Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta was born on March 28, 1986, at
Lenox Hill Hospital in
Manhattan, New York City,[1] to an
upper middle class Catholic family. Both of her parents have Italian ancestry.[2] Her parents are
Cynthia Louise (née Bissett), a philanthropist and business executive, and Internet entrepreneur Joseph Germanotta,[3] and she has a younger sister named Natali.[4] Brought up on the
Upper West Side of Manhattan, Gaga said in an interview that her parents came from lower-class families and worked hard for everything.[5][6] From age 11, she attended the
Convent of the Sacred Heart, a private all-girls Roman Catholic school.[7] Gaga has described her high-school self as "very dedicated, very studious, very disciplined" but also "a bit insecure". She considered herself a
misfit and was mocked for "being either too provocative or too eccentric".[8]
Gaga began playing the piano at age four when her mother insisted she become "a cultured young woman". She took piano lessons and practiced through her childhood. The lessons taught her to create music by ear, which Gaga preferred over reading sheet music. Her parents encouraged her to pursue music and enrolled her in Creative Arts Camp.[9] As a teenager, she played at
open mic nights.[10] Gaga played the lead roles of Adelaide in the play Guys and Dolls and Philia in the play A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum at
Regis High School.[11] She also studied
method acting at the
Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute for ten years.[12] Gaga unsuccessfully auditioned for New York shows, though did appear in a small background role as a high-school student in a 2001 episode of The Sopranos titled "
The Telltale Moozadell".[13][14] She later said of her inclination towards music:
I don't know exactly where my affinity for music comes from, but it is the thing that comes easiest to me. When I was like three years old, I may have been even younger, my mom always tells this really embarrassing story of me propping myself up and playing the keys like this because I was too young and short to get all the way up there. Just go like this on the low end of the piano ... I was really, really good at piano, so my first instincts were to work so hard at practicing piano, and I might not have been a natural dancer, but I am a natural musician. That is the thing that I believe I am the greatest at.[15]
In 2003, at age 17, Gaga gained early admission to
Collaborative Arts Project 21, a music school at
New York University (NYU)'s
Tisch School of the Arts, and lived in an
NYU dorm. She studied music there and improved her songwriting skills by writing essays on art, religion, social issues and politics, including a thesis on pop artists
Spencer Tunick and
Damien Hirst.[16][17] In 2005, Gaga withdrew from school during the second semester of her second year to focus on her music career.[18] That year, she also played an unsuspecting diner customer for
MTV's Boiling Points, a prank reality television show.[19]
In a 2014 interview, Gaga said she was raped at age 19 by her producer, and later underwent mental and physical therapy for this.[20] She has
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and attributes it to the incident, and has credited support from doctors, family and friends with helping her.[21] Gaga later gave additional details about the rape, including that "the person who raped me
dropped me off pregnant on a corner at my parents' house because I was vomiting and sick. Because I'd been being abused. I was locked away in a studio for months."[22]
2005–2007: Career beginnings
In 2005, Gaga recorded two songs with hip-hop artist
Melle Mel for an
audio book accompanying Cricket Casey's children's novel The Portal in the Park.[23] She also formed a band called the SGBand with some friends from NYU.[11][24] They played gigs around New York and became a fixture of the downtown
Lower East Side club scene.[11] After the 2006
Songwriters Hall of Fame New Songwriters Showcase at
the Cutting Room in June, talent scout Wendy Starland recommended her to music producer
Rob Fusari.[25] Fusari collaborated with Gaga, who traveled daily to New Jersey, helping to develop her songs and compose new material.[26] The producer said they began dating in May 2006, and claimed to have been the first person to call her "Lady Gaga", which was derived from
Queen's song "
Radio Ga Ga".[27] Their relationship lasted until January 2007.[28]
Fusari and Gaga established a company called "Team Lovechild, LLC" to promote her career.[27] They recorded and produced
electropop tracks, sending them to music industry executives. Joshua Sarubin, the head of
Artists and repertoire (A&R) at
Def Jam Recordings, responded positively and, after approval from Sarubin's boss
Antonio "L.A." Reid, Gaga was signed to Def Jam in September2006.[29] She was dropped from the label three months later[30] and returned to her family home for Christmas. Gaga began performing at
neo-burlesque shows, which according to her represented freedom.[31] During this time, she met performance artist
Lady Starlight, who helped mold her onstage persona.[32] The pair began performing at downtown club venues like the
Mercury Lounge,
the Bitter End, and the
Rockwood Music Hall. Their live performance art piece, known as "Lady Gaga and the Starlight Revue" and billed as "The Ultimate Pop Burlesque Rockshow", was a tribute to 1970s variety acts.[33][34] They performed at the 2007
Lollapalooza music festival.[33]
In late 2007, Gaga met with songwriter and producer
RedOne.[41] She collaborated with him in the recording studio for a week on her debut album, signing with
Cherrytree Records, an Interscope imprint established by producer and songwriter
Martin Kierszenbaum; she also wrote four songs with Kierszenbaum.[38] Despite securing a record deal, she said that some radio stations found her music too "racy", "dance-oriented", and "underground" for the mainstream market, to which she replied: "My name is Lady Gaga, I've been on the music scene for years, and I'm telling you, this is what's next."[7]
2008–2010: Breakthrough with The Fame and The Fame Monster
By 2008, Gaga had relocated to Los Angeles to work extensively with her record label to complete her debut album, The Fame, and to set up her own creative team called the Haus of Gaga, modeled on
Andy Warhol's
The Factory.[42][43]The Fame was released on August 19, 2008,[44] and reached number one in Austria, Canada, Germany, Ireland, Switzerland and the UK, as well as the top five in Australia and the US.[45][46] Its first two singles, "
Just Dance" and "
Poker Face",[47] reached number one in the United States,[48] Australia,[49] Canada[50] and the UK.[51] The latter was also the
world's bestselling single of 2009, with 9.8 million copies sold that year, and spent a record 83 weeks on Billboard magazine's
Digital Songs chart.[52][53] Three other singles, "
Eh, Eh (Nothing Else I Can Say)", "
LoveGame" and "
Paparazzi", were released from the album;[54] the lattermost reached number one in Germany.[55] Remixed versions of the singles from The Fame, except "Eh, Eh (Nothing Else I Can Say)", were included on Hitmixes in August 2009.[56] At the
