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Since 1968, Hawaii has required a statewide vote for all constitutional amendments voted on by the legislature.

Elections in Hawaii
Federal government
Presidential elections
Presidential primaries
Democratic
2004
2008
2016
2020
Republican
2008
2012
2016
2024
U.S. Senate elections
U.S. House of Representatives elections
State government
Gubernatorial elections
Senate elections
House of Representatives elections
Ballot measures
1998
Honolulu
Mayoral elections

Background

Hawaii has not historically had a statewide system for citizens to place initiatives on the ballot. In 1907, while it was still a territory, the Democratic Party of Hawaii passed a resolution supporting an initiative system, but when Hawaii became a state no system was included in the Constitution of Hawaii. [1] At the 1968 Constitutional Convention, an initiative & referendum (I&R) system was proposed but was shot down by the committee after less than thirty minutes of deliberation. [2] Efforts were revived during the 1978 Constitutional Convention, spearheaded by State Senator Mary George and the "Citizens Con Con Monitors." [3] [4] This effort was opposed by several workers unions, including the United Public Workers and the Hawaii Government Employees Association, who claimed that "initiative, referendum, and recall would be dominated by emotion rather than reason." [5] While supporters of I&R were successful in bringing the proposal to a vote at the convention, it was ultimately rejected. [6] Since that time, various other efforts have been undertaken by activists to limited success—while some counties and cities have adopted I&R, the state legislature has adopted an attitude described by the Initiative & Referendum Institute as "openly hostile." [7]

Types of ballot measures

The only form of ballot measure permitted in Hawaii are legislatively referred constitutional amendments, which are changes to the Constitution of Hawaii proposed by the Hawaiian Government. [8] Article XVII of the Constitution of Hawaii provides for two means by which measures can be placed on the ballot: [9]

  • Measures can be placed on the ballot by the Hawaii State Legislature passing a constitutional amendment. Constitutional amendments will not go into effect until after approved by a vote of the people (Article XVII, Section 3).
  • Measures can be placed on the ballot by a constitutional convention, which itself must be approved by a ballot measure placed by the legislature (Article XVII, Sections 1-2).

Constitutional amendments passed via ballot measures are unable to be vetoed by the Governor. [9]

1968—1999

1968

Measure name Description [10] Status [10] Yes votes No votes
Amendment 1 A constitutional amendment to adopt specific districts for the Hawaii House and Senate Passed 149,200 (76.29%) 46,360 (23.71%)
Amendment 2 A constitutional amendment to establish a reapportionment commission to handle redistricting Passed 152,962 (78.27%) 42,468 (21.73%)
Amendment 3 A constitutional amendment to ensure roughly equal representation in the state legislature across Hawaii Passed 148,077 (75.73%) 47,451 (24.27%)
Amendment 4 A constitutional amendment to guarantee a right to privacy Passed 151,603 (77.53%) 43,927 (22.47%)
Amendment 5 A constitutional amendment allowing state courts to not provide bail if a defendants release would cause danger to others Passed 145,682 (74.50%) 49,860 (25.50%)
Amendment 6 A constitutional amendment to guarantee a right to effective counsel Passed 152,113 (77.80%) 43,412 (22.20%)
Amendment 7 A constitutional amendment to ensure that land seized under eminent domain result in fair compensation for the land owners Passed 152,815 (78.15%) 42,721 (21.85%)
Amendment 8 A constitutional amendment lowering the voting age to 18 years old Failed 96,283 (49.24%) 99,257 (50.76%)
Amendment 9 A constitutional amendment restoring the right to vote to felons Passed 128,703 (65.83%) 66,818 (34.17%)
Amendment 10 A constitutional amendment removing the requirement that citizens be fluent in either Hawaiian or English to vote Passed 120,431 (61.59%) 75,106 (38.41%)
Amendment 11 A constitutional amendment authorizing the legislature to provide a presidential preference primary Passed 147,254 (75.30%) 48,295 (24.70%)
Amendment 12 A constitutional amendment lowering the age limit to serve in the legislature Passed 111,302 (56.92%) 84,244 (43.08%)
Amendment 13 A constitutional amendment making various changes to the state legislature process Passed 148,634 (76.03%) 46,861 (23.97%)
Amendment 14 A constitutional amendment setting legislators' salaries at $12,000 a year Passed 112,399 (57.48%) 83,138 (42.52%)
Amendment 15 A constitutional amendment modifying the structure and powers of the state executive Passed 133,501 (68.28%) 62,016 (31.72%)
Amendment 16 A constitutional amendment modifying the structure and powers of the state court system Passed 146,762 (75.06%) 48,762 (24.94%)
Amendment 17 A constitutional amendment modifying state and county debt limits Passed 141,042 (72.14%) 54,467 (27.86%)
Amendment 18 A constitutional amendment requiring state budgets be passed on a biennial basis Passed 149,109 (76.26%) 46,429 (23.74%)
Amendment 19 A constitutional amendment to allow for home rule in Hawaii counties Passed 154,658 (79.10%) 40,857 (20.90%)
Amendment 20 A constitutional amendment allowing public employees to join unions Passed 132,968 (67.96%) 62,692 (32.04%)
Amendment 21 A constitutional amendment to create a code of ethics for all public employees Passed 153,949 (78.74%) 41,566 (21.26%)
Amendment 22 A constitutional amendment to allow for future constitutional conventions Passed 153,599 (78.56%) 41,925 (21.44%)
Amendment 23 A constitutional amendment making various revisions to the Hawaii Constitution Passed 153,967 (78.75%) 41,550 (21.25%)
Amendment 24 A constitutional amendment reapportioning the state legislature Passed 111,911 (62.23%) 59,661 (37.77%)

