CD133 antigen, also known as prominin-1, is a
glycoprotein that in humans is encoded by the PROM1gene.[5][6] It is a member of pentaspan
transmembrane glycoproteins, which specifically localize to cellular protrusions. When embedded in the
cell membrane, the
membrane topology of prominin-1 is such that the
N-terminus extends into the
extracellular space and the
C-terminus resides in the intracellular compartment. The protein consists of five transmembrane segments, with the first and second segments and the third and fourth segments connected by intracellular loops while the second and third as well as fourth and fifth transmembrane segments are connected by extracellular loops.[7] While the precise function of CD133 remains unknown, it has been proposed that it acts as an organizer of cell membrane topology.[8]
Today CD133 is the most commonly used marker for isolation of
cancer stem cell (CSC) population from different tumors, mainly from various
gliomas and
carcinomas.[16] Initial studies that showed ability of CD133-positive population to efficiently propagate tumor when injected into
immune-compromised mice firstly were performed on brain tumors.[17][12][18][19] However, subsequent studies have indicated the difficulty in isolating pure CSC populations.[20] CD133+melanoma cells are considered a subpopulation of CSC and play a critical role in recurrence.[21] Moreover, CD133+ melanoma cells are
immunogenic and can be used as an antimelanoma vaccination. In mice the vaccination with CD133+ melanoma cells mediated strong anti-tumor activity that resulted in the eradication of parental melanoma cells.[22] In addition, it has also been shown that CD133+ melanoma cells preferentially express the RNA helicase
DDX3X. As DDX3X also is an immunogenic protein, the same anti-melanoma vaccination strategy can be employed to give therapeutic antitumor immunity in mice.[23]
^Corbeil D, Fargeas CA, Huttner WB (July 2001). "Rat prominin, like its mouse and human orthologues, is a pentaspan membrane glycoprotein". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 285 (4): 939–44.
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^Corbeil D, Karbanová J, Fargeas CA, Jászai J (2012-11-05). "Prominin-1 (CD133): Molecular and Cellular Features Across Species". Prominin-1 (CD133): New Insights on Stem & Cancer Stem Cell Biology. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 777. pp. 3–24.
doi:
10.1007/978-1-4614-5894-4_1.
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PMID23161072.
^Sanai N, Alvarez-Buylla A, Berger MS (August 2005). "Neural stem cells and the origin of gliomas". The New England Journal of Medicine. 353 (8): 811–22.
doi:
10.1056/NEJMra043666.
PMID16120861.
^
abSingh SK, Clarke ID, Terasaki M, Bonn VE, Hawkins C, Squire J, Dirks PB (September 2003). "Identification of a cancer stem cell in human brain tumors". Cancer Research. 63 (18): 5821–8.
PMID14522905.
^Monzani E, Facchetti F, Galmozzi E, Corsini E, Benetti A, Cavazzin C, Gritti A, Piccinini A, Porro D, Santinami M, Invernici G, Parati E, Alessandri G, La Porta CA (March 2007). "Melanoma contains CD133 and ABCG2 positive cells with enhanced tumourigenic potential". European Journal of Cancer. 43 (5): 935–46.
doi:
10.1016/j.ejca.2007.01.017.
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^Miyabayashi T, Kagamu H, Koshio J, Ichikawa K, Baba J, Watanabe S, Tanaka H, Tanaka J, Yoshizawa H, Nakata K, Narita I (November 2011). "Vaccination with CD133(+) melanoma induces specific Th17 and Th1 cell-mediated antitumor reactivity against parental tumor". Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy. 60 (11): 1597–608.
doi:
10.1007/s00262-011-1063-x.
PMID21691723.
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^Koshio J, Kagamu H, Nozaki K, Saida Y, Tanaka T, Shoji S, Igarashi N, Miura S, Okajima M, Watanabe S, Yoshizawa H, Narita I (October 2013). "DEAD/H (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp/His) box polypeptide 3, X-linked is an immunogenic target of cancer stem cells". Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy. 62 (10): 1619–28.
doi:
10.1007/s00262-013-1467-x.
PMID23974721.
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Na YR, Seok SH, Kim DJ, Han JH, Kim TH, Jung H, Lee BH, Park JH (2009). "Isolation and characterization of spheroid cells from human malignant melanoma cell line WM-266-4". Tumour Biology. 30 (5–6): 300–9.
doi:
10.1159/000261073.
PMID19940551.
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Wang Q, Chen ZG, Du CZ, Wang HW, Yan L, Gu J (September 2009). "Cancer stem cell marker CD133+ tumour cells and clinical outcome in rectal cancer". Histopathology. 55 (3): 284–93.
doi:
10.1111/j.1365-2559.2009.03378.x.
PMID19723143.
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Cheng JX, Liu BL, Zhang X (August 2009). "How powerful is CD133 as a cancer stem cell marker in brain tumors?". Cancer Treatment Reviews. 35 (5): 403–8.
doi:
10.1016/j.ctrv.2009.03.002.
PMID19369008.
Horst D, Kriegl L, Engel J, Kirchner T, Jung A (October 2009). "Prognostic significance of the cancer stem cell markers CD133, CD44, and CD166 in colorectal cancer". Cancer Investigation. 27 (8): 844–50.
doi:
10.1080/07357900902744502.
PMID19626493.
S2CID35888000.
Hibi K, Sakata M, Sakuraba K, Shirahata A, Goto T, Mizukami H, Saito M, Ishibashi K, Kigawa G, Nemoto H, Sanada Y (2009). "CD133 gene overexpression is frequently observed in early colorectal carcinoma". Hepato-Gastroenterology. 56 (93): 995–7.
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