Previously part of
French Louisiana and the
Louisiana Purchase, the
Territory of Arkansas was
admitted to the Union as the 25th state on June 15, 1836. Much of the Delta had been developed for cotton plantations, and landowners there largely depended on
enslaved African Americans' labor. In 1861, Arkansas seceded from the United States and joined the
Confederate States of America during the
American Civil War. On returning to the Union in 1868, Arkansas continued to suffer economically, due to its overreliance on the large-scale
plantation economy. Cotton remained the leading commodity crop, and the cotton market declined. Because farmers and businessmen did not diversify and there was little industrial investment, the state fell behind in economic opportunity. In the late 19th century, the state instituted various
Jim Crow laws to disenfranchise and segregate the African-American population.
White interests dominated Arkansas's politics, with disenfranchisement of African Americans and refusal to reapportion the legislature; only after the federal legislation passed were more African Americans able to vote. During the
civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s, Arkansas and particularly Little Rock were major battlegrounds for efforts to integrate schools. Following
World War II in the 1940s, Arkansas began to diversify its economy and see prosperity. During the 1960s, the state became the base of the
Walmart corporation, the
world's largest company by revenue, headquartered in
Bentonville.
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Image 1
The Van Buren raid occurred in
Crawford County, Arkansas, on December 28, 1862, during the
American Civil War. After defeating
Confederate forces led by Major General
Thomas C. Hindman at the
Battle of Prairie Grove on December 7, 1862, Union forces under Brigadiers General
James G. Blunt and
Francis J. Herron prepared for a raid against the Confederate positions at
Van Buren and
Fort Smith. Disease, lack of supplies, and
desertion had previously forced Hindman to begin withdrawing most of his force from the area. Setting out on December 27, the Union troops struck an outlying Confederate
cavalry unit near Drippings Spring, north of Van Buren, on the morning of December 28. The Confederate cavalry fled to Van Buren, which was then overrun by Union troops.
The Union pursued and captured three
steamboats on the
Arkansas River, and captured some Confederate troops and many supplies in Van Buren. Across the river in Fort Smith, the Confederates destroyed supplies and also burned two steamboats trapped upriver. An artillery duel took place at Van Buren, and after nightfall a minor skirmish was fought downriver at Strain's Landing. After the raid, Hindman withdrew his men to
Little Rock and the Union force returned from the raid, unable to maintain a supply line to Van Buren across the
Boston Mountains. The battle of Prairie Grove and the Van Buren raid broke Confederate strength in the region. (Full article...)
Image 2
The Battle at St. Charles, White River, Arkansas—Explosion of the "Mound City" by Alexander Simplot
The Union ships advanced against the Confederate positions on June 17. The
46th Indiana Infantry Regiment was sent ashore to attack the fortifications on land, while two
ironclads and two
timberclads attacked the fort from the river. During the fighting, a Confederate
solid shot struck the ironclad
USS Mound City, puncturing one of the ship's
steam drums. In what has been referred to as the deadliest shot of the war,
scalding steam filled the ship, killing or wounding all but about 25 of the roughly 175 men on the vessel. The 46th Indiana overran the Confederate defenses on land and the position was taken. The supply mission was unable to make it all the way to Curtis's position, and withdrew back down the river due to low water levels. Thereafter, Curtis's army cut loose from their supply line and marched to
Helena, Arkansas. A portion of the battlefield is listed on the
National Register of Historic Places as the
St. Charles Battle Site. (Full article...)
Image 3
Fort Southerland Park in 2022
Fort Southerland, also known as Redoubt E and possibly Fort Diamond, is a
redoubt built during the
American Civil War to protect
Camden, Arkansas.
Confederate forces built it along with four other redoubts in early 1864 after a
Union victory in the
Little Rock campaign the previous year. Fort Southerland is about the size of a
city block and is roughly oval. It could hold three cannons. When Union forces captured Camden in April 1864 during the
Camden Expedition, they improved the defenses of the five redoubts, which were not sufficient for proper defense of the city. After the Confederates retook Camden later that month, they continued to improve the city's defenses.
Hurricane Ismael off the coast of
Baja California nearing landfall
Hurricane Ismael was a weak, but deadly
Pacific hurricane that killed over one hundred people in northern
Mexico in September of the
1995 Pacific hurricane season. It developed from a persistent area of deep
convection on September 12, and steadily strengthened as it moved to the north-northwest. Ismael attained hurricane status on September 14 while located 210 miles (340 km) off the coast of Mexico. It continued to the north, and after passing a short distance east of
Baja California it made landfall on
Topolobampo in the state of
Sinaloa with winds of 80 mph (130 km/h). Ismael rapidly weakened over land, and dissipated on September 16 over northwestern Mexico. The remnants entered the
United States and extended eastward into the
Mid-Atlantic States.
