From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Calendar year
July 8 :
Great Northern War : Peter the Great drives Swedish forces out of Russia permanently in the decisive
Battle of Poltava
Wikimedia Commons has media related to
1709 .
1709 (
MDCCIX ) was a
common year starting on Tuesday of the
Gregorian calendar and a
common year starting on Saturday of the
Julian calendar , the 1709th year of the
Common Era (CE) and
Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 709th year of the
2nd millennium , the 9th year of the
18th century , and the 10th and last year of the
1700s decade. As of the start of 1709, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
Calendar year
In the
Swedish calendar it was a
common year starting on Friday , one day ahead of the Julian and ten days behind the Gregorian calendar.
Events
January–March
January 1 –
Battle of St. John's : The
French capture
St. John's , the capital of the
British
colony of Newfoundland .
January 6 – Western Europe's
Great Frost of 1709 , the coldest period in 500 years, begins during the night, lasting three months, with its effects felt for the entire year.
[1] In France, the Atlantic coast and
Seine River freeze, crops fail, and 24,000 Parisians die. Floating ice enters the
North Sea .
January 10 –
Abraham Darby I successfully produces
cast iron using
coke fuel at his
Coalbrookdale
blast furnace in
Shropshire , England.
[2]
[3]
[4]
February 1 or
2 – During his first voyage, Captain
Woodes Rogers encounters marooned privateer
Alexander Selkirk , and rescues him after four years living on one of the
Juan Fernández Islands , inspiring
Daniel Defoe 's novel
Robinson Crusoe .
[5]
[6] After sacking
Guayaquil , he and Selkirk will visit the
Galápagos Islands .
[7]
February 19 –
Tokugawa Ienobu becomes the sixth
shōgun of the
Tokugawa dynasty of
Japan , after the death of the shōgun
Tsunayoshi , who had been head of government since 1680.
February – In America,
Mardi Gras is celebrated one more time with
Masque de la Mobile in the capital of
French Louisiana ,
Mobile, Alabama , before Mobile is moved 27 miles (43 km) down the
Mobile River to
Mobile Bay in
1711 .
March 28 –
Johann Friedrich Böttger reports the first production of
hard-paste porcelain in Europe, at
Dresden .
April–June
April 13 – The
Raudot Ordinance of 1709 becomes law in the French colony of
New France , legalizing slavery.
April 21 –
Mirwais Hotak takes control of
Kandahar (in Afghanistan) by murdering the
Persian governor,
Gurgin Khan , known also as George XI.
May 6 – The first influx into Britain of poor
refugee families of
German Palatines from the
Rhenish Palatinate arrives in England.
[8] Most of them are
Protestants en route to the
New World colonies.
[9]
June 17 –
Trịnh Cương becomes the new
king of northern Vietnam (
Đàng Ngoài ) upon the death of his grandfather,
Trịnh Căn , and begins a 20-year reign until his death on December 20,
1729
June 26 – The
Battle of Fort Albany , an attack by 100 French colonial volunteers and
Cree natives on the British
Hudson's Bay Company outpost at
Fort Albany on
Hudson Bay .
John Fullartine , commander of the post, leads a successful defense of the fort and 18 of the attackers are killed and then retreat. The site is now part of a
Cree First Nation reserve in the Canadian province of
Ontario .
June 28 – A
treaty is signed in Dresden to re-establish an alliance between the Kingdoms of
Denmark-Norway and the Electorate of Saxony, on behalf of King
Frederik IV of Denmark-Norway and Saxony's King
Augustus II .
July–December
July 8 (
June 27
Old Style ; June 28 in the
Swedish calendar ) –
Great Northern War :
Battle of Poltava in the
Cossack Hetmanate (
Ukraine ) –
Peter the Great leads forces of the
Tsardom of Russia to a decisive victory over Swedish forces under
Charles XII , ending the
Swedish invasion of Russia and effectively ending
Sweden 's role as a major power in Europe.
July 9 –
Christopher Slaughterford of
London is executed in
Guildford for the murder of Jane Young, his fiancée. He is the first person in modern
England executed for murder based exclusively on
circumstantial evidence , and he maintains his innocence to the last.
July 13 – Production of
Eau de Cologne is begun by perfumier
Johann Maria Farina in Germany, founding
Johann Maria Farina gegenüber dem Jülichs-Platz .
July 26 –
Reinhard Keiser 's opera Desiderius, König der Langobarden is premiered in
Hamburg .
[10]
July 27 –
Japan 's
Emperor Higashiyama
abdicates after a reign of 23 years that began in 1687, and is succeeded by his son Yoshihito, who is enthroned as the
Emperor Nakamikado .
July 30 –
War of the Spanish Succession :
Tournai is captured by
John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough and
Prince Eugene of Savoy .
