History provides many examples of notable
diasporas. The Eurominority.eu map (the
European Union) Peoples of the World includes some diasporas and underrepresented/stateless ethnic groups.[1]
Note: the list below is not definitive and includes groups that have not been given significant historical attention. Whether the migration of some of the groups listed fulfils the conditions required to be considered a diaspora may be open for debate.
Acadian diaspora – In 1755, during the
French and Indian War, the French-speaking population of
Acadia was expelled by the British colonial government, in an event that has come to be known as the Great Upheaval or Grand Dérangement:
Expulsion of the Acadians. Although an order in council was passed in 1764 to allow the Acadians to return, many settled in other parts of North America, including a large population in
Louisiana, where they became known as the
Cajuns.
Afghan refugees – fled their country throughout the 20th century, especially to nearby Pakistan, India and Iran. Since 1980, over half a million Afghans migrated to Europe (many to Great Britain and Germany), while a quarter of a million went to North America (the US and Canada), and less than 50,000 settled in Australia. There are around 25,000 people of Afghan descent living in
Hamburg alone. [citation needed] As with the
Durand Line issue, some deny Afghan as being considered an ethnicity and consider only
Pashtuns from Pakistan and
Afghanistan to be Afghans as opposed to non-Pashtuns in Afghanistan. In the old definition of Afghan, it refers to just Pashtun people, and can especially imply Muslim communities in the
Indian subcontinent, (and those that migrated into the Caribbean region) most of which have forgot
Pashto and replaced with the language of their host region. These assimilated communities were endogamous at the time keeping the members ancestrally homogenous, however the
partition of India caused
miscegenation to be high in many of such communities. Patrilineal descent is the typical indication of such ancestry. [citation needed]
African Americans: The
2010 US Census stated 43 million overall, but between 35 and 50 million or 12-15% of the US population are Black or of Sub-Saharan African descent. They tend to be descendants of slaves brought to
the New World in the 1600s-early 19th century until the practice was made illegal in 1865 after the
US Civil War (the United States or Union defeated the seceded
Confederacy in the southern states). Significant immigration of African-descended populations from the Caribbean, plus direct immigration from Sub-Saharan Africa, began in the 20th century.
African Australians – part of the African diaspora in Australia. Note that in Australia, the term "African Australian" refers strictly to people who migrated directly from Africa to Australia, or had an ancestor do so. Immigrants from the African diaspora (such as Caribbeans and African Americans) are not included in the term.
Albanian diaspora – 2.8 million live in
Albania, with an estimated 8.5 million world total (the largest populations being in Italy, Greece, Turkey, the United States, Canada and Australia). The largest concentration of Albanians outside the country is in neighbouring
Kosovo. Other Albanian enclaves are in southern
Serbia,
North Macedonia,
Montenegro,
Romania, Russia, Turkey,
Ukraine,
Bosnia and Herzegovina, and coastal
Croatia. Another population of ethnic Albanians, known as the Arbereshe, has lived in southern Italy, especially in regions of
Abruzzo,
Calabria,
Campania,
Naples,
Apulia and
Sicily for over eight centuries. In the 19th and 20th centuries, repeated large waves of Albanian emigration took place as Albanians moved to northern and western Europe (i.e. France, Germany, Hungary, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom.), the former Soviet Union, North America (the U.S. – see
Albanian American and with smaller numbers in Mexico and South America), Australia and across Asia (the former
Ottoman Empire in the Middle East).
Americans living abroad – People from the United States (US), largest numbers in Mexico and Canada, as well in
Liberia (African-Americans), Israel (
American Jews), Japan (off the Asian continent), and throughout Asia (
South Korea and
Philippines), Europe (i.e. France and the UK) and the (Latin) Americas.
Argentine diaspora – People from
Argentina known as Argentines whom live overseas in communities across the
Americas (like
Uruguay and Brazil until the 1990s), western Europe (esp. Spain, Italy, Germany, France and the United Kingdom.) and elsewhere (i.e. Israel), mainly are political refugees from the
military junta in the late 1970s and 1980s, (see also
Argentine Americans in the USA.).
Asian Americans – made up of mainly East Asian peoples in the United States, esp. of other diasporas like
Chinese (the largest),
Japanese and
Filipino, the largest concentrations are in
California like the city of San Francisco (35%, while 20% of the city are Chinese+4%
Taiwanese) and Los Angeles; the state of
Hawaii – over half (60%) of state population, and New York City.
Assyrian diaspora – a
Semitic Christian population of the Middle East (originally they lived in
Assyria). In the 20th century, millions of Assyrians left the Middle East due to ongoing ethnic, political and religious persecution. Assyrian communities flourish in the United States, Canada, Australia and throughout
Western Europe.
Australian diaspora – About 750,000 Australian expatriates live outside of Australia, mostly business executives and retired people seeking a new place to live. There are large Australian communities in New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and North America; and smaller groups in Europe, Africa (especially
South Africa), the Middle East (particularly the
United Arab Emirates), east and south Asia (including
Thailand and
Papua New Guinea), and Latin America (like
Costa Rica, esp. Brazil,
Chile, and
Argentina).
Bangladeshi diaspora – members of the Bangladeshi diaspora may have moved abroad for better living conditions, to give western education to their children, to escape poverty, to support their financial condition or to send money back to families in
Bangladesh. The countries and regions with the largest Bangladeshi populations include the
Middle East (notably
Saudi Arabia and the
United Arab Emirates),
Malaysia and parts of the
western world, including the
United Kingdom and Italy.
Basque diaspora –
Basques who left the
Basque Country in northern Spain and southwest France, usually to the Americas (esp. the western U.S.,
Chile – where 10-20% of the population are of Basque descent,[2]Uruguay,
Colombia,
Venezuela and Mexico) for economic or political reasons. There are also Basque Catholic missionaries across the world, as well Basque fishermen in Canada (
Newfoundland), Northern Europe, East Asia, and
Oceania (Australia).
Brazilian diaspora – Motivated by factors such as the elevated levels of
corruption,
violence,
unemployment,
poverty,
income inequality,
taxation, among other reasons. Has been characterized by two large waves. The first wave started during the 1980s, a period known in Latin America as The Lost Decade (in Brazil, more precisely after the end of the
military dictatorship in 1985, when the
direct democracy was reinstated with the beginning of the
New Republic). During this period, despite several attempts made by the then-
Presidents to
stabilize the economy, the country suffered a series of
successive economic crises that lasted until the early 2000s, culminating in issues like
hyperinflation,
samba effect,
privatization of the water system, among other consequences. Because of this, many
Brazilians decided to move abroad looking for a better life. The second one was larger and started during the
2014 economic crisis, when a record number of Brazilians started to leave the country. This emigration continued to escalate in later years until the arrival of the
COVID-19pandemic in
the country in February 2020. Throughout history, it is estimated that about 3.1 million Brazilians have moved to other countries, mainly the United States,
Paraguay, Japan and Portugal. In the United States, many Brazilians try to accomplish what is known as The
American Dream. They generally live in communities where there are a large number of countrymen. They are most found in the states of
Florida,
Massachusetts,
New York,
New Jersey and
California. In Paraguay, where the Brazilian immigrants are known as Brasiguayos, most of them work either in agricultural lands located in rural areas or selling products for Brazilians in several retail stores opened by them in
Ciudad del Este, a city located near the
Triple Frontier with Brazil and
Argentina. In Japan, most immigrants are
Japanese Brazilians who are direct descendants of the Japanese immigrants who moved to Brazil, especially to
the community they formed during the early 20th century in the district of
Liberdade, located in the city of
São Paulo. In Portugal, many Brazilians are attracted by the ease to speak Portuguese (the
European Portuguese dialect does not have large differences compared to
Brazilian Portuguese), and considering the large number of Brazilians who have Portuguese ancestry, many of them have decided to apply for the acquisition of the
Portuguese citizenship using the principle of jus sanguinis.
Breton diaspora - The population from Brittany, Celtic region in north-western France who have emigrated temporarily or permanently outside the borders of this region, while maintaining links with it. Bretons chiefly migrated to France, Canada, the United States and Caribbean islands but also in the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand among others.
British diaspora – During the last four hundred years millions of English,
Scots, and
Welsh have migrated all over the world, for a great variety of reasons, especially to the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa, but many other places besides (e.g.
Zimbabwe, Spain,
Kenya,
Chile and
Argentina).
Bulgarian diaspora – an estimated three million ethnic
Bulgarians are dispersed around the world, the majority in Europe such as in neighboring nations of
Romania, Greece,
Serbia, Turkey and
North Macedonia. About 200,000 in the US, with 50,000 others in Canada, 20,000 in Australia, and 20,000 in Brazil. Other large Bulgarian diaspora communities are in France, Germany, Spain,
Argentina, Italy, Russia and the United Kingdom.
C
The
Cape Verdean diaspora refers to historical emigration from
Cape Verde. Today, more
Cape Verdeans live abroad than in Cape Verde itself. Diaspora communities include those in the United States, Portugal, the Netherlands, France, Italy, Spain and Canada.
The
Cham who are Southeast Asians mostly practice Islam. The Cham people's diaspora begins with the conclusion of the
Cham-Vietnamese War of 1471 as Vietnamese forces attacked and sacked the capital
Vijaya and defeat the Cham army decisively. As a result of the conflict, the
Champa kingdom was forced to cede its remaining territory to
Vietnam.[3] Sizable communities of descendants exist in
Cambodia's eastern territories, such as
Kampong Cham province, on
Hainan Island in China and the Vietnamese archipelago of the
South China Sea.[4] The Cham people's numbers were reduced by the persecutions of
Pol Pot's
Khmer Rouge regime in the 1970s.
Chechens – fled
Chechnya during the 1990s insurrection against Russia. The majority of displaced
Chechens fled to
Azerbaijan,
Armenia and the
Republic of Georgia, but tens of thousands of Chechen refugees migrated to Europe, North America and across the Middle East. Previous waves of migration took Chechens to
Egypt,
Iran,
Iraq,
Jordan, Turkey and
Saudi Arabia in 1820 or 1890.