Offshore, Ismael produced waves of up to 30 feet (9.1 m) in height. Hundreds of fishermen were unprepared for the hurricane, which was expected to move more slowly, and as a result 52 ships were wrecked, killing 57 fishermen. On land, Ismael caused 59 deaths in mainland
Mexico and resulted in $26 million in damage (1995 USD$, 52 million 2024 USD). The hurricane destroyed thousands of houses, leaving 30,000 people homeless. Moisture from the storm extended into the
United States, causing heavy rainfall and localized moderate damage in southeastern
New Mexico. (Full article...)
Gragg played as a
wide receiver for
Warren High School, and converted to a tight end after his freshman season at the
University of Arkansas. In his sophomore and junior seasons for the Razorbacks, the team made appearances in
Bowl Championship Series games and defeated the
Kansas State Wildcats in the
2012 Cotton Bowl Classic. A knee injury caused Gragg to miss eight games his senior season as Arkansas finished with a losing record. Gragg participated in the
NFL Scouting Combine, an evaluative competition among prospective NFL players, and topped several statistics among the tight ends in attendance; in the following
draft, the Bills chose him with the 222nd overall selection. (Full article...)
Image 6
Angelou in 1993
Maya Angelou (/ˈændʒəloʊ/ⓘAN-jə-loh; born Marguerite Annie Johnson; April 4, 1928 – May 28, 2014) was an American memoirist, poet, and
civil rights activist. She published seven autobiographies, three books of essays, several books of poetry, and is credited with a list of plays, movies, and television shows spanning over 50 years. She received dozens of awards and more than 50 honorary degrees. Angelou's series of seven autobiographies focus on her childhood and early adult experiences. The first, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1969), tells of her life up to the age of 17 and brought her international recognition and acclaim.
The 2nd Indiana Battery in action at Cane Hill, during the beginning of the battle.
The battle of Cane Hill was fought between
Union and
Confederate forces during the
American Civil War on November 28, 1862, in northwestern
Arkansas, near the town of
Cane Hill. Confederate
Major GeneralThomas C. Hindman had made an abortive offensive into southwestern
Missouri from Arkansas earlier in the year, but had withdrawn to Arkansas. Union troops under
Brigadier GeneralJames G. Blunt had followed Hindman into northwestern Arkansas, and the Confederate general saw an opportunity to attack Blunt while his division was separated from the rest of the Union
Army of the Frontier. Hindman then sent a force under Brigadier General
John S. Marmaduke to Cane Hill, which was also known as Boonsboro, to collect supplies. In early November, a detachment of Blunt's command led by
ColonelWilliam F. Cloud defeated a small Confederate force commanded by Colonel
Emmett MacDonald in the Cane Hill area.
After MacDonald's defeat, Marmaduke remained in the Cane Hill area with his force. Blunt moved to attack Marmaduke on November 27. The Confederates expected the Union attack to come up the
Cincinnati Road, but it instead followed the Ridge Road and then the
Fayetteville Road. Cloud's men led the Union advance and made contact with Colonel
Joseph O. Shelby's Confederate troopers on the morning of November 28. Shelby withdrew from the Cane Hill area after an artillery duel, and Marmaduke reformed his line in the
Newburg area. (Full article...)
Differing interpretations of Holmes' order to attack at daylight resulted in
Brigadier GeneralJames F. Fagan's troops attacking Battery D unsupported, and Major General
Sterling Price's attack against the Union center was made after Fagan's had largely fizzled out. To the north, Confederate
cavalry commanded by Brigadier Generals
John S. Marmaduke and
Lucius M. Walker failed to act in concert and accomplished little. The assaults failed, and Vicksburg fell the same day. Later in the year, Union troops used Helena as a staging ground for their
successful campaign to capture
Little Rock, Arkansas. (Full article...)
Once the American Civil War began in 1861 and Arkansas seceded, Hindman joined the Confederate States Army, first commanding the
2nd Arkansas Infantry Regiment, then a
brigade, and then an ad-hoc
division at the
Battle of Shiloh in April 1862; he was wounded during the battle. Following Shiloh, Hindman was promoted to
major general and sent to the
Trans-Mississippi Department to command Arkansas,
Missouri, the
Indian Territory, and part of
Louisiana. As commander of the region, Hindman's policies were sometimes legally questionable and were unpopular, although they were successful in building up the district from a basically indefensible state. Public outcry led to Hindman's removal from his regional command. He was defeated at the
Battle of Prairie Grove in December. Transferred to the
Army of Tennessee in 1863, he led a division at the
Battle of Chickamauga in September, where he was again wounded. After recovering, he commanded a division during the early stages of the
Atlanta campaign although he wished to be transferred elsewhere. (Full article...)