[4]
August 8 – The
hot air balloon of
Bartolomeu de Gusmão flies in Portugal.
August 28 –
Pamheiba is crowned King of
Manipur .
September 11 (August 31
Old Style ) – War of the Spanish Succession:
Battle of Malplaquet – Troops of the
Dutch Republic ,
Habsburg monarchy , the
Kingdom of Great Britain and the
Kingdom of Prussia , led by the Duke of Marlborough, drive the French from the field, but suffer twice as many casualties.
[4]
October 9 –
War of the Spanish Succession : The British army captures
Mons .
[11]
October 12 –
Chihuahua City in Mexico is founded.
October 14 – The Chinese region of
Ningxia is shaken by a
7.5 earthquake killing more than 2,000 people.
December 25 – From London, ten ships leave for the
New York Colony carrying over 4,000 people.
December 26 – The first performance of the opera
Agrippina by
George Frideric Handel takes place at the
Teatro San Giovanni Grisostomo in
Venice .
[12]
Date unknown
Herculaneum , an ancient town in
Ercolano ,
Campania , Italy and buried under volcanic ash and pumice in the eruption of
Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD, is discovered by accident when attempts to drill a well for a monastery encountered marble and other materials.
The first modern edition of
William Shakespeare 's plays is published in
London ,
edited by
Nicholas Rowe .
The first
piano is exhibited in
Florence by its inventor
Bartolomeo Cristofori , who names it "gravicembalo col piano e forte", a name which is subsequently shortened to "pianoforte" and then "piano".
A collapsible
umbrella is introduced in
Paris .
[13]
Trinity School is founded as the
charity school of
Trinity Church , in New York City.
The second
Eddystone Lighthouse , erected off the south west coast of England by
John Rudyerd , is completed.
[14]
De Nostri Temporis Studiorum Ratione (On the Study Methods of Our Times ) is published by
Neapolitan philosopher
Giambattista Vico .
Priceless medieval
altarpieces , created by Tyrolese sculptor
Michael Pacher , are destroyed.
Basil Lazarus III becomes
Syriac Orthodox
Maphrian of the East .
[15]
Births
Teresia Constantia Phillips born
2 January
Christian Gottlieb Ludwig born
30 April
Théodore Tronchin born
24 May
Johann Georg Gmelin born
8 August
Ludvig Harboe born
16 August
John Eardley Wilmot born
16 August
Jagat Singh II born
17 September
Samuel Johnson born
18 September
January–March
January 2 –
Teresia Constantia Phillips , British autobiographer (d.
1765 )
January 13 –
Mollie Sneden , operator of a ferry service at
Palisades, New York in the United States (d.
1810 )
January 17
January 24 –
Dom Bédos de Celles , Benedictine monk and master pipe organ builder (d.
1779 )
February 7 –
Charles de Brosses French writer (d.
1777 )
February 9 –
George Venables-Vernon, 1st Baron Vernon , British politician (d.
1780 )
February 11 –
William Courtenay, 1st Viscount Courtenay (d.
1762 )
February 12 –
Jacques Barbeu-Dubourg , French physician (d.
1779 )
February 16 –
Henrika Juliana von Liewen , Swedish political salonnière (d.
1779 )
February 24 –
Jacques de Vaucanson , French inventor of mechanical automata (d.
1782 )
February 27 –
Timothy Woodbridge American missionary,
deacon , schoolteacher, judge, Superintendent of Indian Affairs (d.
1774 )
March 1 –
William Bentinck, 2nd Duke of Portland (d.
1762 )
March 10
March 14 –
Sten Carl Bielke , scientist and member of the Swedish parliament (d.
1753 )
March 17 –
Nicolò Arrighetti , Italian professor of natural philosophy (d.
1767 )
March 18 –
Johannes Gessner , Swiss mathematician (d.
1790 )
March 31 –
Louis-Charles Le Vassor de La Touche , French naval general, governor of Martinique, governor general of the Windward Islands (d.
1781 )
April–June
April 2 –
Josiah Taft , farmer, local official, and Massachusetts legislator (d.
1756 )
April 6 –
Thomas Hopkinson , lawyer (d.
1751 )
April 7 –
William Stewart, 1st Earl of Blessington (d.
1769 )
April 14 –
Charles Collé , French dramatist and songwriter (d.
1783 )
April 17 –
Giovanni Domenico Maraldi , Italian-born astronomer (d.
1788 )
April 25
April 27 –
Sir Francis Blake, 1st Baronet, of Twizell Castle (d.
1780 )
April 30 –
Christian Gottlieb Ludwig , German physician and botanist born in Brieg (d.
1773 )
May 1 –
Joachim Wasserschlebe , German-Danish diplomat (d.
1787 )
May 9 –
Mihály Salbeck , doctor of philosophy, priest of the Society of Jesus, and teacher (d.