1970

Measure name Description [10] Status [10] Yes votes No votes
Proposition 1 A constitutional amendment to modify the selection process for the Board of Education Failed 70,587 (37.83%) 115,990 (62.17%)
Proposition 2 A constitutional amendment modifying the selection process for superintendents Failed 76,711 (42.30%) 104,636 (57.70%)
Proposition 3 A constitutional amendment lowering the vote age to 18 years old Failed 95,265 (49.16%) 98,502 (50.84%)
Proposition 4 A constitutional amendment requiring city charters undergo a review process every ten years Passed 109,137 (66.82%) 54,205 (33.18%)

1972

Measure name Description [10] Status [10] Yes votes No votes
Amendment 1 A constitutional amendment to prohibit sex discrimination Passed 207,123 (86.64%) 31,930 (13.36%)
Amendment 2 A constitutional amendment modifying the appropriations process Passed 162,594 (74.98%) 54,246 (25.02%)
Amendment 3 A constitutional amendment lowering the voting age to 18 years old Passed 174,118 (72.47%) 66,135 (27.53%)

1974

Measure name Description [10] Status [10] Yes votes No votes
Amendment 1 A constitutional amendment excluding some types of funding from the governor's veto ability Failed 11,223 (47.80%) 12,257 (52.20%)

1976

Measure name Description [10] Status Yes votes No votes
Amendment 1 A constitutional amendment to create standard minimum housing requirements across the state Passed 200,787 (74.25%) 69,623 (25.75%)
Amendment 2 A constitutional amendment calling for a constitutional convention Passed 199,831 (74.26%) 69,264 (25.74%)