52nd Annual Grammy Awards, The Fame and "Poker Face" won
Best Dance/Electronica Album and
Best Dance Recording, respectively.[57]
During this era, Gaga ventured into business, collaborating with consumer electronics company
Monster Cable Products to create in-ear, jewel-encrusted headphones called Heartbeats by Lady Gaga.[87] She also partnered with
Polaroid in January 2010 as their creative director and announced a suite of photo-capture products called Grey Label.[88][89] Her collaboration with her past record producer and ex-boyfriend Rob Fusari led to a lawsuit against her production team, Mermaid Music LLC.[a] At this time, Gaga was tested borderline positive for
lupus but claimed not to be affected by the symptoms and hoped to maintain a healthy lifestyle.[92][93]
2011–2014: Born This Way, Artpop, and Cheek to Cheek
In February 2011, Gaga released "
Born This Way", the lead single from her
studio album of the same name. The song sold more than one million copies within five days, earning the Guinness World Record for the fastest selling single on
iTunes.[94] It
debuted atop the
Billboard Hot 100, becoming the 1,000th number-one single in the history of the charts.[95] Its second single "
Judas" followed two months later,[96] and "
The Edge of Glory" served as its third single.[97] Both reached the top 10 in the US and the UK.[48][51] Her music video for "The Edge of Glory", unlike her previous work, portrays her dancing on a fire escape and walking on a lonely street, without intricate choreography and back-up dancers.[98]
Born This Way was released on May 23, 2011,[96] and debuted atop the
Billboard 200 with first-week sales of
1.1 million copies.[99] It sold eight million copies worldwide and received three Grammy nominations, including Gaga's third consecutive nomination for
Album of the Year.[100][101]Rolling Stone listed the record among "
The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time" in 2020.[102]Born This Way's following singles were "
You and I" and "
Marry the Night",[103] which reached numbers 6 and 29 in the US, respectively.[48] Its cut, "
Bloody Mary", became a resurgent success and was released as a single in 2022.[104] While filming the foremost's music video, Gaga met and started dating actor
Taylor Kinney in July 2011, who played her love interest.[105][106] She also embarked on the
Born This Way Ball tour in April 2012, which was scheduled to conclude the following March, but ended one month earlier when Gaga canceled the remaining dates due to a
labral tear of her right hip that required surgery.[107] While refunds for the cancellations were estimated to be worth $25 million,[108] the tour grossed $183.9 million globally.[109]
Gaga began work on her third studio album, Artpop, in early 2012, during the Born This Way Ball tour; she crafted the album to mirror "a night at the club".[118][119][120] In August 2013, Gaga released the album's lead single "
Applause",[121] which reached number one in Hungary, number four in the US, and number five in the UK.[51][48][122] A
lyric video for Artpop track "
Aura" followed in October to accompany
Robert Rodriguez's Machete Kills, where she plays an assassin named La Chameleon.[123] The film received generally mixed reviews and earned less than half of its $33 million budget.[124][125] The second Artpop single, "
Do What U Want", featured singer
R. Kelly and was released later that month,[126] topping the charts in Hungary and reaching number 13 in the US.[48][127]Artpop was released on November 6, 2013, to mixed reviews.[128] Helen Brown of The Daily Telegraph criticized Gaga for making another album about her fame and doubted the record's originality, but found it "great for dancing".[129] The album debuted atop the Billboard 200 chart, and sold more than 2.5 million copies worldwide as of July 2014.[130][131] "
G.U.Y." was released as the third single in March 2014 and peaked at number 76 in the US.[48][132]
In September 2014, Gaga released a collaborative jazz album with Tony Bennett titled Cheek to Cheek. The inspiration behind the album came from her friendship with Bennett, and fascination with jazz music since her childhood.[143] He stated that Gaga is "the most talented artist I have ever met".[144] Before the album was released, it produced the singles "
Anything Goes" and "
I Can't Give You Anything but Love".[145]Cheek to Cheek received generally favorable reviews;[146]The Guardian's Caroline Sullivan praised Gaga's vocals and Howard Reich of the Chicago Tribune wrote that "Cheek to Cheek serves up the real thing, start to finish".[147][148] The record was Gaga's third consecutive number-one album on the Billboard 200,[149] and won a
Grammy Award for Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album.[150] The duo recorded the concert special Tony Bennett and Lady Gaga: Cheek to Cheek Live!,[151] and embarked on the
Cheek to Cheek Tour from December 2014 to August 2015.[152]
2015–2017: American Horror Story, Joanne, and Super Bowl performances
In February 2016, Gaga sang the
US national anthem at
Super Bowl 50,[165] partnered with
Intel and
Nile Rodgers for a tribute performance to the late David Bowie at the
58th Annual Grammy Awards,[166] and sang "Til It Happens to You" at the
88th Academy Awards, where she was introduced by
Joe Biden and was accompanied on-stage by 50 people who had suffered from sexual assault.[167] She was honored that April with the Artist Award at the Jane Ortner Education Awards by
The Grammy Museum, which recognizes artists who have demonstrated passion and dedication to education through the arts.[168] Her engagement to Taylor Kinney ended in July; she later said her career had interfered with their relationship.[169]
Gaga played a witch named
Scathach in American Horror Story: Roanoke, the series' sixth season,[170] which ran from September to November 2016.[171][172] Her role in the fifth season of the show ultimately influenced her future music, prompting her to feature "the art of darkness".[173] In September 2016, she released her fifth album's lead single, "
Perfect Illusion", which topped the charts in France and reached number 15 in the US.[174][175][176] The album, titled Joanne, was named after Gaga's late aunt, who was an inspiration for the music.[177] It was released on October 21, 2016, and became Gaga's fourth number one album on the Billboard 200, making her the first woman to reach the US chart's summit four times in the 2010s.[178] The album's second single, "
Million Reasons", followed the next month and reached number four in the US.[176][179] She later released a piano version of the album's
title track in 2018,[180] which won a
Grammy for Best Pop Solo Performance.[181] To promote the album, Gaga embarked on the three-date
Dive Bar Tour.[182]
Gaga performed as the headlining act during the
Super Bowl LI halftime show on February 5, 2017. Her performance featured a group of hundreds of lighted drones forming various shapes in the sky above Houston's