Cherokees – a
Native American tribe indigenous to the
Southeastern United States, whose official tribal organization is
Cherokee Nation based in
Oklahoma, United States, which had 400,000 citizens in 2022 [5] but the US census reported 800,000 Americans claimed Cherokee descent as of 2005, and the total ethnic population in the USA nearly doubled to 1.5 million by 2015. [citation needed] However, anthropological and genetic experts in Native American studies have argued that there could be over two million more Cherokee descendants scattered across North America (the largest number at 300–600,000 in
California). The beginnings of the Cherokee diaspora was from their forced removal in the Trail of Tears. Later, thousands of "Americanized" Cherokee farmers were forced to settle across the Americas (i.e. Canada,
Cuba and South America-an estimated 90–100,000 descendants there [citation needed]) as the result of the
Dawes Act. In the 20th century, many Cherokees served in the U.S. Army during World War I, World War II, the
Korean War and the
Vietnam War. These soldiers left some descendants by intermarriage with "war brides" in Europe and
east Asia. Some Cherokees and other American Indians might have emigrated to Europe and elsewhere through the
British and
Spanish empires. They make up the global Cherokee diaspora.[6]
The
Chian diaspora occurred in 1822, when the Greco-Genoese population of
Chios was killed, exiled, and enslaved by their Ottoman rulers.
Chilean diaspora – A small but widespread community, mostly of
political refugees who fled the
Augusto Pinochet regime after the
1973 coup. Overseas
Chilean communities are in
Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, France, Great Britain, Italy, Spain, Sweden,
Venezuela and the USA. (see
Chilean Americans), but smaller communities are found in Belgium, Japan, Norway, New Zealand, and the Netherlands. During the Pinochet era, many refugees moved to
East Germany when it was a communist country before reunification with Germany in 1990.
Chinese diaspora – number over 50 million worldwide with other estimates range up to 100 million total of Chinese descent. The largest overseas Chinese communities are in Asia.
Indonesia,
Thailand,
Malaysia,
Singapore,
Philippines,
Vietnam and
Myanmar (in descending order of ethnic Chinese population size) have at least 1 million ethnic Chinese each. Three countries outside Asia, namely the United States (esp. States of
California,
Hawaii,
New York and
Washington State), Canada (esp. urban areas of
Toronto,
Montreal,
Vancouver) and Australia (esp. cities of
Sydney,
Melbourne) have populations over 1 million in size. Other sizable communities may be found in Japan,
Cambodia, Brazil,
Peru,
Venezuela, Russia, France, the United Kingdom, the
Republic of Ireland, New Zealand and
South Africa, each with over 100,000 ethnic Chinese.
Circassians – fled
Circassia mainly in the 1860s. 90% of
Circassians were forced by Russian Colonialists to exile in the
Ottoman Empire or Imperial Turkey. The Circassian Diaspora is over four million worldwide, with large Circassian communities in
Bulgaria,
Cyprus,
Egypt,
Israel,
Jordan,
Kosovo,
Lebanon,
Romania,
Serbia,
Syria as well the former
USSR, over 100,000 Circassians in North America (the United States and Canada), and over 10,000 Circassians in Australia. There are documented stories on Circassian beauties about thousands of renowned "beautiful" women from Circassia in the mid 19th century emigrated to the western world where they married European and North American men.[7]
Colombian diaspora –
Approximately 7.6 million Colombians have left
Colombia across the country's history, either because of displacement during the armed conflict, the pursuit of educational or vocational attainment, economic hardship, professional and social mobility, entrepreneurship reasons and even for avoiding political prosecution. The Colombian diaspora lives across the
Americas (i.e. Canada, and South American nations), and across Europe (i.e. Spain, France, Italy, Germany and the United Kingdom). The largest overseas Colombian populations are those of
Venezuela followed by the United States where they number over 2 million
Colombian Americans, one of the largest
Latino nationalities in the country.
Cornish people migrated from
Cornwall to other parts of England and countries such as the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand,
South Africa, and Brazil. The diaspora was caused by a number of factors, but due mainly to economic reasons and the lack of jobs in the 18th and 19th centuries when many
Cornish people, or "Cousin Jacks" as they were known, migrated to various parts of the world in search of a better life. (see also
Cornish emigration).
Danish people a.k.a.
Danes who originate in the Nordic country of Denmark. They have historically migrated all over Europe, and about a million Danish emigrants in the last two centuries to all the world's six inhabited continents. An example of
Danish culture overseas is in
Solvang, California in the United States. [citation needed] And returning
Danish-Americans in 1909 founded a town in Denmark near
Aalborg. [citation needed]
Dominican people from the
Dominican Republic formed a Dominican diaspora. Today, over a million
Dominicans live in the United States (see
Dominican American), followed by Canada,
Venezuela,
Argentina (see
Dominican Argentine), Spain and elsewhere. Dominicans lived outside the country in over a century (since 1900) but especially since the 1960s, Dominicans leave the country in search of available work and employment opportunities. Dominican immigration to
Puerto Rico beginning in 1990 became very high in numbers per ratio to Puerto Rico's population, including illegal entries on dangerous rafts through the
Mona Passage between the two islands (see
Hispaniola). Dominicans now form 10% of New York City's population and 1/8 of
Manhattan or
New York County's, they became the city's largest
Latino group.
Flemings, a subgroup of Dutch/Low German speaking people of the country of Belgium, about 50-55% of the country's population speaks Dutch – also called
Flemish, one of Belgium's two major and three official languages.
Flemings migrated to all the six continents of the world, sometimes in droves to nearby countries of France and the Netherlands, other European nations of the UK, Germany and Sweden, and they founded new settlements. The
Azores, a Portuguese territory was once called the Islas de las Flamandes (the Fleming Islands) in the 16th century. The
West Flemish population in the
Nord département of France struggle to preserve their endangered language.
Frisians, an ethnic group related to the Dutch live in the
Frieslands on the northern half of the Netherlands, along with northwestern Germany and southernmost Denmark. The Frisians have their own
language, history and customs. Frisians are thought to date back 5,000 years, migrated to the
Rhine delta by the
North Sea and were successful in draining out the marshes to make it inhabitable to establish cities and farmland. Frisians also migrated worldwide, a number of them were employed in the oceanic fishing markets.
(Egyptian)
Coptic diaspora – About 3 million
Coptic Christians, members of the
Coptic Christian Church based in
Egypt for about 2,000 years, live around the world. The largest numbers are in North America and Australia; and Great Britain, Germany, Greece, Italy, Norway and Sweden in Europe.
Estonian diaspora – When
Estonia was invaded by the
Soviet Army in 1944, large numbers of
Estonians fled their homeland on ships or smaller boats over the
Baltic Sea. Many refugees who survived the risky sea voyage to Sweden and/or Germany later moved from there to Canada, the United Kingdom, the United States and/or Australia. Also, with the
June deportation of 1941 and
March deportation of 1949, the Soviet Union forcibly transferred tens of thousands of Estonians to
Siberia. Some of these refugees and their descendants returned to Estonia after the nation regained its independence in 1991. The
Russian Empire displaced a fairly high number of Estonians into exile, maybe the number of descendants (the 3.5 million outside Estonia) to have assimilated into Russian society. The Estonian people are generally small in size (0.9 million within Estonia), but doesn't it include Estonian sub-groups: the
Chudes,
Livonians,
Setos and
Voros in neighboring lands of Russia,
Latvia and
Lithuania. There is no way to know the corrected number of Estonians, unless to count 100,000 dual nationals in the former USSR or the number of expatriates in the
EU countries (esp. Finland). [citation needed]
F
Fiji Indian diaspora – people of Indian origin left
Fiji following the racially inspired coups of 1987 and 2000 to settle primarily in Australia, New Zealand, United States and Canada. Smaller numbers have settled in England and other Pacific islands.
Filipino diaspora – one of the largest diasporas that came from Asia (amounting approximately 20 million) made up of a variety of
ethnic,
linguistic and
regional groups that are originally from the
Philippines and live around the world, often for Southeast Asia, East Asia, Oceania, the Middle East, North America, and Europe. Majority of them are migrant workers.
Overseas Filipino Workers have their own political party in the
Philippine Congress.
French diaspora – Over 100 million French-speaking and ethnic French people in the world, about 55 million in Metropolitan France in Europe, 3 million in Belgium known as the
Walloons, 3 million in western cantons of Switzerland and 2 million others in adjacent areas of
Luxembourg, the kingdoms of
Andorra and
Monaco, and parts of western Italy, southwest Germany and northern Spain. This includes the remnants of
Pied-Noirs in formerly French territories of North Africa – the now independent nations of
Algeria,
Morocco and
Tunisia; and in Southeast Asia (formerly
French Indochina) – the now independent nations of
Cambodia,
Laos and
Vietnam; and millions of those of French ancestry in North America (i.e. a major contributor of settlement in the US and 8 million
French-Canadians in Canada), South America and the Caribbean, and
Oceania (i.e.
New Caledonia and
French Polynesia).
The
Acadian diaspora – the
Great Expulsion (Grand Dérangement) occurred when the British expelled about 10,000
Acadians (over three-fourths of the Acadian population of
Nova Scotia) between 1755 and 1764. The British split the Acadians between different colonies to impose
assimilation. Most of the French-speaking Acadians resettled in the then Spanish colony of
Louisiana, now a state of the US where the "
Cajuns" influenced the ethnological background of Louisiana. The Cajuns settled along bayous and rivers in Louisiana and have their own
Cajun cooking. In
New Orleans, French people from France, along with high admixture with
Anglo-American,
African,
Spanish and other ethnicities introducing
Jazz music and
Creolecooking.