On September 6, 1863, near
Little Rock, Arkansas, a
duel was fought between
John S. Marmaduke and
Lucius M. Walker, two generals in the
Confederate States Army. Tension had risen between the two officers during the
Battle of Helena on July 4, 1863, when Marmaduke accused Walker of not supporting his force, and then retaliated by not informing Walker of a Confederate retreat. Marmaduke was later assigned to serve under Walker during a
Union advance against Little Rock. Walker did not support Marmaduke during a retreat after the
Battle of Brownsville, and Marmaduke questioned Walker's courage after the
Battle of Bayou Meto on August 27. A series of notes passed between the two generals by friends resulted in a duel, during which Marmaduke fatally wounded Walker. Marmaduke was arrested and charged with murder, but was soon released and later the charge was dropped. He survived the war and later became
Governor of Missouri. Union forces captured Little Rock later in the campaign, after the
Battle of Bayou Fourche. (Full article...)
The northern mockingbird (Mimus polyglottos) is a
mockingbird commonly found in North America. This bird is mainly a permanent resident, but northern birds may move south during harsh weather. This species has rarely been observed in Europe. This species was first described by
Carl Linnaeus in his 1758
10th edition of Systema Naturae as Turdus polyglottos. The northern mockingbird is known for its mimicking ability, as reflected by the meaning of its scientific name, "many-tongued mimic". The northern mockingbird has gray to brown upper feathers and a paler belly. Its tail and wings have white patches which are visible in flight.
Jermain Taylor (born August 11, 1978) is an American former
professional boxer who competed from 2001 to 2014. He remains the most recent
undisputedmiddleweight champion, having won the
WBA (Undisputed),
WBC,
IBF,
WBO, and
The Ring middleweight titles in 2005 by beating
Bernard Hopkins, and in doing so ending Hopkins' ten-year reign as middleweight champion. This made Taylor the first, and to date, only male boxer in history to claim each title from all four major boxing sanctioning organizations in a single fight. He once again defeated Hopkins six months later, making him the only fighter to have defeated Hopkins twice. He retired as a world champion in the months that followed his capture of the IBF middleweight title for a second time, after making a substantial recovery from a brain injury sustained earlier in his career.
Taylor made his professional debut in 2001 and won his first 25 bouts, which included victories over former champions
Raúl Márquez and
William Joppy. Taylor, who began boxing officially at age 13, earned numerous accolades throughout his
amateur career, starting with his achievement of the 1996 Under-19 Championship. He went on to win a pair of
Police Athletic League (PAL) Championships and
National Golden Gloves titles and he finished second and third at the 1997 and 1998 United States Championships, respectively. In 1998, Taylor won a bronze medal at the
Goodwill Games. Then, in 2000, he earned a spot on the
U.S. Olympic boxing team, becoming the first ever boxer from Arkansas to compete in the Olympic Games. At the
2000 Olympics, Taylor won a bronze medal in the
light middleweight division. (Full article...)
Image 5
Partially-reconstructed fortification with the
Sidney H. Horner House in the background.
A
division of Union troops in the
Army of the Frontier, commanded by
James G. Blunt, was posted in northwestern Arkansas after winning the
Battle of Cane Hill on November 28. The First Corps,
Trans-Mississippi Army, commanded by
Thomas C. Hindman moved towards Blunt's division in order to attack while it was isolated. However, Blunt was reinforced by two divisions commanded by
Francis J. Herron, leading Hindman to take a defensive position on some high ground known as Prairie Grove. Herron attempted to assault Hindman's lines twice, but both attacks were beaten off with heavy casualties. Hindman responded to the repulse of each of Herron's attacks with unsuccessful
counterattacks of his own. Later in the day, Blunt arrived and attacked Hindman's
flank. Eventually, both sides disengaged and the fighting reached an inconclusive result. However, the unavailability of reinforcements forced Hindman's army to retreat from the field, giving the Union army a strategic victory and control of northwestern Arkansas. (Full article...)