1978

Measure name Description [10] Status [10] Yes votes No votes
Amendment 1 A constitutional amendment requiring twelve-member jurys and increasing the value of controversy to $1,000 Passed 168,910 (66.97%) 83,316 (33.03%)
Amendment 2 A constitutional amendment modifying the grand jury process Passed 162,124 (64.28%) 90,102 (35.72%)
Amendment 3 A constitutional amendment affirming the right to privacy Passed 131,244 (52.03%) 120,982 (47.97%)
Amendment 4 A constitutional amendment requiring the secrecy of voting Passed 161,119 (63.88%) 91,107 (36.12%)
Amendment 5 A constitutional amendment requiring candidates for office to resign from any other political position they currently hold Passed 148,542 (58.89%) 103,684 (41.11%)
Amendment 6 A constitutional amendment setting more restrictive campaign finance laws Passed 145,910 (57.85%) 106,316 (42.15%)
Amendment 7 A constitutional amendment modifying the processes of the state legislature Passed 159,907 (63.40%) 92,319 (36.60%)
Amendment 8 A constitutional amendment modifying the reapportionment timeline Passed 169,136 (67.06%) 83,090 (32.94%)
Amendment 9 A constitutional amendment limiting the governor and lieutenant governor to two terms Passed 171,518 (68.00%) 80,708 (32.00%)
Amendment 10 A constitutional amendment substantially overhauling the state court system Passed 168,639 (66.86%) 83,587 (33.14%)
Amendment 11 A constitutional amendment clarifying state spending limits Passed 168,508 (66.81%) 83,718 (33.19%)
Amendment 12 A constitutional amendment modifying the debt limit Passed 178,358 (70.71%) 73,868 (29.29%)
Amendment 13 A constitutional amendment allowing the legislature more freedom in issuing bonds Passed 163,709 (64.91%) 88,517 (35.09%)
Amendment 14 A constitutional amendment establishing a council on revenues at the state level Passed 175,110 (69.43%) 77,116 (30.57%)
Amendment 15 A constitutional amendment allowing the legislature to establish a tax review commission Passed 170,815 (67.72%) 81,411 (32.28%)
Amendment 16 A constitutional amendment transferring some taxation powers from the state to counties Passed 130,963 (51.92%) 121,263 (48.08%)
Amendment 17 A constitutional amendment substantially overhauling state protections for the disabled and elderly Passed 173,839 (68.92%) 78,387 (31.08%)
Amendment 18 A constitutional amendment requiring the state and counties to plan for population growth Passed 167,450 (66.39%) 84,776 (33.61%)
Amendment 19 A constitutional amendment modifying the structure of the Board of Education Passed 177,549 (70.39%) 74,677 (29.61%)
Amendment 20 A constitutional amendment prohibiting discrimination in public education and funding the creation of a Hawaiian Studies program for public schools Passed 160,937 (63.81%) 91,289 (36.19%)
Amendment 21 A constitutional amendment modifying the power of the Hawaii University Board of Regents Passed 175,201 (69.46%) 77,025 (30.54%)
Amendment 22 A constitutional amendment requiring the state to engage in more water resource protection Passed 171,054 (67.82%) 81,172 (32.18%)
Amendment 23 A constitutional amendment requiring the state and counties to engage in more resource protection efforts Passed 156,153 (61.91%) 96,073 (38.09%)
Amendment 24 A constitutional amendment requiring the state to engage in more conservation efforts Passed 172,236 (68.29%) 79,990 (31.71%)
Amendment 25 A constitutional amendment tightening state control of marine resources Passed 178,296 (70.69%) 73,930 (29.31%)
Amendment 26 A constitutional amendment prohibiting nuclear power plants unless approved by a supermajority vote in the legislature Passed 164,366 (65.17%) 87,860 (34.83%)
Amendment 27 A constitutional amendment requiring the legislature to fund the Department of Hawaiian Home Lands Passed 130,232 (51.18%) 121,994 (48.82%)
Amendment 28 A constitutional amendment creating the Office of Hawaiian Affairs Passed 129,089 (51.18%) 123,137 (48.82%)
Amendment 29 A constitutional amendment explicitly protecting traditional rights held by the indigenous people of Hawaii Passed 140,061 (92.01%) 12,165 (7.99%)
Amendment 30 A constitutional amendment clarifying that the code of ethics for public employees would also apply to constitutional convention delegates Passed 179,961 (71.35%) 72,265 (28.65%)
Amendment 31 A constitutional amendment clarifying the state boundaries and motto Passed 175,844 (69.72%) 76,382 (30.28%)
Amendment 32 A constitutional amendment preventing adverse possession Passed 148,107 (58.72%) 104,119 (41.28%)
Amendment 33 A constitutional amendment making some miscellaneous revisions to the state constitution Passed 178,632 (70.82%) 73,594 (29.18%)
Amendment 34 A constitutional amendment making various style changes to the state constitution Passed 175,032 (69.39%) 77,194 (30.61%)