Walloons, in the southern half of Belgium. Several languages part of the langue d'oil family of languages, where spoken in Wallonia. (
Atlas linguistique de la Wallonie [
fr] ) In Belgium, due to
French annexation in 1795 of what was to become Belgium, and French being at that time a lingua franca of European Elites ( including that of Bourgeois and Aristocrats living in regions and cities currently part of
Wallonia and
Flanders ), the French language has been imposed as official language. At a later state, the
Dutch language and, after their annexation as war reparations, the German in the easternmost parts are given co-official status. Many Walloon miners, factory workers and farmers migrated to France, Germany, Netherlands, Sweden and the UK; and other French and Dutch/Belgian colonial lands (i.e.
Belgian Congo and
Democratic Republic of the Congo formerly
Zaire).
Occitans are persons from Southern France, some are known to speak the
Occitan language or Langue D'Oc for thousands of years, but in general decline from pressures by the French Republican government since the early 19th century. Occitans were often felt denied the right of their cultural heritage and some relocated out of France in quiet protest to other countries, esp.
French-speaking Canada and other parts of La Francophonie (
French Empire and French-speaking areas of Europe). Also there have been Occitan-speaking settlers in
Pigüé,
Argentina; sporadically Mexico and
Chile; and even into the United States in
Valdese, North Carolina. Occitania is a regional-cultural movement that developed since the 1970s throughout the southern half of France with adjacent parts of Switzerland, Italy and Spain. [citation needed]
Huguenots, or French
Protestants. They often migrated out of France in the 1600s and 1700s to nearby Protestant majority lands like Netherlands, Germany, the UK, the United States and Canada (then
British North America), South Africa, and other lands like Switzerland, Scandinavia, Poland (the
Prussian Empire), Hungary; and Australia and New Zealand in the 19th century.
Galicians – left their region for mainly economic reasons to other areas of Spain and nearby Portugal; and to the Americas (esp.
Argentina, Brazil, Canada,
Cuba,
Dominican Republic, Mexico,
Puerto Rico, the United States,
UruguayVenezuela); and later, Western Europe (Austria, Germany, Switzerland, France, Belgium,
the Netherlands and the United Kingdom) in the 1950s and 1960s. Galicians also went to Africa, Australia, New Zealand and east Asia: China, Japan and the
Philippines which was a former Spanish colony from 1540 to 1898.
German diaspora – an estimated 150 million[10][11][12]ethnic Germans originally from the historic German-speaking homeland of Germany, Austria, Switzerland,
South Tyrol and
Liechtenstein, and includes parts of Belgium (see the
German-speaking Community of Belgium),
Croatia, Denmark, France (esp. the region of
Alsace),
Gottschee County of
Slovenia, Italy (formerly ruled by
Austria-Hungary),
Lithuania,
Luxembourg, the Netherlands,
Pannonia (
Bosnia-Herzegovina), Poland,
Romania, Russia,
Serbia and
Ukraine. In World War II, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Yugoslavia expelled over 10 million ethnic Germans from the
Sudetenland,
Czechoslovakia (now
Czech Republic) and former German provinces which were annexed by Poland,
Slovakia, Hungary and the former
USSR (
Belarus) with Soviet and Allied support. In the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries, millions of Germans left German lands especially to the
Americas (i.e. the United States-see
German American, Canada, Mexico, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Panama, Peru and Venezuela). Large numbers also migrated to Australia, where they now form the fourth largest ethnic group, with nearly 750,000 people claiming German descent. Other smaller German communities in Africa or the Middle East (i.e. Egypt, Israel, Kenya, Morocco, Namibia, South Africa, Tanzania and Turkey),
east Asia/
Oceania (i.e. China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and New Zealand), and across the former Soviet Union (i.e.
Kazakhstan).|**
German Russians – Russians of German descent who settled in the Russian Empire in the 1600s and 1700s. The highest concentration are in the Volga region (Volga Germans). The majority of the German-Russian population left in the 1800s and 1900s, esp. after World War II to Germany, the US and all over the world.[13]
"
Ossi(e)s" – a term for former East Germans of the former
East Germany or the German Democratic Republic in contrast to the "Wessies" or West Germans. The two countries
reunified in 1990, but there is a level of Ostalgie (means East-Nostalagia) for the past and cultural aspects of East Germany. When the
Berlin Wall fell and the East-West German border was demolished, hundreds of thousands of Eastern Germans moved to the west side not only for freedom, but for the additional quality of life and economic opportunities available in the west, but after reunification a good percentage returned to what is now the same country. The 5 states of the former East (see
New states of Germany) remained culturally distinct, mainly the older generation whom grew up in the GDR era. In 1989, there was an influx of East Germans into opened countries of the
Soviet Bloc: Hungary,
Czechoslovakia and Poland with some western embassies, esp. East Germans went to obtain passports from the Federal Republic of (West) Germany; and others went to neutral nations like Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Netherlands,
Scandinavia and Switzerland for political reasons as some were still sympathetic to communist ideals. Some smaller numbers of East Germans chose to move in various countries of
Western Europe and the
Americas as well the former Soviet Union, but most returned home in the course of the 1990s. Germany may be reunified, but some "Ossie" cultural identity remains. [citation needed]
Danube Swabians – Ethnic German (Austrian) communities in Hungary.
Mennonites –
Christians rooted in the 16th and 17th century
Anabaptist movement of the
Protestant Reformation in northern Europe. Various groups of Mennonites migrated to the US, other parts of North America (i.e.
Belize, Canada mainly in
Saskatchewan and northern Mexico), eastern Europe and Asia (including
Israel and
Egypt in Africa). There are Mennonite settlements in Central and South America (esp. in the
Gran Chaco,
Paraguay) and over a million Mennonite adherents worldwide.
Pennsylvania Dutch a corrupted term of "Pennsedeutsch" in
Pennsylvania, US, where a large (in demographic terms) German American cultural presence exists to this day. The
Pennsylvania German language is decreasing in use, but has a history in the state going back 350 years (since 1660). [citation needed]
Gerashi diasporas – The people of Gerashi origin (of
Iran) who have migrated to the
Arab States of the southern Persian Gulf in search of necessities and basic human rights. It has continued since the early 20th century bombing of the city by
Reza Shah and the federal forces.
Ghanaian diaspora – Are people from the nation of
Ghana living abroad. Significant populations can be found in Australia, Brazil, Canada, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands,
South Africa, United Kingdom and United States.[14]
Greek diaspora – refers to any ethnic
Greek populations living outside the borders of Greece and
Cyprus as a result of modern or ancient migrations. There is a Department of Diaspora Affairs in the Greek government. An estimated three million Greeks live in North America (the United States and Canada), Africa, Australia (especially
Melbourne, the third largest 'Greek' city), across Europe – the largest groups being established in Germany, Sweden and Belgium – and the Middle East. Ancient Greek communities in what is now Turkey were destroyed due to the fallout from World War I and persecution. A Greek community remains in
Istanbul according to the terms of the
Lausanne treaty, but persecution in the 1950s and 1960s led most to flee. Only a small community (
Pontic Greeks) remain in Turkey. A similarly ancient community of Greeks in
Alexandria and
Cairo was ordered to leave
Egypt in the 1960s under Nasser's nationalisation programme. In addition, many Greek-speaking
Cypriots migrated to Britain in the 20th century.
Eritreans – Around half a million of the total five million Eritreans fled the country during the thirty-year
Eritrean War of Independence as well as fleeing violence perpetuated by the
Eritrean government (
EPLF–
PFDJ). They have formed communities all over the western world (i.e. United States in
Washington, D.C., and Los Angeles; and Europe: Sweden, Germany and Italy). There are more than half a million Eritreans in refugee camps (most in
Ethiopia and
Sudan).
Ethiopians – A mass movement of Ethiopian migration during the 20th century into the Middle East (mostly
Israel), Europe, South Asia, East Asia, Australia, North America (esp. the United States and Canada), and Latin America caused by ethnic violence, politically unrest, and violence perpetuated by the
Ethiopian government* (
EPRDF) has created a global Ethiopian diaspora.
Hapa – The modern term for mixed-race persons of Asian-Americans of white/Caucasian and Native Hawaiian ancestry. (see also
Multiracial American) They tend to live across the US and western Canada, due to historic migration of Hawaiians into North America.
Hungarian diaspora – lives in numerous communities across Europe, former USSR, North America and Australia. Historic Hungary extended into parts of
Czech Republic,
Slovakia,
Romania,
Serbia and
Ukraine. For over 300 years, either they migrated west for economic opportunities or as political refugees, such as the failed
Hungarian revolution of 1956 against the
Communist government, when over 200,000 Hungarians fled the country for asylum in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, France, Switzerland, Germany, Austria (historic Austria-Hungary empire), Brazil,
Argentina and
Venezuela. It used to be Argentina and Venezuela had Hungarian immigrants before economic conditions worsened.
Igbo diaspora: One of the aftermaths of the devastating 1967–1970
Biafran War was the large scale emigration of
Igbos from their homeland of
Igboland in search of economic opportunities and generally better standard of living. Prior to that, millions of Igbo men and women were shipped to the
Americas during the
Atlantic Slave Trade. Today, places with the most population of diaspora Igbos and people of Igbo descent are the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Spain,
Haiti and the
West Indies.
Inuit, their homeland spans across 4,000 miles (6,400 km) of northernmost reaches of North America along the Arctic Ocean. About 800,000 Arctic peoples (a.k.a. "
Eskimos", a term that includes non-Inuit Arctic peoples such as
Aleuts and
Yupik peoples) live in four countries: The U.S. (
Alaska, though most
Alaska Natives are not Inuit), Canada (
Nunavut is a territorial government established in 1999,
Inuvialuit in the
Northwest Territories,
Nunavik in
Quebec,
Nunatsiavut and
NunatuKavut in
Labrador),
Greenland (the "Greenlandic" people, the majority are of Inuit and
Danish-European ancestry), self-ruling territory of Denmark, and about 3,000
Siberian Yupik (closely related to the
Alutiiq and
Yup'ik of Alaska) in the Chukchi Peninsula, Russia facing the Bering Strait.