NRG Stadium—the first time robotic aircraft appeared in a Super Bowl program.[183] It attracted 117.5 million viewers in the United States, exceeding the game's 111.3 million viewers and making it the third most-watched Super Bowl halftime show at the time.[184] The performance led to a surge of 410,000 song downloads in the United States for Gaga and earned her an
Emmy nomination in the
Outstanding Special Class Program category.[185][186]CBS Sports included her performance as the second best in the history of Super Bowl halftime shows.[187] In April, Gaga headlined the
Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival.[188] She also released a standalone single, "
The Cure", which reached the top 10 in Australia.[189][190] Four months later, Gaga began the
Joanne World Tour, which she announced after the Super Bowl LI halftime show.[191] Gaga's creation of Joanne and preparation for her halftime show performance were featured in the documentary Gaga: Five Foot Two, which premiered on
Netflix that September.[192] Throughout the film, she was seen suffering from
chronic pain, which was later revealed to be the effect of a long-term condition called
fibromyalgia.[193] In February 2018, it prompted Gaga to cancel the last ten shows of the Joanne World Tour, which ultimately grossed $95 million from 842,000 tickets sold.[194][195]
2018–2019: A Star Is Born and Las Vegas residency
In March 2018, Gaga supported the
March for Our Lives gun-control rally in Washington, D.C.,[197] and released a cover of Elton John's "
Your Song" for his tribute album Revamp.[198] Later that year, she starred as struggling singer Ally in
Bradley Cooper's musical romantic drama A Star Is Born, a remake of the
1937 film of the same name. The film follows Ally's relationship with singer Jackson Maine (played by Cooper), which becomes strained after her career begins to overshadow his. It received acclaim from critics, with a consensus that the movie had "appealing leads, deft direction, and an affecting love story".[199] Cooper approached Gaga after seeing her perform at a cancer research fundraiser. An admirer of Cooper's work, Gaga agreed to the project due to its portrayal of addiction and depression.[200][201]A Star Is Born premiered at the
2018 Venice Film Festival, and was released worldwide that October.[202] Gaga's performance was acclaimed by film critics, with
Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian labeling the film "outrageously watchable" and stating that "Gaga's ability to be part ordinary person, part extraterrestrial celebrity empress functions at the highest level";[203]Stephanie Zacharek of Time magazine similarly highlighted her "knockout performance" and found her to be "charismatic" without her usual makeup, wigs and costumes.[204] For the role, Gaga won the
National Board of Review and
Critics' Choice awards for Best Actress, in addition to receiving nominations for the
Academy Award,
Golden Globe Award,
Screen Actors Guild Award and
BAFTA Award for Best Actress.[205]
Gaga and Cooper co-wrote and produced most of the songs on the
soundtrack for A Star Is Born, which she insisted they perform live in the film.[206] Its lead single, "
Shallow", performed by the two, was released on September 27, 2018[207] and topped the charts in various countries including Australia, the UK and the US.[208] The soundtrack contains 34 tracks, including 17 original songs, and received generally positive reviews;[209] Mark Kennedy of The Washington Post called it a "five-star marvel" and Ben Beaumont-Thomas of The Guardian termed it an "instant classics full of Gaga's emotional might".[210][211] Commercially, the soundtrack debuted at number one in the US, making Gaga the first woman with five US number-one albums in the 2010s, and breaking her tie with
Taylor Swift as the most for any female artist this decade;[212] Swift tied with her again in 2019.[213] It additionally topped the charts in Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, Switzerland and the UK.[214] As of June 2019, the soundtrack had sold over six million copies worldwide.[215] The album won Gaga four Grammy Awards—
Best Compilation Soundtrack for Visual Media and
Best Pop Duo/Group Performance and
Best Song Written for Visual Media for "Shallow", as well as the latter category for "
I'll Never Love Again"—and a
BAFTA Award for Best Film Music.[181][216][217] "Shallow" also won her the Academy Award,
Golden Globe Award,
Critics' Choice Award, and Satellite Award for Best Original Song.[205] Gaga gave live performances of the song at the
61st Annual Grammy Awards and the
91st Academy Awards.[218][219]
In October, Gaga announced her engagement to talent agent Christian Carino whom she had met in early 2017.[220] They ended the engagement in February 2019.[221] Gaga signed a
concert residency, named
Lady Gaga Enigma + Jazz & Piano, to perform at the
MGM Park Theater in
Las Vegas.[222] The residency consists of two types of shows: Enigma, which focused on theatricality and included Gaga's biggest hits,[223] and Jazz & Piano, which involved tracks from the
Great American Songbook and stripped-down versions of Gaga's songs. The Enigma show opened in December 2018 and the Jazz & Piano in January 2019.[224] Gaga launched her
vegan makeup line,
Haus Laboratories, in September 2019 exclusively on
Amazon. Consisting of 40 products, including liquid eyeliners, lip glosses and face mask sticker, it reached number-one on Amazon's list of bestselling lipsticks.[225]
2020–2023: Chromatica, Love for Sale, and House of Gucci
In February 2020, Gaga began a relationship with entrepreneur Michael Polansky.[226] Her sixth studio album, Chromatica, was released on May 29, 2020, to positive reviews.[227][228] It debuted atop the US charts, becoming her sixth consecutive number-one album in the country, and reached the top spot in more than a dozen other territories including Australia, Canada, France, Italy and the UK.[229]Chromatica was preceded by two singles, "
Stupid Love", on February 28, 2020,[230] and "
Rain on Me", with
Ariana Grande, on May 22.[231] The latter won the Best Pop Duo/Group Performance at the
63rd Annual Grammy Awards, and debuted at number one in the US, making Gaga the third person to top the country's chart in the 2000s, 2010s and 2020s.[232][233] At the
2020 MTV Video Music Awards, Gaga won five awards, including the inaugural Tricon Award recognizing artists accomplished in different areas of the entertainment industry.[234] In September 2020, she appeared in the video campaign for
Valentino's Voce Viva fragrance, singing a stripped-down version of Chromatica track "
Sine from Above", along with a group of models.[235]
During the
inauguration of Joe Biden as the 46th President of the United States on January 20, 2021, Gaga sang the US national anthem.[237] In February 2021, her dog walker Ryan Fischer was hospitalized after getting shot in Hollywood. Two of her
French Bulldogs, Koji and Gustav, were taken while a third dog named Miss Asia escaped and was subsequently recovered by police. Gaga later offered a $500,000 reward for the return of her pets.[238][239] Two days later, on February 26, a woman brought the dogs to a police station in Los Angeles. Both were unharmed.