1980

Measure name Description [10] Status [10] Yes votes No votes
Amendment 1 A constitutional amendment requiring that future amendments receive 50% of the vote to pass Passed 178,030 (67.55%) 85,530 (32.45%)
Amendment 2 A constitutional amendment requiring that future constitutional amendments be accompanied by voter education programs Passed 187,093 (72.02%) 72,682 (27.98%)
Amendment 3 A constitutional amendment allowing the state senate to convene special sessions if necessary to fill judicial vacancies Passed 153,868 (61.11%) 97,929 (38.89%)

1982

Measure name Description [10] Status [10] Yes votes No votes
Amendment 1 A constitutional amendment modifying the structure of criminal hearings Passed 191,798 (66.83%) 95,216 (33.17%)
Amendment 2 A constitutional amendment modifying the payment schedule for legislators Passed 152,154 (54.68%) 126,110 (45.32%)

1984

Measure name Description [10] Status [10] Yes votes No votes
Amendment 1 A constitutional amendment eliminating the requirement that excess revenue be refunded to taxpayers Failed 138,069 (46.01%) 162,042 (53.99%)
Amendment 2 A constitutional amendment extending the time between a bill's introduction and the vote Passed 177,060 (60.48%) 115,704 (39.52%)
Amendment 3 A constitutional amendment modifying the payment schedule for legislators Passed 185,231 (64.55%) 101,719 (35.45%)
Amendment 4 A constitutional amendment expanding opportunities for the legislature to go on recess Passed 173,623 (62.18%) 105,591 (37.82%)

1986

Measure name Description [10] Status [10] Yes votes No votes
Amendment C A constitutional amendment allowing the Supreme Court to appoint retired judges if necessary Passed 197,386 (62.31%) 119,375 (37.69%)
Amendment D A constitutional amendment calling for a constitutional convention Failed 137,236 (44.10%) 173,977 (55.90%)

1988

Measure name Description [10] Status [10] Yes votes No votes
Amendment 1 A constitutional amendment allowing jury trials in some civil cases Passed 212,235 (67.49%) 102,246 (32.51%)
Amendment 2 A constitutional amendment eliminating the one-year residency requirement for voting Passed 170,026 (52.06%) 156,594 (47.94%)
Amendment 3 A constitutional amendment making it so that candidates unopposed in the primary did not have to participate in the general election Passed 198,301 (64.63%) 108,515 (35.37%)
Amendment 4 A constitutional amendment requiring the state to assert its control over natural resources Passed 251,822 (81.89%) 55,689 (18.11%)
Amendment 5 A constitutional amendment allowing those who turn 18 in the same year of an election to vote in that election Passed 164,407 (51.20%) 156,681 (48.80%)
Amendment 6 A constitutional amendment creating a seat on the Board of Education for a high school student Passed 212,174 (67.11%) 103,961 (32.89%)
Amendment 7 A constitutional amendment modifying the units used to ensure equal representation in the state legislature Passed 165,896 (55.66%) 132,133 (44.34%)

1990

Measure name Description [10] Status [10] Yes votes No votes
Amendment 1 A constitutional amendment changing the legislative recess minimum from five days to six days Failed 144,552 (48.98%) 150,559 (51.02%)
Amendment 2 A constitutional amendment increasing the years of service qualification to be a district court judge from five years to ten years Failed 151,502 (49.32%) 155,676 (50.68%)
Amendment 3 A constitutional amendment modifying the units used to ensure equal representation in the state legislature Failed 142,688 (48.04%) 154,339 (51.96%)
Amendment 4 A constitutional amendment modifying the units used to ensure equal representation in the state legislature Passed 149,474 (53.71%) 128,835 (46.29%)
Amendment 5 A constitutional amendment modifying the units used to ensure equal representation in the state legislature Passed 151,740 (54.83%) 125,015 (45.17%)

1992

Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes
Question 1 A constitutional amendment modifying the redistricting calendar [11] Passed [12] 192,432 (50.40%) 127,199 (33.30%)
Question 2 A constitutional amendment providing an alternative oath of office for elected officials [11] Passed [12] 228,395 (59.80%) 51,451 (13.50%)
Question 3 A constitutional amendment modifying the State Senate [11] Passed [12] 217,462 (56.90%) 105,333 (27.60%)
Question 4 A constitutional amendment modifying the reapportionment system [11] Passed [12] 210,400 (55.10%) 120,029 (31.40%)