The wave of
Hmong tribes from
Laos,
Laotians,
Cambodians and
Thai refugees and economic immigrants (Vietnamese who arrived since 1990) arrived in North America (i.e. the United States and Canada), Europe (esp. France), across Asia (most went to
Thailand),
Oceania (Australia) and South America (concentrated in
French Guiana).
Some millions of Indochinese were of
ethnic Chinese descent, the majority of Chinese/Sino-Vietnamese from
Vietnam, Chinese-Cambodians of
Cambodia and Thai-Chinese of
Thailand had emigrated in the late 20th century.
Indonesian diaspora – refers to any ethnic in
Indonesia living outside of their homeland, the majority of Indonesian expatriates live in
Malaysia, the US, Japan, the
U.A.E., Australia, and the Netherlands, esp.
South Moluccans, a predominantly
Christian ethnic group found asylum and religious freedom by the thousands in the Netherlands since the 1950s.
Minangkabau diaspora – two out of three Minangkabau people live in diaspora.
Matrilineal system indirectly caused the diaspora in Minangkabau community. Nowadays, over a million Minangkabau people living outside of
Indonesia, mainly in
Malaysia and
Singapore, but they recently joined the Indonesian emigration to Australia, China, Europe, Japan,
South Korea,
Taiwan and the
Philippines.
Indo diaspora – During and after the
Indonesian National Revolution, which followed the World War II, (1945–1965) around 300.000 people, predominantly
Indos, left
Indonesia to go to the Netherlands. This migration was called repatriation. The majority of this group had never set foot in the Netherlands before.
Iraqi diaspora –
Refugees from Iraq have increased in number since the
US-led invasion into Iraq in March 2003. As of November 4, 2006, the
UNHCR estimated that 1.8 million
Iraqis had been displaced to neighboring countries, with nearly 100,000 Iraqis fleeing to
Syria and
Jordan each month. There are over 200,000 Iraqi refugees said to reside in
Egypt and 100,000 more in the
Persian Gulf states. The main destinations for Iraqi immigration in the 2000s (decade) are the UK, Sweden, Germany, Canada, Australia and South America (i.e. Brazil). However, there is a large Iraqi community in the United States (see
Arab American and
Iraqi American) and some of the community in the US arrived as early as the 1900s-10s.[citation needed]
Italian immigrants to North America, the majority of which came from Southern Italy, settled mainly in the
Northeastern United States and various industrial cities in the
Midwestern United States, such as
Chicago, though significant but smaller communities evolved in cities such as
New Orleans,
San Diego, and San Francisco (with most Italians on the
West Coast coming from
Northern Italy.) In many of these American cities, Italian immigrants and their offspring established Italian ethnic communities known as "
Little Italies." In most cases, these Italian communities generally began as impoverished neighborhoods, or effectively "
ghettos" for Italian immigrants. (See
Little Italy,
List of Italian-American neighborhoods,
Template:Italian Americans by location). In the United States and Canada, both historically
Protestant countries with majority populations of people of
Northwestern European descent, Italian immigrants experienced fierce and often violent
anti-Italianism and discrimination, especially prior to the 1960s.
Though Italians began immigrating to Australia in small but significant numbers since the early 20th Century, the biggest wave of Italian immigration to Australia occurred after World War II and in the later part of the 20th century, with most Italian immigrants to Australia being Southern Italians (see
Italian Australians and
Italian community of Melbourne).
Many Italians also immigrated north to other European countries offering better economic prospects. Italian immigration to France began in large numbers after World War I at a time when France needed a large workforce to compensate for the war losses and its very low birthrate. Initially, Italian immigration to modern France (late 18th to the early 20th century) came predominantly from northern Italy (
Piedmont,
Veneto), then from central Italy (
Marche,
Umbria), mostly to the bordering southeastern region of
Provence. It wasn't until after World War II that large numbers of immigrants from
southern Italy immigrated to France, usually settling in industrialized areas of France, such as
Lorraine, Paris and
Lyon. (See
Italians in France). Italian immigration to the United Kingdom became notable around the time of World War I and picked up in intensity for a period after World War II before slowing in the 1960s. (See:
Italians in the United Kingdom,
Italian Scots,
Italian Welsh). With Germany's post-World War II economic boom, a large wave of immigrants from Italy settled in Germany. Since the establishment of
freedom of movement for workers between the two countries in 1961, more than 580,000 Italians also migrated to Germany for work, mainly from southern and northeastern Italy. (See
Italians in Germany). Italians also notably immigrated in large numbers in search of economic opportunities in Switzerland after World War II. In 1970, there were around a million immigrants in Switzerland, 54% of whom were Italians.[17] Rising friction with the indigenous majority even led to the creation of an "anti-Italian party" in 1963, with anti-Italian sentiment leading to the 1971 murder of Italian migrant worker Alfredo Zardini by an anti-Italian xenophobe in Switzerland.[18] (See
Italian immigration to Switzerland). Italians also immigrated in significant numbers to
Malta, the Netherlands, and Sweden (See
Swedish Italians), while smaller numbers of Italians went to South Africa (see
Italian South African) and
Israel (
Italian Jews). Italians have also established historical communities in
Lebanon (see
Italian Lebanese).
Jassic (or Yassic) people, a small ethnic group of peoples that resided in enclaves in Hungary,
Romania, throughout Russia and
Ukraine. The Jassic are ethnologically related to the
Ossetians of the
Northern Caucasus range, along with other
Iranian peoples in their linguistic similarities between the
Iranian language. Their ancestral origin may have been of
North Caucasian origins, perhaps mixed with peoples from
Persia or
Iran, and more precisely, the steppes of
Central Asia about 3,000 years ago when migratory patterns of speakers of
Indo-European and later
Uralic languages arrived in Eastern Europe. The Jassic people are minuscule in number, dwindled down by each generation, and they were assimilated into the
Hungarian population and
Slavic majorities they lived among with. Yassic people are thought to forefathered
Georgians and ancient peoples of the Middle East such as the
Kassites whom later became
Sumerians, Akkadians or Babylonians in ancient
Mesopotamia of present-day
Iraq. [citation needed]
Jaffnese/Ceylonese Diaspora – refers to the diaspora of Sri Lankan Tamils, especially those post-1983 due to the civil conflict in Sri Lanka. This has created huge Tamil communities in countries such as Canada, the United States, Australia, the United Kingdom, Germany and other European countries. In many ways, the Jaffnese Diaspora is compared to the Jewish Diaspora, both historically, socially and economically. It is a subset of the greater
Tamil Diaspora.
Jamaican diaspora – An estimated 3 million Jamaicans live outside the island country of
Jamaica, an English-speaking majority African descendant country in the Caribbean. The main destinations for Jamaican immigration in the 20th century are the U.S., Great Britain and Canada. But, Jamaican immigration across the Caribbean, to Latin America, Australia and New Zealand, and even Africa are well noted. Jamaicans living aboard, such as
Bob Marley introduced the music form of
reggae to the international music market in the 1970s. [citation needed]
Japanese diaspora – Brazil (see
Japanese Brazilian), the United States (see
Japanese Americans), Canada (See
Japanese Canadian) and the Philippines (see
Japanese Filipinos), as well sizable communities in
Peru (see
Japanese Peruvian), Argentina (see
Asian Argentine),
Chile and
Ecuador, and smaller numbers of Japanese in Australia, New Zealand,
Cuba, Venezuela and Mexico are the countries with the highest numbers of Japanese people outside Japan. The largest community of ethnic Japanese is in
Hawaii where they make up a quarter of the state's population. However, there are smaller Japanese communities around the world that developed in the late 20th century such as throughout western Europe (esp. the Japanese expatriate colony in
Düsseldorf, Germany), eastern Russia and
South Africa. The Japanese population used to have nicknames to indicate generational levels: "Issei"-foreign born parents, next is "Nisei"-1st generation born outside Japan or children, and "Sansei"-2nd generation born outside Japan or grandchildren.
Jerez diaspora – People from the Spanish town of Jerez who live elsewhere. There is a committee that grants an honorary membership each year to the most relevant "jerezano"that lives outside Jerez and brings the name to the world. The president of the Diaspora de Jerez is Miguel Primo de Rivera. The committee has 6 members and votes are in two rounds.
Jewish diaspora – in its historical use, refers to the period between the Roman
occupation and subsequent deportation of Jews from
Judea from 70 CE to the Middle Ages, to the re-establishment of
Israel in 1948. In modern use, the 'Diaspora' refers to ethnic Jews who continue to live outside of Israel.
Ashkenazi Jews – large numbers of Jews were exiled or taken as slaves to Rome following the failed Jewish revolts against the Roman occupation. It is postulated by most scholars and geneticists that these Jews eventually migrated northward in the 8th century, settling alone the Rhine river, and were later joined by Jewish merchants and exiles from Israel in the 7th-8th centuries CE. Increased persecution pushed them into Eastern Europe, where they largely remained until the Zionist movement and/or World War II. Currently, North America (the USA has the world's second largest
Jewish community) and western Europe are home to the vast majority of diaspora Jews.
Sephardi Jews – Unlike the Ashkenazim, who moved to the north, Sephardim moved westward and settled in what is now Spain and Portugal. In 1492, Isabella and Ferdinand of Spain expelled all Jews and Moors from their territory. The Sephardi Jews, as they were known, resettled across Southern Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East, whereas others went to Germany, Poland, and the Netherlands (where they merged with their
Ashkenazi co-ethnics). Likewise, some went to Britain, North and South America, and other colonies of the British and Spanish empires by the late 16th century.