Los Angeles Police initially said the woman who dropped off the dogs did not appear to be involved with the shooting,[240][241] but on April 29, she was one of five people charged in connection with the shooting and theft.[242] In December 2022, James Howard Jackson, the man who shot Fischer, was sentenced to 21 years in prison.[243]
In April 2021, Gaga teamed up with Champagne brand
Dom Pérignon, and appeared in an ad shot by Nick Knight.[244] On September 3, she released her third remix album, Dawn of Chromatica.[245] This was followed by her second collaborative album with Tony Bennett, titled Love for Sale, on September 30.[246] The record received generally favorable reviews, and debuted at number eight in the US.[247][248] The album's promotional rollout included the television special One Last Time: An Evening with Tony Bennett and Lady Gaga, released in November 2021, on CBS, which featured select performances from the duo's August 3 and 5 performances at
Radio City Music Hall.[249][250] Another taped performance by the duo recorded for MTV Unplugged was released that December.[251] At the
64th Annual Grammy Awards, Love for Sale won Gaga and Bennett the award for Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album.[252]
2024: Joker: Folie à Deux and upcoming seventh studio album
Gaga was the featured artist for season two of the
online video gameFortnite spin-off, Fortnite Festival, which ran from February to April 2024.[270] She is set to star with
Joaquin Phoenix in the film Joker: Folie à Deux in October 2024.[271] Gaga announced her upcoming seventh studio album in May 2024 through Gaga Chromatica Ball, which ended with a cryptic message stating "LG7. Gaga returns" and a snippet of new music.[272]
Gaga was inspired by her mother to be interested in fashion, which she now says is a major influence and integrated with her music.[18][290] Stylistically, Gaga has been compared to
Leigh Bowery,
Isabella Blow, and
Cher;[291][292] she once commented that as a child, she absorbed Cher's fashion sense and made it her own.[292] Gaga became friends with British fashion designer
Alexander McQueen shortly before his suicide in 2010, and became known for wearing his designs, particularly his towering
armadillo shoes.[92][293] She considers fashion designer
Donatella Versace her
muse; Versace has called Lady Gaga "the fresh Donatella".[294][295] Gaga has also been influenced by
Princess Diana, whom she has admired since her childhood.[296]
Gaga has called the Indian
alternative medicine advocate
Deepak Chopra a "true inspiration",[297] and has also quoted Indian leader
Osho's book Creativity on Twitter. Gaga says she was influenced by Osho's work in valuing rebellion through creativity and equality.[298]
Musical style and themes
Critics have analyzed and scrutinized Gaga's musical and performance style, as she has experimented with new ideas and images throughout her career. She says the continual reinvention is "liberating" herself, which she has been drawn to since childhood.[299] Gaga combines a variety of music genres, particularly incorporating elements of rock into her pop and dance music. She has also branched out into jazz and other non-pop musical genres.[300] Gaga is a
contralto, with a
range spanning from
B♭2 to
B5.[301][302][303] She has changed her vocal style regularly, and considers Born This Way "much more vocally up to par with what I've always been capable of".[304][305] In summing up her voice, Entertainment Weekly wrote: "There's an immense emotional intelligence behind the way she uses her voice. Almost never does she overwhelm a song with her vocal ability, recognizing instead that artistry is to be found in nuance rather than lung power."[306]
According to Evan Sawdey of PopMatters, Gaga managed "to get you moving and grooving at an almost effortless pace" with The Fame.[307] Gaga believes that "all good music can be played on a piano and still sound like a hit".[308]Simon Reynolds wrote in 2010, "Everything about Gaga came from
electroclash, except the music, which wasn't particularly 1980s, just ruthlessly catchy
naughties pop glazed with
Auto-Tune and undergirded with
R&B-ish beats."[309]
Gaga's songs have covered a wide variety of concepts; The Fame discusses the lust for stardom, while the follow-up The Fame Monster expresses fame's dark side through
monster metaphors. The Fame is an electropop and dance-pop album that has influences of 1980s pop and 1990s
Europop,[310] whereas The Fame Monster displays Gaga's taste for pastiche, drawing on "Seventies arena glam, perky
ABBAdisco, and sugary throwbacks like
Stacey Q".[311]Born This Way has lyrics in English, French, German, and Spanish and features themes common to Gaga's controversial songwriting such as sex, love, religion, money, drugs, identity, liberation, sexuality, freedom, and individualism.[312] The album explores new genres, such as
electronic rock and
techno.[313]
The themes in Artpop revolve around Gaga's personal views of fame, love, sex,
feminism, self-empowerment, overcoming addiction, and reactions to media scrutiny.[314]Billboard describes Artpop as "coherently channeling R&B, techno, disco and rock music".[315] With Cheek to Cheek, Gaga dabbled in the jazz genre.[316]Joanne, exploring the genres of country, funk, pop, dance, rock, electronic music and folk, was influenced by her personal life.[317] The A Star Is Born soundtrack contains elements of
blues rock, country and
bubblegum pop.[210]Billboard says its lyrics are about wanting change, its struggle, love, romance, and bonding, describing the music as "timeless, emotional, gritty and earnest. They sound like songs written by artists who, quite frankly, are supremely messed up but hit to the core of the listener."[318] On Chromatica, Gaga returned to her dance-pop roots, and discussed her struggles with mental health.[319] Her second album with Tony Bennett, Love for Sale, consists of a tribute to
Cole Porter.[320]
Videos and stage
Featuring constant costume changes and provocative visuals, Gaga's music videos are often described as short films.[321] The video for "Telephone" earned Gaga the Guinness World Record for Most Product Placement in a Video.[322] According to author Curtis Fogel, she explores