1994

Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes
Measure 1 A constitutional amendment authorizing the state to issue bonds in some circumstances [11] Passed [13] 231,859 (61.60%) 102,721 (27.30%)
Measure 2 A constitutional amendment authorizing the state to issue bonds in some circumstances [11] Passed [13] 198,977 (52.90%) 129,233 (34.30%)
Measure 3 A constitutional amendment making the Board of Education an appointed position by the Governor of Hawaii [11] Failed [13] 158,675 (42.20%) 176,242 (46.80%)
Measure 4 A constitutional amendment limiting the powers of the Board of Education [11] Passed [13] 238,870 (63.50%) 89,466 (23.80%)
Measure 5 A constitutional amendment modifying the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court's power [11] Passed [13] 250,481 (66.60%) 71,160 (18.90%)
Measure 6 A constitutional amendment setting the number of judicial nominees to be no less than 4 and no more than 6 [11] Passed [13] 215,471 (57.30%) 96,762 (25.70%)
Measure 7 A constitutional amendment setting judge's term limits at 6 years [11] Passed [13] 240,411 (63.90%) 73,945 (19.60%)
Measure 8 A constitutional amendment modifying the appointment process [11] Passed [13] 205,982 (54.70%) 103,135 (27.40%)

1996

Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes
Amendment 1 A constitutional amendment authorizing the state to issue bonds for the purpose of funding hurricane insurance [11] Passed [14] 234,436 (63.50%) 92,238 (25.00%)
Amendment 2 A constitutional amendment allowing the state to apportion funds for the purpose of constructing new public school facilities [11] Passed [14] 242,009 (65.50%) 83,882 (22.70%)
Amendment 3 A constitutional amendment making some changes to public school funding [11] Passed [14] 164,132 (44.40%) 123,021 (33.30%)
Constitutional Convention A constitutional amendment calling for a constitutional convention [11] Passed [14] [a] 163,869 (50.50%) 160,153 (49.50%)

1998

Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes
Convention Question A constitutional amendment calling for a constitutional convention [15] Failed [16] 140,688 (34.10%) 244,753 (59.30%)
Question 1 A constitutional amendment modifying the tax review commission [17] Failed [16] 138,672 (33.60%) 222,433 (53.90%)
Question 2 A constitutional amendment granting the legislature the authority to prohibit same-sex marriage [18] Passed [16] 285,384 (69.18%) 117,827 (28.56%)

2000—

2000

Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes
Amendment 1 A constitutional amendment granting the University of Hawaii self-governance [19] Passed [20] 268,166 (72.40%) 76,870 (20.70%)
Amendment 2 A constitutional amendment requiring the tax review commission meet every ten years rather than every five years [21] Failed [20] 130,055 (35.10%) 208,035 (56.10%)
Amendment 3 A constitutional amendment redefining the duties of the reapportionment commission [22] Passed [20] 260,669 (70.40%) 67,568 (18.20%)

2002

Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes
Question 1 A constitutional amendment requiring candidates for the state legislature hold residency in Hawaii before filing to run for office [23] Passed [24] 42,506 (84.40%) 4,604 (9.10%)
Question 2 A constitutional amendment allowing the state to issue bonds for the purpose of assisting non-profit private educational institutions [25] Passed [24] 28,379 (56.30%) 18,243 (36.20%)
Question 3 A constitutional amendment allowing the state to initiative felony prosecutions by submitting written documentation to the court [26] Passed [24] 25,838 (51.30%) 19,277 (38.30%)

2004

Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes
Amendment 1 A constitutional amendment to allow the legislature to define sexual assault crimes in law [27] Passed [28] 282,852 (65.60%) 103,745 (24.10%)
Amendment 2 A constitutional amendment creating a public sex offender registry [29] Passed [28] 309,415 (71.80%) 79,321 (18.40%)
Amendment 3 A constitutional amendment allowing the legislature to define confidential communications in criminal proceedings [30] Passed [28] 229,439 (53.20%) 147,257 (34.20%)
Amendment 4 A constitutional amendment changing the process for the state to initiate criminal proceedings [31] Passed [28] 241,658 (56.00%) 129,103 (29.90%)