Mizrahi Jews: Nazi incitement in Arabia and Arab colonized lands throughout the rest of the MENA region, compounded by the
re-establishment of Israel in 1948 resulted in an Arab axis aggression against both the newly reborn Jewish state and the Jewish communities in their midst. After the resulting
1948 Arab–Israeli War, about 700,000 Jews residing in other parts of the Middle East were expelled or fled from their countries of residence, and were subsequently dispossessed of nearly all of their property. The majority of these
Jewish refugees made aliyah to Israel, or immigrated to France and the United States. By the
Yom Kippur War of 1973, most of the Jewish communities throughout the Arab World, as well as Pakistan and Afghanistan, were practically non-existent. A total of 800,000–1,000,000 diaspora Jews left or fled from their homes in the Arab world, or were driven out in the
Jewish exodus (1948–1972). As of today, less than 4,500 Jews live in the Arab world.[20][21][22][23][24]
American Jews – currently the United States has the world's largest Jewish population outside
Israel itself. Between 5.5 and 7.5 million observant Jews, and 1–2.5 million more of Jewish descent in the USA. New York City has 1.5-2 million out of 8-8.5 million people who are Jewish, while other demographers place Jews 10-15% of the NYC population. See
Jews in New York City.[25]
Haredi or Ultra-Orthodox Jews are a small percentage community of practicing in Judaism, the largest known Haredi/Hasidim community is in
Williamsburg, Brooklyn, New York City of the Satmar and Lubavitch groups who originated in Hungary or Romania arrived in the US after WW2 when they experienced the Holocaust.
K
Kaszubian diaspora – the
Kaszubians are a Slavic, Roman Catholic people who have lived and maintained their language and unique traditions for centuries despite living on the boundary between the Germanic and Polish cultures. Between 1850 and 1900, many Kaszubians moved to North America, to Brazil, and to Australia and New Zealand.
Khmer people – The main ethnic group of
Cambodia have historically emigrated in the 18th, 19th and esp. 20th centuries. The largest Cambodian communities are in the US, Canada, France, Thailand, Vietnam, China (with Hong Kong), Malaysia, Singapore, Australia, New Zealand, Great Britain and Arabia (i.e. the U.A.E). [citation needed]
Korean diaspora – a people from the Korean peninsula located between China and Japan. The first wave of Korean diaspora was during the Japanese colonial occupation (1910–1945), the peace treaty division of the
Korean peninsula into two republics, the
Korean War (1950–53) produced a wave of millions of war refugees who fled to the United States, Canada, China, Japan, the
Philippines,
South Vietnam until 1975, and the
USSR, now Russia. Today, Korea remains a politically divided geographic unit.
South Korea was under military rule 1953–1987, now a civilian
democracy, but economic problems and a sense for adventure made over 500,000 South Koreans emigrate to the United States and Canada, and 100,000 more to Europe, Australia and South America (i.e. Brazil and
Argentina).
North Korea remains under an isolationist military state under
Communism since 1948, while millions of political refugees fled to nearby China for freedom in the late 20th century. See also
Jilin or "Kirin", a Chinese province with millions of native Koreans. And
Koryo-Saram for ethnic Koreans in Russia, the majority live along the Amur River which is the Chinese-Russian border.
Kurdish diaspora – Kurdish diaspora is the Kurdish populations found in regions outside their ancestral homeland
Kurdistan. The United Nations declared the Kurds the largest ethnic nationality (over 40 million) without a country in the world.[citation needed]
L
Latvian diaspora – the majority of Latvians whom left Latvia in World War II reside in North America (the US and Canada), across Europe mainly in Eastern countries and the former USSR with just as many in
Western Europe and
Scandinavian nations, and the rest in former Latvian lands in the Baltic states (Estonia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia and Belarus). The most
Russified of the three Baltic states, Latvia struggles with the issue of national identity after one million ethnic Russians and other Russian speaking people settled there since 1940. Currently in 2018, only 1/4 of Latvia's population (joined the
European Union in 2004) are ethnic Russians.
Latgalians, a predominantly Catholic people in eastern Latvia in the region of
Latgale and have a close history with Lithuania, due to differences in church denomination between them and Latvians who are a majority
Lutheran along with Estonians not ethnically related to Latvians and Lithuanians.
Lebanese diaspora – An estimated 15-16 million Lebanese live worldwide. Over half of the country's population are of Muslim faith and the rest are Christians, but in the world Christians Lebanese outnumber Muslims by 3:1. Lebanese are found in over 150 countries, the largest known Lebanese community is in Brazil, the U.S. followed by Canada; and Australia, where Lebanese immigration has occurred in large numbers since the 1975–1990 civil war. Although there are millions of Lebanese descendants in Europe, and the Middle East, the Lebanese are also present in much of the continental span of Africa and Latin America. [citation needed]
Lithuanian diaspora – the majority of post-World War II Lithuanians live in North America (Canada and the United States) and across Europe (France, Germany, Ireland, Poland, Sweden, Netherlands and England), but are scattered across Russia and the former
USSR, and smaller numbers in Mexico and Brazil. The Lithuanians and their ethnological kin, the
Latvians may be the oldest
Indo-European speaking peoples known and may resided in the Baltic states for 5,000 years. Between 1880 and 1910, over 40,000 Lithuanian Jews immigrated to South Africa to avoid persecution. To date around 80% of the 75,000 Jews in South Africa (around 60,000) are of Lithuanian descent.[26]
Lusatian Sorbs, Sorbians or just Sorbs, their native homeland is in the Cottbus region of the state of
Saxony of Germany, they also live in nearby Poland and the
Czech Republic. They are the only surviving native Slavic people in Germany, once they covered the entire eastern half of the country until total German settlement and cultural absorption of them to be Germanized by the early 19th century. They have cultural links with Serbs via
Serbia who settled parts of Austria and Hungary (The
Rust area facing a lake), see also
Czechs in Austria,
Carinthian Slovenes,
Burgenland Croats,
Bosnian Austrians and
White Croats in Poland.
Maghrebi diaspora – consists of people from the North African countries, notably
Algeria,
Morocco and
Tunisia. The largest Maghrebi community outside of North Africa is in France, where it is estimated that North Africans make up the majority of the country's
Muslim population.
[1]
Algerian-French residents make up an estimated 5 to 8 percent of the ethnic makeup of France's population, despite the French government does not keep data records on race and ethnicity. Algerians resided in France for over 150 years as a result of the French colonial period in Algeria from 1830 to 1962, when the seven-year
Algerian War brought independence. The largest North African French communities are in (and surrounding)
Marseille, Paris,
Lille,
Nice and
Lyon. A growing community in Canada and the UK came to light during the 1990s and the
Algerian Civil War.
Moroccans are found throughout the world, mainly in Europe (i.e. the largest being in France, followed by Spain, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Sweden and Luxembourg) developed by Moroccan immigration since the 1950s, especially Western Europe and the Arab World (a large
Jewish colony in
Israel). Of the estimated 5.6 million Moroccans living abroad, 5.1 million live in Europe; the remainder are distributed throughout the Americas (including North America – mainly in
Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and Latin America), Australia, Africa (in particular West Africa), and the countries of the Arab World. Some cities with a big Moroccan community are Paris, Lille, Roubaix, Marseille and Nice (every French city has a Moroccan community); Madrid, Barcelona and Málaga in Spain; Brussels, Antwerp and Liege in Belgium; Amsterdam and Rotterdam in the Netherlands; and Luxembourg. Half of the Moroccans living in Belgium (630,000), reside in its capital Brussels and a quarter in Antwerp, see
Moroccans in Belgium.
Tunisians in Europe, the largest number of Tunisian expats live in France and Italy (former colonial rulers),
Egypt,
Israel, Turkey and throughout the European Union.
Maltese diaspora: established mainly in the
United Kingdom,
Australia, Canada (
Maltese Canadian) and the U.S. (
Maltese American), as well throughout Europe and the Americas. Large communities existed in Algeria, Tunisia, Libya and Egypt but were mostly dispersed by the mid-20th century when these countries acquired independence. Since Malta's membership of the EU in 2004, new communities were established such as the one in Belgium.
Mexican Americans (
Mexican diaspora)- over 20 million people of Mexican ancestry live in the United States, ranging from recent immigrants since the 1970s to long-established Americans of
Spanish or Mexican descent. The majority of Mexican Americans live especially in the
American Southwest, which borders with Mexico, an area that belonged to Mexico from 1821 to 1848. They were fundamental to development in the states of
California,
Texas,
Arizona and
New Mexico in the 20th century. Los Angeles is said to be the second largest Mexican city (home to 1 to 2 million alone- 31% of the city and 20% of the L.A. county population in 2015), while the populace of
San Antonio is over half of Mexican descent. Also known by other ethnic self-titles, like Californios, Chicanos, Hispanos, La Raza, Nortenos in Northern California, Nuevomexicanos and Tejanos, however are officially called
Hispanics and Latinos in terms of ethnic/cultural origins, but Mexican Americans had a large mestizo or mixed European/
Native American heritage.
Moldovan diaspora – A
Romanian province was divided many times in its history, they are of ethnically Romanian origin. A diaspora indicating most of the
Moldovans who have moved out of
Moldova. Most found their homes in the Soviet Union and the
Baltics. There is also a diaspora in Western European countries such as Ireland, Spain, Portugal, Italy, France and the Netherlands.
Moluccan diaspora – Begins in the 1950s as the result of the end of its occupation over Dutch Indies, the Netherlands government decided to transport around 12,000 Moluccan KNIL (The Royal Netherlands East Indies Army) the remaining men and their families to Europe. They were discharged on arrival and 'temporarily' housed in camps until it was possible for them to return to the Moluccan islands. Although The South Moluccan Republic has been declared on 25 April 1950, this movement was defeated by Indonesian government and the rest of RMS (Republik Maluku Selatan) followers leave their homeland and formatting a
Government in Exile in the Netherlands since 1966. Nowadays, at least 200,000 Moluccan living side by side with Dutch people and becoming the biggest ethnic groups outside native Dutch in The Netherlands. The second wave happened during the civil war in Maluku 1999 to 2003, causing over 800,000 left the country. Most of the refugees moved to United States (mainly concentrated in
Maryland,
Florida,
California and
New York), Netherlands, France,
Israel (mostly by Moluccan
Jewish), Italy, Denmark, United Kingdom, Russia (mainly in
St. Petersburg), Australia, Brazil, Portugal and Austria. After prosecuted, scattered, and finally settle down among the nations, latest statistics reporting the number of Moluccan in diaspora including their descendants (make up to 1.4 million) is a bit smaller than those who are staying in Indonesia (nearly 2.5 million).