bondage and
sadomasochism and highlights prevalent feminist themes. The main themes of her music videos are sex, violence, and power. She calls herself "a little bit of a feminist" and asserts that she is "sexually empowering women".[323]Billboard ranked her sixth on its list of "The 100 Greatest Music Video Artists of All Time" in 2020, stating that "the name 'Lady Gaga' will forever be synonymous with culture-shifting music videos".[324]
Regarded as "one of the greatest living musical performers" by Rolling Stone,[325] Gaga has called herself a perfectionist when it comes to her elaborate shows.[326] Her performances have been described as "highly entertaining and innovative";[327] the blood-spurting performance of "Paparazzi" at the
2009 MTV Video Music Awards was described as "eye-popping" by MTV News.[328] She continued the blood-soaked theme during The Monster Ball Tour, causing protests in England from family groups and fans in the aftermath of the
Cumbria shootings, in which a taxi driver had killed 12 people, then himself.[329] At the
2011 MTV Video Music Awards, Gaga appeared in
drag as her male
alter ego, Jo Calderone, and delivered a lovesick monolog before a performance of her song "You and I".[330] As Gaga's choreographer and creative director,
Laurieann Gibson provided material for her shows and videos for four years before she was replaced by her assistant
Richard Jackson in 2014.[331]
In an October 2018 article for Billboard, Rebecca Schiller traced back Gaga's videography from "Just Dance" to the release of A Star Is Born. Schiller noted that following the Artpop era, Gaga's stripped-down approach to music was reflected in the clips for the singles from Joanne, taking the example of the music video of lead single "Perfect Illusion" where she eschewed "the elaborate outfits for shorts and a tee-shirt as she performed the song at a desert party". It continued with her performances in the film as well as her stage persona.[332] Reviewing The Chromatica Ball in 2022, Chris Willman of Variety wrote that Gaga "could have further played the authenticity card for all it's worth" after the release of Joanne and A Star Is Born, but instead "has determined to keep herself weird — or just weird enough to provide necessarily ballast to her more earnest inclinations".[333]
Public image
Public reception of her music, fashion sense, and persona is polarized. Because of her influence on modern culture, and her rise to global fame, sociologist Mathieu Deflem of the
University of South Carolina has offered a course titled "Lady Gaga and the Sociology of the Fame" since early 2011 with the objective of unraveling "some of the sociologically relevant dimensions of the fame of Lady Gaga".[335] When Gaga met briefly with then-president
Barack Obama at a
Human Rights Campaign fundraiser, he found the interaction "intimidating" as she was dressed in 16-inch heels, making her the tallest woman in the room.[336] When interviewed by
Barbara Walters for her annual
ABC News special 10 Most Fascinating People in 2009, Gaga dismissed the claim that she is
intersex as an
urban legend. Responding to a question on this issue, she expressed her fondness for
androgyny.[337]
Gaga's outlandish fashion sense has also served as an important aspect of her character.[291][294] During her early career, members of the media compared her fashion choices to those of Christina Aguilera.[294] In 2011, 121 women gathered at the
Grammy Awards dressed in costumes similar to those worn by Gaga, earning the 2011 Guinness World Record for Largest Gathering of Lady Gaga Impersonators.[94] The
Global Language Monitor named "Lady Gaga" as the Top Fashion Buzzword with her trademark "no pants" a close third.[338]Entertainment Weekly put her outfits on its end of the decade "best-of" list, saying that she "brought performance art into the mainstream".[339]People ranked her number one on their "Best Dressed Stars of 2021" list, writing that Gaga "strutted the streets in high-fashion designs, from a sculptural seersucker number to a black lace corseted gown—accessorizing each with elegant updos, sky-high heels and retro shades—like it was no sweat."[340]
Time placed Gaga on their All-Time 100 Fashion Icons list, stating: "Lady Gaga is just as notorious for her outrageous style as she is for her pop hits", mentioning outfits "made from plastic bubbles,
Kermit the Frog dolls, and raw meat."[341] Gaga wore a
dress made of raw beef to the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards, which was supplemented by boots, a purse, and a hat also made out of raw beef.[342] Partly awarded in recognition of the dress, Vogue named her one of the Best Dressed people of 2010 and Time named the dress the Fashion Statement of the year.[343][344] It attracted the attention of worldwide media; the animal rights organization
People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) found it offensive.[345] The meat dress was displayed at the
National Museum of Women in the Arts in 2012,[346] and entered the
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in September 2015.[347]
Gaga's fans call her "Mother Monster", and she often refers to them as "Little Monsters", a phrase she had tattooed on herself in dedication.[348] In his article "Lady Gaga Pioneered Online Fandom Culture As We Know It" for Vice, Jake Hall wrote that Gaga inspired several subsequent fan-brandings, such as those of Taylor Swift,
Rihanna and
Justin Bieber.[349] In July 2012, Gaga also co-founded the
social networking service LittleMonsters.com, devoted to her fans.[350] Scott Hardy, CEO of Polaroid, praised Gaga for inspiring fans and for her close interactions with them on social media.[351]
Censorship
In 2011, lyrics of Gaga's song "Born This Way", which reference homosexuality and LGBT subjects, were censored by Malaysian broadcaster
AMP Radio Networks as a precaution against government restrictions against songs which might violate "good taste or decency or [are] offensive to public feeling".[352] The same year, the