1758 )
May 24 –
Théodore Tronchin , Genevan physician (d.
1781 )
May 27 –
Margaret Lloyd , Welsh Moravian worker and activist (d.
1762 )
June 4 –
Tomás Sánchez , veteran Spanish captain who founded Laredo (d.
1796 )
June 9
June 11 –
Joachim Martin Falbe , German portrait painter (d.
1782 )
June 15 –
Louis, Count of Clermont (d.
1771 )
June 28 –
Nathan Tupper , farmer (d.
1784 )
July–September
July 4 –
Antonio Orgiazzi il Vecchio , Italian painter active mainly in the Valselsia (d.
1788 )
July 5 –
Étienne de Silhouette , French Ancien Régime Controller-General of Finances under Louis XV (d.
1767 )
July 10 –
William Berners , English property developer and slave owner (d.
1783 )
July 11 –
Johan Gottschalk Wallerius , Swedish chemist and mineralogist (d.
1785 )
July 15 –
Antoine Matthieu Le Carpentier , French architect (d.
1773 )
July 17
July 24 –
James Harris , grammarian (d.
1780 )
August 8
August 10 –
Jean-Jacques Lefranc, Marquis de Pompignan , French man of letters and erudition (d.
1784 )
August 13 –
William Clavering-Cowper, 2nd Earl Cowper , British noble (d.
1764 )
August 16
August 18 –
John Storr , officer of the Royal Navy (d.
1783 )
August 21 –
Frederick Henry, Margrave of Brandenburg-Schwedt (d.
1788 )
August 26 –
Guillaume Repin , French priest and martyr (d.
1794 )
August 29 –
Jean-Baptiste-Louis Gresset , French poet and dramatist (d.
1777 )
August 30 –
Frobenius Forster , German Benedictine (d.
1791 )
September 5 –
Rudolf Füssli , Swiss painter (d.
1793 )
September 10 –
Hachisuka Munekazu , Japanese daimyō of the Edo period (d.
1735 )
September 12 –
Charles Somerset, 4th Duke of Beaufort (d.
1756 )
September 17 –
Jagat Singh II ,
Maharana of
Mewar Kingdom (d.
1751 )
September 18 –
Samuel Johnson , English poet, biographer, essayist, and lexicographer (d.
1784 )
September 29 –
Joseph Gerrish , soldier (d.
1774 )
October–December
October 5
October 6 –
Edward Kynaston , British landowner and Tory MP (d.
1772 )
October 9
October 12 –
Lord Anne Hamilton , Scottish nobleman (d.
1748 )
October 13 –
John Cole, 1st Baron Mountflorence , Irish peer and politician (d.
1767 )
October 16 –
Johann Daniel Ritter , German historian (d.
1775 )
October 17 –
Jean-Gabriel Berbudeau , French-born surgeon who spent time practicing medicine in eastern Canada (d.
1792 )
October 19 –
Sewallis Shirley , British Member of Parliament in the reign of George II (d.
1765 )
October 25
November 1 –
Ignatius von Weitenauer , German Jesuit writer (d.
1783 )
November 2 –
Anne, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange , Hanoverian-born regent of Friesland (d.
1759 )
November 6 –
Christopher Marshall , leader in the American Revolution (d.
1797 )
November 15 –
Dirk Klinkenberg , mathematician, amateur astronomer, secretary of the Dutch government for 40 years (d.
1799 )
November 18 –
Henry Loftus, 1st Earl of Ely (d.
1783 )
November 22 –
Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Jerusalem , German Lutheran theologian during the Age of Enlightenment (d.
1789 )
November 26 – -
Battle of Samana
December 1 –
Franz Xaver Richter , Austro-Moravian singer, violinist, composer, conductor and music theoretician (d.
1789 )
December 9 –
Pierre II Surette , art of the Acadian and
Wabanaki Confederacy resistance against the British Empire in Acadia (d.
1789 )
December 14
December 18 –
Elizabeth of Russia , empress regnant of Russia (d.
1762 )
December 21
December 24 –
Johann Evangelist Holzer , Austrian-German painter (d.
1740 )
Deaths
January 20 –
François de la Chaise , French confessor of
Louis XIV of France (b.
1624 )
January 22 –
Henry Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Chirbury , English politician (b.
1654 )
January 24 –
George Rooke , English admiral (b.
1650 )
January 26 –
Eleonore Charlotte of Saxe-Lauenburg-Franzhagen , Duchess of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Franzhagen (b.
1646 )
February 8 –
Giuseppe Torelli , Italian composer (b.
1658 )
February 9 –
François Louis, Prince of Conti , French general (b.
1664 )
February 11 –
Louise Hollandine of the Palatinate , German artist (b.
1622 )
February 17 –
Erik Benzelius the Elder , Swedish theologian (b.
