synthesized and administered exogenously. However, such molecules can at a latter stage be detected, since they differ slightly from the endogenous ones in, e.g., features of
post-translational modification.
Etymology
The name "colony-stimulating factors" comes from the method by which they were discovered.
Hematopoietic stem cells were cultured (see
cell culture) on a so-called semisolid matrix, which prevents cells from moving around, so that, if a single cell starts proliferating, all of the cells derived from it will remain clustered around the spot in the matrix where the first cell was originally located. These are referred to as "colonies". Therefore, it was possible to add various substances to cultures of hemopoietic stem cells and then examine which kinds of colonies (if any) were "stimulated" by them.
The substance that was found to stimulate formation of colonies of
macrophages, for instance, was called
macrophage colony-stimulating factor, for granulocytes, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, and so on.
Mechanism
The colony-stimulating factors are soluble (permeable), in contrast to other, membrane-bound substances of the
hematopoietic microenvironment. This is sometimes used as the definition of CSFs. They transduce by
paracrine,
endocrine, or
autocrine signaling.