Ministry of Culture of the People's Republic of China, reportedly enforcing a directive designed to tackle "poor taste and vulgar content", banned the publication of six of Gaga's songs from the album Born This Way on all Chinese music websites.[353][354]
In 2014, her album Artpop was released in China with conditions being placed on the album artwork, covering her almost naked body as well as changing the title of the song "
Sexxx Dreams" to "X Dreams".[355] In 2016, her meeting with the
Dalai Lama resulted in the
Chinese government adding her to a list of hostile foreign forces, and Chinese websites and media organizations were ordered to stop distributing her songs.[356][357] The
Publicity Department of the Chinese Communist Party also issued an order for state-controlled media to condemn the meeting.[358] In 2019, coverage of Gaga in the 91st Academy Awards was removed on some Chinese streaming platforms such as
Mango TV and in 2021 her appearance was cut from Friends: The Reunion; both incidents received backlash from Chinese fans.[359][360]
Activism
Philanthropy
After declining an invitation to appear on the single "
We Are the World 25 for Haiti", because of rehearsals for her tour, to benefit victims of the
2010 Haiti earthquake, Gaga donated the proceeds of her January 2010
Radio City Music Hall concert to the country's reconstruction relief fund.[361] All profits from her online store that day were also donated, and Gaga announced that $500,000 was collected for the fund.[362] Hours after the
2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami hit Japan, Gaga tweeted a link to Japan Prayer Bracelets. All revenue from a bracelet she designed in conjunction with the company was donated to relief efforts;[363] these raised $1.5 million.[364] In June 2011, Gaga performed at
MTV Japan's charity show in
Makuhari Messe, which benefited the
Japanese Red Cross.[365]
In 2012, Gaga joined the campaign group
Artists Against Fracking.[366] That October,
Yoko Ono gave Gaga and four other activists the
LennonOno Grant for Peace in
Reykjavík, Iceland.[367] The following month, Gaga pledged to donate $1 million to the American Red Cross to help the victims of
Hurricane Sandy. Gaga also contributes in the fight against
HIV and AIDS, focusing on educating young women about the risks of the disease. In collaboration with
Cyndi Lauper, Gaga joined forces with
MAC Cosmetics to launch a line of lipstick under their supplementary cosmetic line, Viva Glam.[368] Sales have raised more than $202 million to fight HIV and AIDS.[369]
In April 2016, Gaga joined Vice President Joe Biden at the
University of Nevada, Las Vegas to support Biden's
It's On Us campaign as he traveled to colleges on behalf of the organization, which has seen 250,000 students from more than 530 colleges sign a pledge of solidarity and activism.[370] Two months later, Gaga attended the
84th Annual US Conference of Mayors in Indianapolis where she joined with the Dalai Lama to talk about the power of kindness and how to make the world a more compassionate place.[371]
In April 2020, Gaga curated the televised benefit concert, One World: Together at Home, a collaboration with Global Citizen to benefit the
World Health Organization's
COVID-19 Solidarity Response Fund.[372][373] The special raised $127 million, which according to Forbes "puts it on par with the other legendary fundraiser,
Live Aid, as the highest grossing charity concert in history."[374] In recognition of her contribution to the
Black Lives Matter movement, Gaga received the
Yolanda Denise King High Ground Award from the
King Center's Beloved Community Awards in January 2021. In her acceptance speech, she denounced racism and white supremacy and addressed her social responsibility as a high-profile artist and white woman.[375]
In 2012, Gaga launched the
Born This Way Foundation (BTWF), a non-profit organization that focuses on youth empowerment. It takes its name from her 2011 single and album. Media proprietor
Oprah Winfrey, writer Deepak Chopra, and US Secretary of Health and Human Services
Kathleen Sebelius spoke at the foundation's inauguration at
Harvard University.[376] The foundation's original funding included $1.2 million from Gaga, $500,000 from the MacArthur Foundation, and $850,000 from
Barneys New York.[377] In July 2012, the BTWF partnered with
Office Depot, which donated 25% of the sales, a minimum of $1 million of a series of limited edition back-to-school products.[378] The foundation's initiatives have included the "Born Brave Bus" that followed her on tour as a youth drop-in center as an initiative against bullying.[379][380]
In October 2015, at the Yale Center for Emotional Intelligence, Gaga joined 200 high school students, policy makers, and academic officials, including
Peter Salovey, to discuss ways to recognize and channel emotions for positive outcomes.[381] In 2016, the foundation partnered with Intel,
Vox Media, and Recode to fight online harassment.[382] The sales revenue of the 99th issue of the V magazine, which featured Gaga and Kinney, was donated to the foundation.[163] Gaga and Elton John released the clothing and accessories line Love Bravery at
Macy's in May. 25% of each purchase support Gaga's foundation and the
Elton John AIDS Foundation.[383] Gaga partnered with
Starbucks for a week in June 2017 with the "Cups of Kindness" campaign, where the company donated 25 cents from some of the beverages sold to the foundation.[384] She also appeared in a video by
Staples Inc. to raise funds for the foundation and DonorsChoose.org.[385]
On the 2018
World Kindness Day, Gaga partnered with the foundation to bring food and relief to a
Red Cross shelter for people who have been forced to evacuate homes due to the
California wildfires. The foundation also partnered with Starbucks and
SoulCycle to thank California firefighters for their relief work during the crisis. The singer had to previously evacuate her own home during the
Woolsey Fire which spread through parts of Malibu.[386]