1632 )
February 19 –
Tokugawa Tsunayoshi , Japanese shōgun (b.
1646 )
March 9 –
Ralph Montagu, 1st Duke of Montagu , English diplomat (b.
1638 )
March 21 –
Burchard de Volder , Dutch mathematician (b.
1643 )
April 1 –
Henri Jules, Prince of Condé (b.
1643 )
April 2 –
Giovanni Battista Gaulli , Italian artist working in the High Baroque and early Rococo periods (b.
1639 )
April 5 –
Roger de Piles , French painter (b.
1635 )
April 8 –
Wolfgang Dietrich of Castell-Remlingen , German nobleman (b.
1641 )
April 20 –
Johann Ernst von Thun , Tyrolean Catholic bishop (b.
1643 )
April 21
June 25 –
Frederick VII, Margrave of Baden-Durlach from 1677 until his death (b.
1647 )
June 29 –
Antoine Thomas , Belgian Jesuit astronomer in China (b.
1644 )
June 30 –
Edward Lhuyd , Welsh scientist (b.
1660 )
July 17 –
Robert Bolling , English settler in Virginia (b.
1646 )
August 24 –
Elisabeth Dorothea of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg , German princess (b.
1640 )
August 31 –
Andrea Pozzo , Jesuit Brother, architect and painter (b.
1642 )
September 4 –
Jean-François Regnard , French comic poet (b.
1655 )
September 7 –
Gunno Dahlstierna , Swedish poet (b.
1661 )
September 14 –
Luis Manuel Fernández de Portocarrero , Spanish cardinal and archbishop of Toledo (b.
1635 )
October 2 –
Ivan Mazepa , Hetman of Ukraine (b.
1639 )
October 5 –
Daniel Speer , German Baroque composer and writer (b.
1636 )
October 9 –
Barbara Palmer, 1st Duchess of Cleveland , English mistress of
Charles II of England (b.
1640 )
October 31 –
Henry Hyde, 2nd Earl of Clarendon , English nobleman (b.
1638 )
November 4 –
Barend Graat , Dutch painter (b.
1628 )
November 23 –
William Bentinck, 1st Earl of Portland (b.
1649 )
November 29 –
Charles Dormer, 2nd Earl of Carnarvon , English noble (b.
1632 )
December 1 –
Abraham a Sancta Clara , Austrian preacher (b.
1644 )
December 7 –
Meindert Hobbema , Dutch painter (b.
1638 )
December 8 –
Thomas Corneille , French dramatist (b.
1625 )
[16]
December 15 –
Sir Stephen Lennard, 2nd Baronet , English politician (b.
1637 )
December 31
date unknown –
John Coode ,
Colonial governor of Maryland (b. c.
1648 )
probable date –
Eleanor Glanville ,
English
entomologist (b.
1654 )
References
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1709: The year that Europe froze ."
New Scientist , 7 February 2009.
^ Mott, R. A. (5 January 1957). "The earliest use of coke for ironmaking". The Gas World, Coking Section Supplement . 145 : 7–18.
^ Raistrick, Arthur (1953). Dynasty of Ironfounders: the Darbys and Coalbrookdale . London: Longmans, Green. p. 34.
^
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c Williams, Hywel (2005).
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ISBN
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ISBN
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^ Ober, Frederick A. (1912). Our West Indian Neighbors: the Islands of the Caribbean Sea . New York: James Pott & Company. p. 11.
^ Jackson, Michael H. (1993).
Galapagos: a Natural History . University of Calgary Press.
ISBN
1-895176-07-7 .
^ John Tribbeko and George Ruperti, Lists of Germans from the Palatinate Who Came to England in 1709 (Clearfield, 1965) p.5
^ Gardiner, Juliet (1995). Wenborn, Neil (ed.).
The History Today Companion to British History . London: Collins & Brown. p.
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ISBN
1-85585-178-4 .
^ Griffel, Margaret Ross (2018).
Operas in German: A Dictionary . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 97.
ISBN
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^ Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History . London: Century Ltd. pp. 207–208.
ISBN
0-7126-5616-2 .
^ Dean, Winton; and
J. Merrill Knapp (1995), Handel's Operas, 1704–1726 (Revised edition). p. 128. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
ISBN
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^
"The History of Umbrellas" . Oakthrift Corporation. Archived from
the original on 2013-09-02. Retrieved 2011-12-22 .
^ Majdalany, Fred (1959). The Red Rocks of Eddystone . London: Longmans. p. 86.
^ Wilmshurst, David (2019). "West Syrian patriarchs and maphrians". In Daniel King (ed.). The Syriac World . Routledge. p. 812.
^
"Thomas Corneille | French dramatist | Britannica" . www.britannica.com . Retrieved 10 March 2022 .