2006

Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes
Amendment 1 A constitutional amendment to establish a candidate advisory council to screen potential members of the University of Hawaii's board of regents [32] Passed [33] 195,909 (56.20%) 152,635 (43.80%)
Amendment 2 A constitutional amendment to establish a government salary commission [34] Passed [33] 184,101 (52.80%) 164,515 (47.20%)
Amendment 3 A constitutional amendment to remove the mandatory retirement age for judges [35] Failed [33] 121,418 (34.80%) 226,805 (65.20%)
Amendment 4 A constitutional amendment allowing the Hawaii State Legislature to define some terms relating to sexual assault crimes [36] Passed [33] 240,789 (69.00%) 107,575 (31.00%)
Amendment 5 A constitutional amendment allowing the state to issue bonds for the purpose of assisting agricultural businesses [37] Passed [33] 222,072 (63.70%) 126,588 (36.30%)

2008

Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes
Constitutional Convention Question A measure to hold a state constitutional convention to revise the Constitution of Hawaii [38] Failed 152,453 (35.00%) 281,418 (65.00%)
SB 966 A constitutional amendment lowering the age requirement for Hawaii Governor and Lieutenant Governor from 30 to 25 [38] Failed 75,696 (18.00%) 356,682 (82.00%)

2010

Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes
HB 2376 A constitutional amendment changing the Hawaii Board of Education from an elected board to an appointed board [39] Passed [40] 221,390 (57.40%) 145,818 (37.80%)
SB 2807 A constitutional amendment allowing the legislature to issue rebates if the state holds a budget surplus [39] Passed [40] 227,457 (59.00%) 122,672 (31.80%)

2012

Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes
HB 2594 A constitutional amendment allowing the state to issue bonds for the purpose of updating dam and reservoir facilities [41] Failed [42] [b] 212,395 (48.70%) 175,952 (40.30%)
SB 650 A constitutional amendment allowing the Chief Justice of the Hawaii Supreme Court to temporarily appoint retired judges to judicial seats [43] Failed [42] [c] 216,655 (49.60%) 174,190 (39.90%)

2014

Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes
Amendment 1 A constitutional amendment requiring the judicial selection commission publicly disclose a list of judicial nominees for all vacancies [44] Passed [45] 302,953 (81.98%) 41,308 (11.18%)
Amendment 2 A constitutional amendment allowing the legislature to issue bonds for the purpose of supporting agricultural businesses [46] Passed [45] 185,531 (50.20%) 152,222 (41.19%)
Amendment 3 A constitutional amendment increasing judge's mandatory retirement age from 70 to 80 [47] Failed [45] 81,406 (22.03%) 268,958 (72.78%)
Amendment 4 A constitutional amendment allowing the state to spend public funds on private education programs [48] Failed [45] 160,238 (43.36%) 192,247 (52.02%)
Amendment 5 A constitutional amendment allowing the legislature to issue bonds for the purpose of supporting dam and reservoir facilities [49] Passed [45] 234,016 (63.32%) 106,377 (28.79%)

2016

Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes
Amendment 1 A constitutional amendment to increase the value requirement for a jury trial in civil lawsuits from $5,000 to $10,000 [50] Failed [51] [d] 201,198 (46.00%) 185,586 (42.40%)
Amendment 2 A constitutional amendment adding bond and pension payments as alternative dispositions of excess general fund revenues [52] Passed [51] 219,056 (50.10%) 157,289 (35.90%)

2018

Measure name Description Status Yes votes No votes
Hawaii Constitutional Convention Question A measure to hold a state constitutional convention to revise the Constitution of Hawaii [53] Failed [54] 94,579 (25.57%) 275,300 (74.43%)

See also

Notes

  1. ^ While this measure passed, enough voters left the question blank that court cases were filed challenging the result. To rectify this, the legislature placed the measure on the ballot again in 1998.
  2. ^ Required at least 218,833 votes to pass
  3. ^ Required at least 218,833 votes to pass
  4. ^ Required at least 218,833 votes to pass