In March 2019, she penned a letter to supporters of the Born This Way Foundation, announcing the launch of a new pilot program for a teen mental health first aid project with the National Council for Behavioral Health. Gaga revealed her personal struggles with
mental health in her letter and how she was able to get support which saved her life: "I know what it means to have someone support me and understand what I'm going through, and every young person in the world should have someone to turn to when they're hurting. It saved my life, and it will save theirs."[387][388] In September 2020, Gaga released an anthology book, Channel Kindness: Stories of Kindness and Community, featuring fifty-one stories about kindness, bravery, and resilience from young people all over the world collected by the Born This Way Foundation, and introduced by herself.[389] She had been promoting it with a 21 days of kindness challenge on her social media, using the "BeKind21" hashtag.[390] In 2021, Gaga collaborated with the Champagne house Dom Pérignon to benefit the Born This Way Foundation by releasing a limited edition of Rosé Vintage 2005 bottles along with a sculpture designed by her. The 110 exclusive pieces were sold at private sales, and the profit of $570,000 was donated to the foundation.[391][392] On the 2021 World Kindness Day, Gaga released a 30-minute special, titled The Power of Kindness, as part of the foundation's Channel Kindness program, in which together with a mental health expert and a group of eleven young people, she explored the connection between kindness and mental health.[393]
LGBT advocacy
A
bisexual woman,[c] Gaga actively supports
LGBT rights worldwide.[394] She attributes much of her early success as a mainstream artist to her
gay fans and is considered a gay icon.[395][396] Early in her career, Gaga had difficulty getting
radio airplay, and stated, "The turning point for me was the gay community."[397] She thanked FlyLife, a
Manhattan-based
LGBT marketing company with whom her label Interscope works, in the liner notes of The Fame.[398] One of her first televised performances was in May 2008 at the
NewNowNext Awards, an awards show aired by the LGBT television network
Logo.[399]
Gaga spoke at the 2009
National Equality March in Washington, D.C., to support the LGBT rights movement.[400] She attended the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards accompanied by four gay and lesbian former members of the
United States Armed Forces who had been unable to serve
openly under the US military's "
don't ask, don't tell" policy, which banned open homosexuality in the military.[401] Gaga urged her fans via YouTube to contact their senators in an effort to overturn the policy. In September 2010, she spoke at a
Servicemembers Legal Defense Network's rally in
Portland, Maine. Following this event, The Advocate named her a "fierce advocate" for gays and lesbians.[402]
Gaga appeared at
Europride, an international event dedicated to LGBT pride, in Rome in June 2011. She criticized the poor state of
gay rights in many European countries and described gay people as "revolutionaries of love".[403] Later that year, she was referenced by teenager
Jamey Rodemeyer in the hours prior to his death, with Rodemeyer having tweeted "@ladygaga bye mother monster, thank you for all you have done, paws up forever". Rodemeyer's suicide prompted Gaga to meet with then-President Barack Obama in order to address anti-gay bullying in American schools.[404] In 2011, she was also ordained as a minister by the
Universal Life Church Monastery so that she could officiate the wedding of two female friends.[405]
In June 2016, during a vigil held in Los Angeles for victims of the
attack at the gay nightclub Pulse in Orlando, Gaga read aloud the names of the 49 people killed in the attack, and gave a speech.[406] Later that month, Gaga appeared in
Human Rights Campaign's tribute video to the victims of the attack.[407] She opposed the
presidency of Donald Trump and his
military transgender ban.[408][409] She supported former Secretary of State
Hillary Clinton for president in
2016.[410] In 2018, a leaked memo from Trump's office revealed that his administration wanted to change the legal definition of sex to exclude
transgender Americans. Gaga was one of the many celebrities to condemn him and spread the #WontBeErased campaign to her 77 million Twitter followers.[411][412] In January 2019, during one of her Enigma shows, she criticized Vice President
Mike Pence for his wife
Karen Pence working at an evangelical Christian school where LGBTQ people are turned away, calling him "the worst representation of what it means to be a Christian". Gaga also stated "I am a Christian woman, and what I do know about Christianity is that we bear no prejudice, and everybody is welcome".[413] Gaga made a congratulatory speech commemorating the 50th anniversary of the
Stonewall riots and the
LGBTQ+ community's accomplishments at
WorldPride NYC 2019 outside the
Stonewall Inn, birthplace of the modern
gay rights movement.[414]
Legacy
Gaga was named the "
Queen of Pop" in a 2011 ranking by Rolling Stone based on record sales and social media metrics. In 2012, she ranked fourth in
VH1's
Greatest Women in Music[415][416] and became a feature of the temporary exhibition The Elevated. From the Pharaoh to Lady Gaga, which marked the 150th anniversary of the
National Museum in Warsaw.[417]
Gaga has often been praised for using controversy to bring attention to various issues.[418][419] According to Frankie Graddon of The Independent, Gaga—who wore a meat dress to highlight her distaste for the US military's "don't ask, don't tell" policy—influenced protest dressing on red carpet.[420]Billboard named her "the Greatest Pop Star of 2009", asserting that "to say that her one-year rise from rookie to MVP was meteoric doesn't quite cut it, as she wasn't just successful, but game-changing—thanks to her voracious appetite for reinvention."[421] Because of The Fame's success—it was listed as one of the 100 Greatest Debut Albums of All-Time by Rolling Stone in 2013[422]—Gaga has been credited as one of the musicians that popularized synth-pop in the late 2000s and early 2010s.[423]
A new genus of