Image 7
Bill Clinton served as the 42nd
president of the United States (1993–2001) and as the 40th and 42nd
governor of Arkansas (1979–1981; 1983–1992). A member of the
Democratic Party, Clinton first ran for a public office in 1974, competing in the congressional election for
Arkansas's 3rd congressional district. After narrowly losing to incumbent representative
John Paul Hammerschmidt, he ran for the office of
Arkansas Attorney General in 1976. He won the Democratic primary comfortably, receiving over 55% of the popular vote. Witnessing his strong support during the primaries,
Republicans did not nominate a candidate to run against him. Clinton won the general election
unopposed. His experience as the attorney general was considered a natural "stepping-stone" to the governorship.
After serving as attorney general, Clinton ran for governor of Arkansas in 1978. He defeated the Republican nominee to win the election. At age 32, became the nation's youngest governor in January 1979. He lost re-election to the Republican nominee
Frank D. White in 1980. After leaving office in January 1981, Clinton self-deprecatingly referred to himself as "the youngest former governor in the history of the country". In 1982, he ran again in the
gubernatorial election, defeating Governor White. He contested and won the 1984, 1986, and 1990 gubernatorial elections. (Full article...)
The film states that "the incredible story you are about to see is true, where it happened and how it happened; only the names have been changed." The actual Phantom attacked eight people in or near the town of
Texarkana, Texas, which is on the Texas border with Arkansas. Most of the murders occurred in rural areas just outside Texarkana, in
Bowie County, Texas, while the film has them occurring in Arkansas. However, the general outline of the murders largely follows reality, with mostly minor artistic license taken. As in the film, the real killer was never identified nor apprehended. (Full article...)
Born and raised in
Benton, Arkansas, Lee's 91 mph (146 km/h)
fastball attracted the attention of MLB
scouts during his
senior year at
Benton High School in 1997, but he rejected draft offers twice in order to play
college baseball for
Meridian Community College and later the
Arkansas Razorbacks. Lee finally came to terms with the Expos after his selection in the fourth round of the
2000 MLB Draft, and he spent two years in their
farm system before a trade to Cleveland in 2002. Lee made his MLB debut with his new team that year, and made his first
opening day roster in 2004. His early years in Cleveland were marked by a number of temper flares, appearing to intentionally pitch at his opponents' heads and storming off of the mound, but by 2005, he was an established part of the Indians'
starting rotation. The low point of his career, when he was sent back to the
minor leagues in 2007, was followed by his Cy Young-winning season, during which he led the
American League with a 2.54
earned run average and all of MLB with 22
wins. (Full article...)
Image 10
Allen at the 1978 SBC General Convention
Jimmy Raymond Allen (October 26, 1927 – January 8, 2019) was an American pastor who was
President of the Southern Baptist Convention (
SBC) from 1977 to 1979. As president of the SBC, Allen was noted for his moderation and commitment to compassion in the church and was the last president before the SBC's conservative resurgence. After leaving his post as president, he continued to serve in the SBC before eventually becoming involved in other baptist organizations. (Full article...)
The outbreak generated 87 tornadoes over 15 hours from the afternoon of February 5 until the early morning of February 6. The storm system produced several destructive tornadoes in heavily populated areas, most notably in the
Memphis metropolitan area, in
Jackson, Tennessee, and the northeastern end of the
Nashville metropolitan area. (Full article...)
Plot of all tornado touchdowns during the outbreak
The 2010 New Year's Eve tornado outbreak was a three-day-long
tornado outbreak that impacted the central and lower
Mississippi Valley from December 30, 2010 to January 1, 2011. Associated with a
low pressure system and a strong
cold front, 37 tornadoes tracked across five states over the length of the severe event, killing nine and injuring several others. Activity was centered in the states of
Missouri and later
Mississippi on December 31. Seven tornadoes were rated EF3 on the
Enhanced Fujita Scale; these were the strongest during the outbreak. Non-tornadic winds were recorded to have reached as high as 80 mph (130 km/h) at eight locations on December 31, while hail as large as 2.75 in (7.0 cm) was documented north-northeast of
Mansfield, Missouri. Overall, damage from the outbreak totaled US$123.3 million, most of which was related to tornadoes. This is the most prolific tornado outbreak in Missouri in the month of December.
The United States
Storm Prediction Center first noted a possible New Year's Eve severe weather event as early as
December 25, 2010. These forecasts gained confidence as the event approached, with a focus on the
Ozarks and adjacent areas.