References

  1. ^ Schmidt, David D. (1989). Citizen Lawmakers: The Ballot Initiative Revolution. Temple University Press. p. 231. ISBN  087722594X.
  2. ^ Gomes, Lee B. (1978-07-21). "Proponents of Initiative Facing Uphill Battle". Honolulu Advertiser. pp. A-2. Retrieved 2022-11-02 – via The Archival Collections at the University of Hawaiʻi School of Law Library.
  3. ^ Lyman, Cathy (1978-07-19). "Convention monitors". Honolulu Advertiser. Retrieved 2022-11-02 – via The Archival Collections at the University of Hawaiʻi School of Law Library.
  4. ^ Oshiro, Sandra (1978-07-01). "Coalition initiates pro-initiative drive for Isle constitution". Honolulu Advertiser. pp. B-10. Retrieved 2022-11-02 – via The Archival Collections at the University of Hawaiʻi School of Law Library.
  5. ^ Woo, Douglas (1978-08-04). "UPW Circulates petition opposing drives for initiative, referendum". Honolulu Advertiser. pp. A-12. Retrieved 2022-11-02 – via The Archival Collections at the University of Hawaiʻi School of Law Library.
  6. ^ Gomes, Lee B. (1978-08-28). "Committee Rejects Initiative Proposal". Honolulu Advertiser. Retrieved 2022-11-02 – via The Archival Collections at the University of Hawaiʻi School of Law Library.
  7. ^ "Hawaii". Initiative & Referendum Institute. Retrieved 2022-11-02.
  8. ^ "States with Legislative Referendum (LR) for Statutes and Constitutional Amendments" (PDF). Initiative & Referendum Institute. Retrieved 2022-11-02.
  9. ^ a b "State Constitution". Legislative Reference Bureau. Retrieved 2022-11-02.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w "Referenda and Primary Election Materials Part 50: Referenda Elections for Hawaii" (PDF). Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research. 2002-06-01. Retrieved 2022-11-01.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "Statewide Ballot Measures Database". National Conference on State Legislatures. Retrieved 2022-11-01.
  12. ^ a b c d "General Election - State of Hawaii - Statewide" (PDF). Hawaii Office of Elections. 1992-11-05. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-06-08. Retrieved 2022-11-01.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h "General Election - State of Hawaii Statewide" (PDF). Hawaii Office of Elections. 1994-11-10. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-06-14. Retrieved 2022-11-01.
  14. ^ a b c d "General Election - State of Hawaii - Statewide" (PDF). Hawaii Office of Elections. 1996-11-07. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-06-08. Retrieved 2022-11-01.
  15. ^ "Hawaii Constitutional Convention Question (1998)". Ballotpedia. Retrieved 2022-11-01.
  16. ^ a b c "General/Oha - State of Hawaii - Statewide November 03, 1998" (PDF). Hawaii Office of Elections. 1998-11-04. Retrieved 2022-11-01.
  17. ^ "Hawaii Appointment of Tax Review Commission, Question 1 (1998)". Ballotpedia. Retrieved 2022-11-01.
  18. ^ "Hawaii Legislative Power to Reserve Marriage, Question 2 (1998)". Ballotpedia. Retrieved 2022-11-01.
  19. ^ "Hawaii University of Hawaii Self-Governance, Amendment 1 (2000)". Ballotpedia. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
  20. ^ a b c "General Election - State of Hawaii - Statewide" (PDF). Hawaii Office of Elections. 2000-11-21. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
  21. ^ "Hawaii Appointment of Tax Review Commission, Amendment 2 (2000)". Ballotpedia. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
  22. ^ "Hawaii Staggered Senate Terms, Amendment 3 (2000)". Ballotpedia. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
  23. ^ "Hawaii Legislative Candidate Residency Requirements, Question 1 (2002)". Ballotpedia. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
  24. ^ a b c "General Election 2002 - State of Hawaii - Statewide" (PDF). Hawaii Office of Elections. 2002-11-06. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
  25. ^ "Hawaii Assisting Not-for-Profit Private Schools, Colleges and Universities Act, Question 2 (2002)". Ballotpedia. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
  26. ^ "Hawaii Felony Prosecutions by Written Information Act, Question 3 (2002)". Ballotpedia. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