ferns, Gaga, and three species, G. germanotta, G. monstraparva and Kaikaia gaga, have been named in her honor. The name monstraparva alluded to Gaga's fans, known as Little Monsters, since their symbol is the outstretched "monster claw" hand, which resembles a tightly rolled young fern leaf prior to unfurling.[463][464] Gaga also has an extinct mammal, Gagadon minimonstrum,[465] and a parasitic wasp, Aleiodes gaga, named for her.[466][467]
In
Taichung,
Taiwan, July 3 is designated as "Lady Gaga Day" marking the first day Gaga visited the country in 2011.[468] In May 2021, to celebrate the tenth anniversary of Born This Way and its cultural impact,
West Hollywood mayor,
Lindsey P. Horvath, presented Gaga with a
key to the city and declared May 23 as "Born This Way Day." A street painting with the
Daniel Quasar's version of the
pride flag featuring the album's title was also unveiled on
Robertson Boulevard as a tribute to the album, and how it has inspired the LGBT community over the years.[469]
Gaga has won thirteen
Grammy Awards,[470] an Academy Award,[205] two
Golden Globe Awards,[471] a
BAFTA Award,[205] three
Brit Awards,[472] sixteen
Guinness World Records,[473] and the inaugural Songwriters Hall of Fame's Contemporary Icon Award.[158] She received a
National Arts Awards' Young Artist Award, which honors individuals who have shown accomplishments and leadership early in their career,[474] the Jane Ortner Artist Award from the Grammy Museum in 2016,[168] and a National Board of Review Award for Best Actress in 2018.[205] Gaga has also been recognized by the
Council of Fashion Designers of America (CFDA) with the Fashion Icon award.[475] In 2019, she became the first woman to win an Academy Award, a BAFTA Award, a Golden Globe Award and a Grammy Award in one year for her contribution to A Star Is Born's soundtrack.[476] At the 2020 MTV Video Music Awards, she was honored with the inaugural Tricon Award representing achievement in three (or more) fields of entertainment.[234]
Acknowledged by Billboard as the Greatest Pop Star in 2009, with honorable mention in 2010 and 2011, and Woman of the Year in 2015, Gaga has consecutively appeared on the magazine's Artists of the Year chart (scoring the definitive title in 2010), and ranked 11th on its
Top Artists of the 2010s chart.[477][478][479] She is the longest-reigning act of Billboard's
Dance/Electronic Albums chart with 244 weeks at number one, while The Fame (2008) holds the record for the most time on top in the chart's history, with 175 non-consecutive weeks.[480][481] Her album Born This Way (2011) featured on Rolling Stone's 2020 revision of their 500 Greatest Albums of All Time, and the song "Bad Romance" and its music video were among Rolling Stone's
500 Greatest Songs of All Time and 100 Greatest Music Videos of All Time, respectively, in 2021.[482] In 2023, the magazine included Gaga among the 200 Greatest Singers of All Time.[483]
With estimated sales of 170million records as of 2018,[484] Gaga is one of
the world's bestselling music artists, and has produced some of the
bestselling singles of all time.[485] As of 2022, she has grossed more than $689.5 million in revenue from concert tours and residencies with attendance of 6.3 million, being the fifth woman to pass the half-billion total as reported to Billboard Boxscore,[236][486] receiving the
Pollstar Award for Pop Touring Artist of the Decade (2010s).[487] She is also among the
top digital singles artists in the US, with 87.5 million equivalent units certified according to
Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA),[d] was the first woman to receive the Digital Diamond Award certification from RIAA, one of the
few artists with at least three Diamond certified songs ("Bad Romance", "Poker Face" and "Just Dance"),[489][490] and the first and only artist to have two songs pass seven million downloads ("Poker Face" and "Just Dance").[491] In 2020, she became the first female artist to have four singles ("Just Dance", "Poker Face", "Bad Romance" and "Shallow") sell at least 10 million copies globally.[492]
According to Guinness World Records, she was the most followed person on Twitter from 2011 to 2013,[94][493] the most famous celebrity in 2013,[494] and the most powerful popstar in 2014.[495] She was included on Forbes'Celebrity 100 from 2010 to 2015 and then from 2018 to 2020, having topped the list in 2011. She earned $62 million, $90 million, $52 million, $80 million, $33 million, and $59 million from 2010 through 2015, and $50 million, $39 million and $38 million between 2018 and 2020.[496][497] Gaga also appeared on their list of the
World's Most Powerful Women from 2010 to 2014.[498][499] She was named one of the
100 most influential people in the world by Time magazine in 2010 and 2019,[500][501] and ranked second in its most influential people of the past ten years readers' poll in 2013.[502]
In March 2012, Gaga was ranked fourth on Billboard's list of top moneymakers of 2011 with earnings of $25 million, which included sales from Born This Way and her Monster Ball Tour.[503] The following year, she topped Forbes' List of Top-Earning Celebs Under 30,[497] which she also topped in 2011,[504] and in February 2016, the magazine estimated her net worth to be $275 million.[505] In December 2019, Gaga placed 10th on Forbes' list of
Top-Earning Musicians of the Decade with earnings of $500 million in the 2010s. She was the fourth highest-earning female musician on the list.[506]
^In 2010, Fusari claimed he was entitled to a 20% share of the company's earnings, but the
New York Supreme Court dismissed both the lawsuit and a counter-suit by Gaga.[90][91]
^Both of the fragrances were released in association with
Coty[116][117]
^Gaga says that the song "Poker Face" was about her bisexuality, and she openly speaks about how her past boyfriends were uncomfortable with her sexual orientation.[28]
^As of February 2024, Gaga has had cumulative single certifications of 82.5 million digital downloads and on-demand streaming as a solo artist, and 5 million with Bradley Cooper.[488]
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