Moravian Church – has a nickname "the Moravian Diaspora"[citation needed] named from a religious, not ethnic' identity, having been founded in the province of
Moravia, now in the
Czech Republic. During the 16th and 17th centuries, religious persecution drove the majority of church members to other countries, and by the late 18th and 19th centuries, the church had managed to grow, thrive and survive. There are hundreds of thousands of Moravian church members in small communities in Europe (the Netherlands), the Americas (the United States), Africa (South Africa), east Asia (South Korea), the Indian subcontinent (India), and Oceania (Australia). However, the vast majority of these would consider themselves natives of the country where they live – the nickname (presumably) being of only historic interest.
Mormons, a Christian religious group whose official name is
the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, headquartered in
Salt Lake City, as well smaller other churches based on
Mormonism. Just under 50 percent of all Mormons live in the United States, while about three-fourths of the population of Utah are Mormon and form large minorities in 8 to 10 other
Western U.S. states; and
California is said to have the most LDS church members by population. [citation needed] Mormonism began as a small following of Christians who followed the teachings of
Joseph Smith, founder of the
Latter Day Saint movement in the early 19th century. The following were often forced to migrate and lived in the states of
New York,
Ohio,
Illinois and
Missouri by 1840. The Mormons were expelled by mob violence (Joseph Smith was killed) and persecution by neighbors in the 1840s and their new leader
Brigham Young took the Mormons throughout the Great Plains and Rockies to settle the Salt Lake Valley, then a part of Mexico but soon to become part of the U.S., in 1847. Mormons play a fundamental role in the development of Utah and most other Western states, with Utah becoming a state in 1896. Today, an estimated 13 million Mormons are found around the world, after missionary activity and conversion programs extended the L.D.S. and other Mormon-based churches worldwide, the largest concentrations of Mormons other than the U.S. are Mexico, Canada, South America, the South Pacific (esp. in
Fiji,
Samoa and
Tonga),
Scandinavia, Britain and East Asia, but the fastest growth in Mormonism in the late 20th century was in Africa, India and Eastern Europe. In
Chile, between 550 and 750,000 people out of the nation's 18.5 million are Mormon, and form a large community similar to
Seventh-day Adventists and
Jehovah's Witnesses due to US American churches missionary work in Latin America.
Montenegrins, a diaspora of South Slavs in the country of
Montenegro who had a 650-year tradition of independence and autonomy. They were a former republic of pre-1991
Yugoslavia and later a co-republic with
Serbia until Montenegro declared independence in 2006. Over 1.3 million Montenegrins live in the Balkans, while half a million more are in
Western Europe, 600,000 live in the US and another 1 million around the world (i.e. Canada, Brazil, Argentina, South Africa and Australia).
The
Navajo Nation or Na-Dene, is said to cover not only the four-corner states of the Southwest US (
Arizona,
New Mexico,
Utah and
Colorado), but the "Na-Dene Diaspora" stretches from Fort Sumner (New Mexico) to Fort Sumter (So. Carolina), to Bosque Rodendo (N.M.) to Redondo Beach (
California),
Tuba City in Arizona or Yuba City Cal. and as far north as
Fort Yukon, Alaska to Yukon near
Oklahoma City and Kansas City (
Kansas), and as far south as
Mexico City. The dispersal of several hundred Native American tribes in the 18th and 19th centuries, also by BIA relocation programs into urban areas in the mid-20th century has indeed produced more Navajo/Dene people to indicate the
Long Walk in the 1860s when 20,000 Navajo was forcibly removed then returned to their homeland (the Navajo Indian Reservation) was the beginning of the Na-Dene diaspora. An estimated 160,000 Navajo/Dene people live in the
Southwest and about 250,000 more live across the U.S. (est. 400,000 citizens in 2022) with Navajo communities developed in
Albuquerque;
Chicago;
Dallas, Texas;
Denver;
Kansas City, Missouri;
Las Vegas, Nevada; Los Angeles; Minneapolis/St. Paul,
Minnesota;
Omaha,
Nebraska;
Phoenix, Arizona; and the
San Francisco Bay Area. [citation needed]
New CaledoniaKanaks – a
Melanesian people native to the overseas French territory brought to Australia and New Zealand, and across
Polynesia (The French territory of
Tahiti) as agricultural workers in newly founded plantations during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Most Kanak laborers in Australia were deported back to New Caledonia in the 1910s due to racial fears of Kanaks live among the country's white European-descent majority. Today, an estimated 30,000 Australian descendants of Kanaks live in the state of
Queensland, where the main concentration of Australian plantation agriculture took place.
Newfie, a colloquial name for people from the Canadian province of
Newfoundland and Labrador, originally for inhabitants of the Island of
Newfoundland. The Newfie diaspora frequently emigrated to other provinces of Canada for employment opportunities in the tens of thousands since the 1920s, while some Newfoundlanders went to the US and the UK in a lesser extent. Newfoundland became Canada's 10th province in 1949, after 350 years of British rule.
New York City relocatees to other US states like
Florida and
California number at one million. The world-famous major city, the US' largest (8-9 million people), is known for its local subculture (esp.
Brooklyn and the
Bronx). Similarly,
Bostonians,
Michiganians[27] and Californians moved across the US and the world. [citation needed]
Nigerian diaspora, people from the country of
Nigeria, the most populous country in Africa. Over 5 million Nigerians live outside the country, as immigrants are known to live in the US (Large Nigerian communities in New York City and
Houston, Texas), the UK, throughout the
EU and
South Africa, among other nations. The Nigeria Diaspora is also one of the most organized Diasporas with an umbrella organization, Nigerians in Diaspora Organisation (NIDO America, NIDO Asia, NIDO Africa and NIDO Europe) represented with chapters in most countries and continents of the world. The organisation also have a Worldwide governing body NIDO Worldwide comprising stakeholders from the continental executives.[28]
Okies from the U.S. state of
Oklahoma. The state has a long history of settlement, emigration and mass dispersal of a subculture across the US and elsewhere in the world, due to economic conditions and conflicts with the U.S. government. Many happen to be
Native Americans yet most of the population is
white and a sizable minority are
African American. Oklahoma was formerly reserved for Native Americans dislocated by white Euro-American settlement and the Indian Wars in the 19th century, mostly in the
Great Plains of the United States and
Western United States regions. See also
Texans of
Texas,
Crackers of
Florida and
Southeastern United States where the main origin of Oklahomans came from.[citation needed] Includes
Osage people – A Native American people who were originally from the Ohio Valley, they migrated into the Central Plains region in the 19th century and finally, Indian Territory (now
Osage Nation the U.S. state of
Oklahoma, the majority live in
Osage County, Oklahoma) with other Osages living across the United States.
Pakistani Diaspora – People who are originally from Pakistan and have settled abroad. Are mainly economic migrants and settled mainly in the Middle East and Britain. The total population is approximately 7 million.
Palestinian Diaspora – People who originally came from Palestine the majority of whom are made up of refugees from the 1948
Arab–Israeli War and the 1967
Six-Day War. It is estimated that more than 6 million Palestinians live in the global diaspora.
Papua New Guinean diaspora - People who originally came from
Papua New Guinea and are now based in other countries overseas like Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the United States of America.
Pashtun diaspora – People who can trace their paternal lineage to East Iranic speaking tribes that stem from a legendary figure named
Qais Abdur Rashid. Pashtuns are defined by their tribal genealogies, Pakhto dialects and the practice of
Pashtunwali. Many South Asian Muslim communities are Pashtuns that have assimilated into south Asian culture and will carry Pashtun lineage or ancestry. Pakhtun homeland is southern Afghanistan, historically called
Arachosia by ancient Macedonians. Historically Afghan was an exonym for Pashtun people however this is an ongoing controversy.
Pattanian Diaspora or
Malay Pattani – Pattania homeland is Southern Thailand border to Northern Malaysia. Under colonisation of Thailand from 1876 until today.
Persian Diaspora – (See
Iranian diaspora) a.k.a.
Iranians are a major community in Los Angeles, and
California in the US, as the major number of Persians in Los Angeles are located in the community of
Westwood, Los Angeles a.k.a.
Little Persia, and even the mayor of the nearby city of
Beverly Hills is Persian (see
Iranian Americans). Other large Iranian communities exist throughout the U.S., Canada, Europe, the Middle East, east Asia and Australia, make up a total of 10 million belonged to the Persian/Iranian diaspora, the majority are political refugees who fled the overthrow of the
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi regime in 1978 and Islamic Revolution of 1979. Persians can also refer to Tajiks of Afghanistan and Tajikistan that are defined by speaking the archaic "dari" Persian dialect. Many have Pashtun and other east-iranic admixture, as well as the Aimaq and Hazara communities of mixed Mongolic and Turkic ancestry that speak Persian.
Peruvian diaspora – People who originally came from
Peru. The largest Peruvian communities are in the United States (see
Peruvian Americans), Canada, Argentine, Chile, Venezuela, Europe (i.e. Spain, Italy and France), Japan and Australia.
"
Polonia" – the diaspora of the
Poles started with the emigrations after the
partitions of Poland,
January Uprising and the
November Uprising, enlarged by the
Nazi policies, and later by the establishment of the
Curzon line. Historic Poland extended into nearby countries:
Belarus,
Czech Republic,
Estonia,
Latvia,
Lithuania, Russia,
Slovakia and
Ukraine. For over 600 years, large waves of Polish
Émigrés, refugees and guest workers moved across Europe, established themselves in Austria, Belgium,
Croatia, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy,
Luxembourg, the Netherlands,
Serbia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the UK. 19th- and 20th-century Polish immigration extended into the United States, Canada, Brazil, Argentina, Mexico, Venezuela, Israel and Australia, as well across the former
USSR. After Poland joined the
É.U. in 2004, about a million Poles went to find work in the E.U. member states, the largest destinations were the UK, Ireland, the Netherlands, France, Spain and Portugal. See also
Polish Americans for the 9 million of Polish descent in the US, as well as
Polish Brazilian for the 3.5 million Brazilians of Polish descent.