  27. ^ "Hawaii Sexual Assault Crime Amendment, Question 1 (2004)". Ballotpedia. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
  28. ^ a b c d "General Election 2004 - State of Hawaii - Statewide" (PDF). Hawaii Office of Elections. 2004-11-22. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
  29. ^ "Hawaii Information on Sex Offenders, Question 2 (2004)". Ballotpedia. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
  30. ^ "Hawaii Patient Confidentiality Amendment, Question 3 (2004)". Ballotpedia. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
  31. ^ "Hawaii Criminal Charges Procedure Amendment, Question 4 (2004)". Ballotpedia. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
  32. ^ "Hawaii Board of Regents Candidates Act, Amendment 1 (2006)". Ballotpedia. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
  33. ^ a b c d e "General Election 2006 - State of Hawaii - Statewide" (PDF). Hawaii Office of Elections. 2006-11-22. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
  34. ^ "Hawaii Salary Commission Act, Amendment 2 (2006)". Hawaii Office of Elections. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
  35. ^ "Hawaii Mandatory Judicial Retirement Act, Amendment 3 (2006)". Ballotpedia. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
  36. ^ "Hawaii Sexual Assault Crimes Against Minors Act, Amendment 4 (2006)". Ballotpedia. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
  37. ^ "Hawaii Agricultural Enterprise Assistance Act, Amendment 5 (2006)". Ballotpedia. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
  38. ^ a b "2008 Constitutional Convention and Constitutional Amendment Questions and City/County Charter Amendments and Initiatives" (PDF). Hawaii Office of Elections. 2008-09-08. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-01-15. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
  39. ^ a b Mau-Sjimizu, Patricia; Taniguchi, Carol (2010-10-31). "Notice of Proposed Constitutional Amendments to the Constitution of the State of Hawaii" (PDF). Hawaii State Legislature. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
  40. ^ a b "General Election - State of Hawaii - Statewide" (PDF). Hawaii Office of Elections. 2010-11-16. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
  41. ^ "Hawaii Dam and Reservoir Owners Assistance Amendment (2012)". Ballotpedia. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
  42. ^ a b "Hawaii General 2012 - State of Hawaii - Statewide" (PDF). Hawaii Office of Elections. 2012-11-20. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
  43. ^ "Hawaii Appointment of Retired Judges Amendment (2012)". Ballotpedia. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
  44. ^ "Hawaii Disclosure of Judicial Nominees' Names, Amendment 1 (2014)". Ballotpedia. Retrieved 2022-10-25.
  45. ^ a b c d e "General Election 2014 - State of Hawaii - Statewide" (PDF). Hawaii Office of Elections. 2014-11-18. Retrieved 2022-10-25.
  46. ^ "Hawaii Bonds for Agricultural Enterprises, Amendment 2 (2014)". Ballotpedia. Retrieved 2022-10-25.
  47. ^ "Hawaii Mandatory Retirement Age for Justices and Judges, Amendment 3 (2014)". Ballotpedia. Retrieved 2022-10-25.
  48. ^ "Hawaii State Funding for Private Early Childhood Education Programs, Amendment 4 (2014)". Ballotpedia. Retrieved 2022-10-25.
  49. ^ "Hawaii Bonds for Dam and Reservoir Assistance, Amendment 5 (2014)". Ballotpedia. Retrieved 2022-10-25.
  50. ^ "Hawaii Threshold of Financial Damage Required to Establish the Right to a Trial by Jury, Amendment 1 (2016)". Ballotpedia. Retrieved 2022-10-25.
  51. ^ a b "General Election 2016 - State of Hawaii - Statewide" (PDF). Hawaii Office of Elections. 2016-11-16. Retrieved 2022-10-25.
  52. ^ "Hawaii General Fund Revenues Spent On Pension Liabilities and Bond Repayments, Amendment 2 (2016)". Ballotpedia. Retrieved 2022-10-25.
  53. ^ Adler, Peter; Saito, Jenna Leigh (2018-06-06). "Before Deciding On A New Constitutional Convention, Consider Those Held Before". Honolulu Civil Beat. Retrieved 2022-10-25.
  54. ^ "General Election 2018 - State of Hawaii - Statewide" (PDF). Hawaii Office of Elections. 2018-11-15. Retrieved 2022-10-25.
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