Supercells developed in this area during the night of December 30 and tracked across central
Missouri, producing several tornadoes and large hail. However, the bulk of activity during the outbreak was a result of a long line of supercells that tracked from
Oklahoma to
Illinois, producing five EF3 tornadoes. One of these tracked through northwestern Arkansas, killing four. Another tore through eastern sections of
Fort Leonard Wood in Missouri, destroying 159 homes and causing US$90 million in damage, making it the costliest tornado of the outbreak. A separate cluster of storms later developed in
Louisiana before tracking into Mississippi, producing several tornadoes across southern and central regions of the state on January 1. (Full article...)
Image 14
"A Plague O' Both Your Houses!" by C.S.R. shows "
Arkansas" as victim of the feud between the two men.
The Brooks–Baxter War, also known as the Brooks–Baxter Affair, was an attempt made by failed gubernatorial candidate
Joseph Brooks of the “Brindle-tail” faction of Arkansas'
Republican Party to take control of the state from
Elisha Baxter, who was the
Republicangovernor. The victor in the end was the Baxter administration, also known as the "Minstrels", supported by "
carpetbaggers" over the Brindle-tails supported by "
scalawags" and "
freedmen".
The struggle began with the ratification of the 1868
Arkansas Constitution, rewritten to allow Arkansas to rejoin the
Union after the
American Civil War. The
Reconstruction Acts required the
rebel states to accept the
14th Amendment – establishing
civil rights for freedmen – and enact new constitutions providing suffrage to freedmen while temporarily
disenfranchising former Confederates. Some conservatives and
Democrats refused to participate in the writing of the constitution and ceased participation in government. Republicans and
Unionists wanting Arkansas to rejoin the Union formed a coalition to write and pass the new constitution, and formed a new state government. In the wake of a wave of reactionary violence by the
Ku Klux Klan and a poor economy, the coalition soon fractured into two factions: the Minstrels, who were mostly carpetbaggers, and the Brindle-tails, who were mostly scalawags. This led to a failed impeachment trial of the carpetbagger Republican governor,
Powell Clayton; he was then elected a
U.S. Senator by the
Arkansas General Assembly. (Full article...)
KLRT-TV began broadcasting on June 26, 1983 as the first
independent station in the market and the first UHF station in central Arkansas in nearly 30 years. It was owned by a consortium dominated by MMT Sales, a national advertising sales representative for TV stations, and featuring six other partners who had been its competing applicants. After briefly becoming a Fox affiliate in September 1989 in connection with a planned acquisition of KASN assets that fell through, the network moved its affiliation for good to KLRT-TV in 1990. The next year,
Clear Channel Television acquired KLRT-TV, followed by the assets of KASN, which Clear Channel then began controlling under a local marketing agreement. A local news program debuted in 2004. Clear Channel spun out its television stations to
Newport Television, controlled by
Providence Equity Partners, in 2007. (Full article...)
Joe Bennie Pugh (July 10, 1926 – April 3, 1960), known as Forrest City Joe or Forest City Joe, was an American
blues musician who is mainly remembered for his ability as a
harmonica player. He performed with other major blues acts of the period; he was the harmonica player in
Muddy Waters's first band and regularly performed in the Chicago area. Despite his meager recording career, Joe was considered one of the top harmonica players of the era.
Pugh was born in
Hughes, Arkansas, near
Forrest City, and was raised on a cotton farm as an uneducated field worker. As a young boy, he began helping entertainers and playing in local venues, having taught himself to play the harmonica and other instruments. In the early 1940s, Pugh expanded his touring in Arkansas. His playing was heavily influenced by
John Lee "Sonny Boy" Williamson. Pugh imitated Williamson's style and vocals, but over time he developed his own unique sound. Later in the decade Pugh met
Big Joe Williams, and the two performed together in the
St. Louis area. In 1947, Pugh went under the stage name Forrest City Joe, and relocated to Chicago for performances. (Full article...)
... that American football
linebackerSegun Olubi grew up in New Jersey, Minnesota, Arizona, England, and California, and attended four different colleges in Idaho, California, and Arkansas?
... that a federal marshal seized a car and a truck because there was no other way to satisfy a debt owed by Arkansas television station KRZB-TV?
... that a bystander's video of the arrest of Randal Worcester in
Mulberry, Arkansas, showed one law enforcement officer holding Worcester on the ground while two other officers beat him?
... that employees claimed to have temporarily shut down an Arkansas radio station over not receiving paychecks?
... that an Arkansas TV station apologized for not being on the air by sending local media a drawing of ducks?
... that in the 1980s, "Sherman Bonner, The Human Thermometer" presented the weather on an Arkansas TV station?
... that nearby homeowners believed the tower of a TV station in Arkansas was responsible for "a bad effect on the peace and health of the citizens"?
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