Puerto Rican diaspora – a mass migration of
Puerto Ricans from the island territory of
Puerto Rico to the United States mainland began during the first half of the 20th century and has become a subject often studied in colleges, because of Puerto Ricans who achieved success in the United States. The largest Puerto Rican communities in the mainland U.S. are in New York City (about 1 to 2 million in the New York City metro area),
New Jersey,
Pennsylvania and
Florida, but other Puerto Ricans live in all 50 states including
Hawaii, and also a smaller community each in Canada, England and Spain in Europe. Some Puerto Ricans from New York call themselves Nuyoricans. Puerto Ricans everywhere commonly refer to themselves as Boricuas, referring to Borinquen, or Puerto Rico's name given by the Taínos before the arrival of the Spanish.
Rhodesian diaspora.
Southern Rhodesia had the distinction amongst Britain's African colonies of being a self-governing
Crown Colony. As a result, most Southern Rhodesians did not regard Great Britain as home but instead regarded
Southern Rhodesia as home, though they did recognise cultural ties to Great Britain. During and following the
Bush War (1966–1979, during which period the former
Southern Rhodesia was known as
Rhodesia) more than half of Rhodesia's population of
European descent emigrated mainly to Australia, New Zealand and Canada. For many
South Africa was the first destination, where some have settled, but most of these migrants where transient and later reached further destinations. Others recognising their cultural ties to Great Britain emigrated there. This trend continued after
Rhodesia became
Zimbabwe-Rhodesia in June 1979 and increased when
Zimbabwe-Rhodesia became
Zimbabwe in March 1980 (following a brief 85-day period during which the land's name formally reverted to "Southern Rhodesia" for reasons of political expediency); it is estimated that the population of
European descent decreased from a peak 275,000 in 1970, to 120,000 in 1999.
British citizens resident in the region joined in this migration and did not in all cases return to Great Britain, or in some cases did so only temporarily before moving on. Northern Rhodesians of
European descent also emigrated to these same destinations, though their migration began earlier when
Northern Rhodesia became
Zambia in 1964 and was not the result of war but economic pressure. People of
European descent also emigrated from
Nyasaland after 1964 and followed the same routes as Northern Rhodesians, for the same reason. See:
Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland.
Romanians – who emigrated for the first time in larger figures between 1910 and 1925, and left in mass after the fall of communist regime in Romania in 1989, and comprise the
Romanian diaspora, are found today in large numbers in Italy, Spain, Portugal, France, Germany, Greece, Israel, Russia, Turkey, Belgium, the U.K., Ireland, China, Japan, Australia, the U.S., Canada, Mexico, Brazil, Venezuela and Argentina. Today there are over 10 mil. people of Romanian descent outside the country.
The
Russian diaspora – The earliest significant wave of ethnic
Russian emigration took place in the wake of the
Old Believer schism in the 17th century. A sizable "wave" of ethnic
Russians emigrated during a short time period in the wake of the
October Revolution and
Russian Civil War, known collectively as the
White emigres. A smaller group of
Russians (often referred to by
Russians[29] as the second emigration or second wave) had also left during World War II, many were refugees or eastern workers. During the
Soviet period, ethnic
Russians migrated throughout the area of former
Russian Empire and Soviet Union, and after the collapse of the Soviet Union found themselves living outside Russia.
White Russian diaspora – named for the
Russians and
Belarusians who left Russia (the
USSR 1918–91) in the wake of the 1917
October Revolution and
Russian Civil War, seeking to preserve pre-Soviet Russian culture, the
Orthodox Christian faith, and includes exiled former
Communist party members, such as
Leon Trotsky found exile in Mexico but was assassinated in 1940. The millions of Russian émigré and refugees found live in North America (the U.S. and Canada), Latin America with a sect of Pryguny or Molokans settled in
Guadalupe Valley,
Baja California in Mexico, even more went to Europe (The UK, Austria, Belgium, former Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Scandinavia, Switzerland and former Yugoslavia), some to east Asia (China and Japan), south Asia (India and
Iran) and the Middle East (
Egypt and Turkey).
Ryukyuan people – Also known as Okinawans, an Asian people closely related to the Japanese in terms of culture and language, from the
Ryukyu Islands, politically part of Japan since 1879. Thousands emigrated to Japan, Hawaii, and various Pacific islands after the Japanese annexation to form the initial
Ryukyuan diaspora. After World War II, the U.S. controlled the Ryukyu Islands from 1945 until their return to Japanese rule in 1972. Since then, tens of thousands of Okinawans settled in the U.S. and in the 1960s, there massive settlement programs of Okinawan farmers into Latin America, the majority in Brazil and
Peru, and some Ryukyuan transplants in
Ecuador,
Bolivia (the
Santa Cruz, Bolivia province area) and
Paraguay (i.e. the
Gran Chaco) to develop their countries' agricultural farmlands.
Scottish diaspora – includes the
Auld Alliance and the
Scottish Wars of Independence which led countless Scots to emigrate to mainland Europe to escape persecution and hardship. The
Highland clearances which depopulated large parts of the Scottish Highlands and had lasting effects on Scottish Gaelic culture; the
Lowland Clearances which resulted in significant migration of Lowland Scots to Canada (highest concentration in the province
Nova Scotia) and the United States after 1776; the
Ulster-Scots, descended primarily from Lowland Scots who settled
Ulster during the
Plantation of Ulster in the 17th century and subsequently fled to the Americas in mass numbers throughout the 18th century due to religious and cultural persecution as well as other socio-economic factors. Other Scots and Ulster Scots went to Australia, New Zealand,
South Africa and a smaller but important community in
Argentina. (See also British diaspora and
Scots-Irish people).[30]
Serbian diaspora – from
Serbia, former
Yugoslavia. Over 12 million of Serbian descent live around the world, historically based in Serbia, nearby
Montenegro,
Kosovo (disputed by Serbia),
Bosnia and Herzegovina,
Croatia, Hungary,
Albania,
North Macedonia and
Romania. The largest overseas Serbian communities are in the U.S. (see
Serbian American), nearby
Bulgaria and
Slovenia in the Balkans of Europe, and further away in Switzerland and Germany. Other communities in Sweden, Norway, Austria, Australia, Canada, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Denmark, the United Kingdom, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Venezuela, Brazil and South Africa.
Seventh-day Adventists – similar to Mormons and
Jehovah's Witnesses who believe in political neutrality, this Christian sect has 15 million members (nearly tied with LDS church and JWs) in the world. They form a majority of residents in only one town:
Loma Linda, California, USA – where the church has offices, as well have a university, free hospital and TV network.
Somali diaspora – includes ethnic
Somalis who live in
Djibouti,
Ethiopia,
Yemen,
Kenya, as well other parts of Africa. It also includes about 2.5 million people of Somali origin who live in the Middle East, Europe,
Oceania, and North America, either as recent immigrants or as naturalized citizens.
Little Mogadishu in
Minneapolis, USA is the largest Somali community in North America.[31] Several Little Somalias formed in the US by refugees since the 1990s.
South African diaspora – mainly consists of
white South African emigrants of British and to a lesser extent,
Afrikaner origin. A minority of
British diaspora have moved to Great Britain (often through the UK ancestry visa), due to socioeconomic concerns such as South Africa's high crime rate in the 1990s, volatile
South African Rand, economic mismanagement during the
Jacob Zuma presidency and changes in the South African economy. Afrikaners and Black South Africans generally have much lower emigration rates than their English and Jewish counterparts. South Africans have largely settled in the UK, Australia, the United States, New Zealand, Canada, and to a lesser extent, Zimbabwe, Ireland, the UAE, France and Portugal. In the 2000s, Russia and nearby
Georgia invited thousands of Afrikaner farmers.[32]
Tamil diaspora – denotes people of
Tamil Nadu and
Sri Lankan Tamil origin who have settled in many parts of rest of India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Singapore, Reunion, South Africa, Mauritius, Fiji, Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago, French Caribbean islands, Europe, Australia and North America (US and Canada).
Sikh diaspora – from the
Punjab region Sikhs have emigrated to all over the world. Now there are more than a million Sikhs outside of India. The biggest community is the
British Sikh community which in the last census was recorded as 336,179 people. There are also major Sikh communities in Canada with 278,000, 150,000 living in Europe,
Malaysia (100,000), East Africa (100,000), America (87,000), 50,000 in Asia outside India,[33] and 32,000 in Australia and New Zealand.
Chitpavan Diaspora – Hindu converts of mixed Indian and East European (primarily Jewish) descent who migrated to India centuries ago.[citation needed]
Punjabi diaspora – main regions
Punjabis have migrated to include:
EU (chiefly UK), Canada, US,
Malaysia and Australia, which took place in the 20th century.
Sindhi diaspora – main regions
Sindh,
Sindhis have migrated to include:
EU (chiefly UK), Canada, United States,
Malaysia and Australia, which took place in the 20th century or before.
The
Romani (English terms: Gypsy, Gypsies) – a traditionally 'dispersed' people in Europe, with origins in South Asia (or perhaps,
northern India and
Sindh) for 800-some years, are even more 'dispersed' today, following
the Holocaust of Nazi Germany. (See
Some names for the Roma) – one name for Roma in England are "Tinkers". Over 10 million Romani live across Europe, the majority in Spain, and then Eastern countries (Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Albania, Greece, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and Macedonia), and estimates of 250,000 Romani are known to live in North America (the US and Canada).
Spanish diaspora – Refers to the migration of millions Spanish people over the last 500 years all over the world, for a great variety of reasons, especially to America, Africa (Spanish Guinea, Spanish Morocco, and the Canary Islands), and other Spanish territories in Europe. This has resulted in the diffusion of the Spanish language and the large number of Spanish names in the places mentioned. During the 20th century, the Spanish diaspora was increased due to the political and economic emigrants who left Spain during the Francoist dictatorship (1930s but his death in 1975 brought democratic reform back to Spain). Notable communities were established in Argentina, Venezuela, Cuba, Mexico, France, Italy, Russia, the United Kingdom and across Latin America.
Sri Lankan diaspora. The Sri Lankan diaspora are Sri Lankan emigrants from
Sri Lanka, and their descendants and reside in a foreign country. They number a total estimated population of around 3 million.
Sudanese from the African nation of
Sudan and the new independent country of
South Sudan inhabited by the mostly Christian
Dinka and
Nuer peoples. Many Sudanese of both countries immigrated into Europe, esp. the UK and scattered across the Middle East. There has been substantial growth of Sudanese in the US and Canada, esp. in the Midwest and Central States (see
Sudanese American), and were areas of resettlement of tens of thousands of (many Southern) Sudanese refugee children known the
Lost Boys of Sudan in the 1990s and 2000s (decade). [citation needed]
Swedish diaspora. Large numbers of Swedes (and
Swedish-speaking Finns from Finland also under Russian rule) migrated to the US in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It is estimated that about eight million Americans have some Swedish ancestry.
Swedish Americans constitute 10% of the population of
Minnesota and other large numbers settled in
Wisconsin,
Illinois,
New York and
Pennsylvania. A large colony of Swedes settled towns in the US like
Lindsborg, Kansas and
Kingsburg, California in the late 19th century. Large Swedish migration took place in Canada in the same time period along with other ethnic
Scandinavians from Norway, Denmark and
Iceland. Smaller waves of Swedish expatriates live across Europe, east Asia, Australia and Latin America, usually made up of retirees and businessmen in the late 20th century. It is estimated that between 80,000 and 100,000 Swedes live in Norway (2012), many of whom being young workers.[34][35]
Swiss diaspora, some 9% of Swiss citizens live across the globe. Swiss nationals and descendants live in the U.S., Canada, Mexico, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, Brazil and nearby nations of France, Germany, Italy and Austria. In the late 19th century, an immigration settlement program brought tens of thousands of
Swiss Germans,
ethnic Germans and
Austrians alike into southern
Chile, and the imprint of Germanic culture remains strong there. [citation needed] Also to note West African nations such as
Liberia and
Ghana are known for several thousands of Swiss expatriates. [citation needed]
Syrian diaspora – The largest Arab nationality diaspora in the world.
Tibetan diaspora – a group of
Tibetan people who left Tibet to be with the
14th Dalai Lama after he went into exile in 1959. Most live in India and Nepal, but some live in the United States and Europe. An estimated 20–40,000 Tibetans live in Switzerland alone, and Tibetans live throughout the world. Large Tibetan communities exist in
California (US) esp. in New York City, Los Angeles and San Francisco. The Tibetans in exile were influential in the
Free Tibet movement which has many American activists, including celebrities and converts to Buddhism. [citation needed]
Ukrainian diaspora, represented by
Ukrainians who left their homeland in several waves of emigration, settling mainly in the
Americas (United States, Canada, Mexico, Brazil and
Argentina), but also Australia,
east Asia (China) and across Europe. Also includes the tens and millions of Ukrainians who migrated from
Ukraine to other parts of the former Soviet Union (mainly Russia and the
Baltics) during the Soviet time. Ukrainians in the Middle East should be noted and the large-scale Ukrainian with Russian Jewish emigration to
Israel. [citation needed]
Ruthenians and Carpathians, self-titles for
Slavic peoples from the small region of Ruthenia, encompasses easternmost
Slovakia, southeast parts of Poland, northern edges of Hungary and westernmost
Ukraine, had preserved a unique ethnocultural identity, but lacked an independent country of their own for almost a millennia. In the late 19th century and again between World Wars I and II, over a million Ruthenians fled their homeland and settled across Western Europe (France, Germany and Austria), North America (the U.S. and Canada) and the USSR (Russia), but lesser numbers settled in East Asia (China), the Middle East (Turkey), South America (Brazil) and Australia in the late 20th century.
Uganda DiasporaArchived 2020-08-04 at the
Wayback Machine refers to about 1.5 million Ugandans (according to the
UN Human Development Report of 2009) who left
Uganda from the early 1970s—during the dictatorship reign of
Idi Amin (to escape persecution and death)--to the current time "in [their] search for better social and economic opportunities."[36] The Ugandans who left are diverse, knowledgeable, talented and have raised families overseas with some now identifying as mixed race. Many have settled in Europe, Asia and North America. Studies show that Ugandans in the diaspora have contributed vast revenue to the
Ugandan economy through investments and remittances they send back to their families in Uganda. In 2016, over US$1.2 billion was introduced into the Uganda's economy; in 2017, about US$1.4 billion was introduced into Uganda's coffers, and in 2018—US$1.3 billion was injected into the economy.[37][38]
V
The
Venezuelan diaspora – People from
Venezuela who live outside of their territory: Mainly in the United States, Mexico, Spain, Italy,
Panama,
Trinidad and Tobago and most of South America. Most of them arrived to escape from the
military dictatorship of the 1950s and the political repressions in the 1960s. There is also a growing number of
Venezuelans in Canada almost all of them working for the
Oil industry after the
2002 strike. See also
Venezuelan American. Since the arrival of
PresidentHugo Chávez, a significant growing number of young Venezuelans are fleeing their country in search of better living standards and work opportunities. More recently, since the
crisis worsening in 2012, another wave of Venezuelans have emigrated,[39] including people from all age groups and socioeconomic statuses.
Welsh diaspora – The Welsh (or in the Welsh language – Cymry) are a
Celtic people from
Wales one of the four countries of the United Kingdom who manage to preserve their Celtic heritage after a millennia of English and then British rule. An estimated 5 million people of Welsh ancestry live globally in areas formerly part of the British Empire (Canada, Australia, New Zealand and lesser numbers in Latin America) and about 2 million Americans are of Welsh descent. In the 19th century, over 500,000 Welsh miners migrated out of Wales throughout the British Empire, western Europe, the Americas (the U.S. such as
Jackson County, Ohio was nicknamed Little Wales) and
South Africa for mining jobs, but others came as shepherds, factory workers and fishermen. The Welsh fought hard to preserve their culture, such as the revived
Welsh language and their sense of identity in face of
forced assimilation to the Anglo-British fabric. In the late 19th century, a small but solid group of Welsh people settled in
Patagonia, creating the Welsh community known as Y Wladfa that survived to this day in the
Argentine provinces of
Chubut and
Santa Cruz. Many there are bilingual in Spanish and Welsh.
Western Sahara the people on the exile of Mali, France, Spain,
Algeria (mainly Tinduf), Mauritania, Niger, Italy and Senegal. And on the Free Zone of the Saharaui Republic.
"Xin (New)
Uygurs", a
Turkic ethnic group of the Northwestern region of
Xinjiang in China. Over 2 million Uygurs migrated outward, to autochthonous Uygur tribal areas in nearby countries of
Kazakhstan,
Kyrgyzstan,
Tajikistan,
Turkmenistan,
Uzbekistan and elsewhere in the former
USSR (Russia). Other Uygurs long settled across China, but also are in Pakistan, the
U.A.E, throughout Europe (the
EU) and 200,000 live in the United States, the main communities of Uygurs in San Francisco and Los Angeles. [citation needed]
Y
Yemenis from the country of
Yemen in the
Arabian peninsula. Historically Yemen was one kingdom until
Ottoman Turks and then British colonialism in the late 19th century. The British maintained the former country of
South Yemen until its independence (1967–90) and was the only Marxist government in the Middle East before unification with
North Yemen. Yemeni immigration in the 20th and early 21st century have dispersed the population throughout the Middle East (esp.
Bahrain,
Qatar,
Saudi Arabia and the
UAE), guest workers in Europe (see
Yemeni British), Australia and
East Asia. Yemenis have been arriving in the United States (see
Yemeni American) with a large concentration in
Lackawanna, New York near
Buffalo and also in
Detroit, while large numbers of Yemenis also live in adjacent Canada. [citation needed]
Yugoslavs (see
Bosnians,
Croats,
Macedonians,
Montenegrins,
Serbs and
Slovenes). From 1918 to 1990, the country of Yugoslavia in southeastern Europe existed (until 2006, when the nation renamed to
Serbia and Montenegro broke apart). Millions of former Yugoslavs moved across Europe (laborers encouraged by the Yugoslavian government in the 1950s-80s to relocate), emigrated to North America (especially the United States) and around the world (
Chile may have the largest pre-1990 Yugoslavian communities in ratio of its population).
Z
Zimbabwean diaspora – Zimbabwean people who live outside
Zimbabwe; many have emigrated to South Africa, the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada and the United States.[40] Most
white Zimbabweans left the country after independence in 1980. Black Zimbabweans began leaving the country in significant numbers in the 1990s. Today, there are millions of Zimbabweans living and working abroad.
Zoroastrian diaspora – two waves; the first took place in the 7th century when the
Arabs conquered
Persia and those who fled to India became known as the
Parsees. In addition, after the
Iranian Revolution of 1979, several thousand of the remaining Zoroastrians in
Iran fled to the United States and the European Union, the largest diaspora being in Great Britain.
Various
Various
Native Americans of the United States have diaspora legends, stories and identity, but this applies only after contact with Europeans and removal of entire tribal peoples by post-colonial white European governments from the 16th to 19th centuries.
Various ethnic minorities from areas under Russian and Soviet control following the
Russian Revolution, continuing through the mass forced resettlements under
Joseph Stalin.
Various groups fled in large numbers from areas under Axis control during World War II, or after the border changes following the war, and formed their own diasporas. Only a few larger sized ethnic groups and nationalities were able to restore autonomy after the fall of Communism and the disbanding of the Soviet Union (1990–91).
^Departamento de Derecho y Ciencias Políticas de la National University of La Matanza (14 November 2011).
"Historias de inmigrantes italianos en Argentina" (in Spanish). infouniversidades.siu.edu.ar. Se estima que en la actualidad, el 90% de la población argentina tiene alguna ascendencia europea y que al menos 25 millones están relacionados con algún inmigrante de Italia.