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Chelonoidis niger donfaustoi
At Santa Cruz, Galápagos, in 2024.
CITES Appendix I ( CITES) [2]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Testudines
Suborder: Cryptodira
Superfamily: Testudinoidea
Family: Testudinidae
Genus: Chelonoidis
Species:
C. niger
Subspecies:
C. n. donfaustoi
Trinomial name
Chelonoidis niger donfaustoi
Poulakakis, Edwards & Caccone, 2015 [3]
   range of C. donfaustoi on Santa Cruz Island (inset: Galápagos Islands)

Chelonoidis niger donfaustoi, known as the eastern Santa Cruz tortoise, is a subspecies of Galápagos tortoise living on Santa Cruz Island, within the Galápagos. Until 2015, C. n. donfaustoi was considered conspecific with the western Santa Cruz tortoise, C. n. porteri. [4]

Tortoise populations on Santa Cruz Island

Earlier mitochondrial DNA studies of tortoises on Santa Cruz showed up to three genetically distinct lineages found in nonoverlapping population distributions around the regions of Cerro Monturra in the northwest, Cerro Fatal in the east, and La Reserva (or La Caseta) in the southwest. [5] Although traditionally classified together, the lineages were all shown to be more closely related to tortoises on other islands than to each other, and thus are thought to be the result of three separate colonizations of the island. [6] Cerro Monturra tortoises are most closely related to duncanensis tortoises from Pinzón, [7] Cerro Fatal to chathamensis from San Cristóbal, [7] [8] while Reserva tortoises are closer to the four southern races of Isabela. [7] Tortoises are aided in oceanic dispersal by their ability to float with their heads up, and to survive up to six months without food or water. [9]

Classification

Five views of a skull

In 2015, Chelonoidis niger donfaustoi was reclassified as a new subspecies on the basis of genetic and morphological data. [3] C. n. donfaustoi is the sister lineage to C. n. chathamensis on San Cristóbal, and is part of a clade that also includes C. n. hoodensis of Española and C. n. abingdoni of Pinta. [3] Genetically, C. n. donfaustoi differs from other tortoises by allele frequency at 12 microsatellite loci, which allowed assignment to the genetically distinct cluster. [3] C. n. donfaustoi also shares a set of nucleotides distinct from that of C. porteri on the same Santa Cruz Island and from C. n. chathamensis. [3]

The reclassification reduced the range of C. porteri to the western and southwestern parts of Santa Cruz Island. [3] At the same time it confined C. n. donfaustoi to the eastern part of Santa Cruz Island, with a population size estimated at 250 individuals. [3] C. porteri was shown to be part of a clade that includes the Floreana and southern Isabela tortoises, as well as specimens reputedly representing Rábida and Fernandina. [3] [10]

The subspecies received the scientific epithet donfaustoi in honor of Fausto Llerena Sánchez, who devoted 43 years to giant tortoise conservation as a park ranger within the Galapagos National Park Directorate. “Don Fausto” was the primary caretaker of endangered tortoises in captivity. [3]

C. n. donfaustoi is the 15th known tortoise subspecies to be discovered on the islands, with four of those subspecies being extinct. [11] The classification of a new tortoise subspecies was the first in over a century. [12]

Appearance

While similar to other Galápagos tortoises, C. n. donfaustoi can be distinguished from them by means of shell size and shape. [3] Some Galápagos tortoises are larger than C. n. donfaustoi, with higher anterior opening of the shell. [3]

References

  1. ^ Cayot, L.J.; Gibbs, J.P.; Tapia, W.; Caccone, A. (2017). "Chelonoidis donfaustoi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T90377132A90377135. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T90377132A90377135.en. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
  2. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Poulakakis, Nikos; Edwards, Danielle L.; Chiari, Ylenia; Garrick, Ryan C.; Russello, Michael A.; Benavides, Edgar; Watkins-Colwell, Gregory J.; Glaberman, Scott; Tapia, Washington; Gibbs, James P.; Cayot, Linda J.; Caccone, Adalgisa (21 October 2015). "Description of a new Galapagos giant tortoise species (Chelonoidis; Testudines: Testudinidae) from Cerro Fatal on Santa Cruz island". PLOS One. 10 (10): e0138779. Bibcode: 2015PLoSO..1038779P. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138779. PMC  4619298. PMID  26488886.
  4. ^ Rachel Feltman (October 22, 2015). "A new species of giant tortoise was just discovered in the Galapagos". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 23, 2015.
  5. ^ Russello, Michael A.; Glaberman, Scott; Gibbs, James P.; Marquez, Cruz; Powell, Jeffrey R.; Caccone, Adalgisa (2005). "A cryptic taxon of Galapagos tortoise in conservation peril". Biological Letters. 1 (3): 287–290. doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2005.0317. PMC  1617146. PMID  17148189.
  6. ^ Chiari, Ylenia; Hyseni, Chaz; Fritts, Tom H.; Glaberman, Scott; Marquez, Cruz; Gibbs, James P.; Claude, Julien; Caccone, Adalgisa (2009). "Morphometrics Parallel Genetics in a Newly Discovered and Endangered Taxon of Galápagos Tortoise". PLOS ONE. 4 (7): e6272. Bibcode: 2009PLoSO...4.6272C. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006272. PMC  2707613. PMID  19609441.
  7. ^ a b c Caccone, A.; Gentile, G.; Gibbs, J. P.; Fritts, T. H.; Snell, H. L.; Betts, J.; Powell, J. R. (October 2002). "Phylogeography and History of Giant Galapagos Tortoises". Evolution. 56 (10): 2052–2066. doi: 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2002.tb00131.x. JSTOR  3094648. PMID  12449492. S2CID  9149151.
  8. ^ Ciofi, Claudio; Milinkovitch, Michel C.; Gibbs, James P.; Caccone, Adalgisa; Powell, Jeffrey R. (2002). "Microsatellite analysis of genetic divergence among populations of giant Galápagos tortoises". Molecular Ecology. 11 (11): 2265–2283. Bibcode: 2002MolEc..11.2265C. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-294X.2002.01617.x. PMID  12406238. S2CID  30172900.
  9. ^ Le, M.; Raxworthy, C. J.; McCord, W. P.; Mertz, L. (2006-05-05). "A molecular phylogeny of tortoises (Testudines: Testudinidae) based on mitochondrial and nuclear genes" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 40 (2): 517–531. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2006.03.003. PMID  16678445. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-16. Retrieved 2012-04-12.
  10. ^ Marris, E. (2015-10-21). "Genetics probe identifies new Galapagos tortoise species". Nature. Nature Publishing Group. doi: 10.1038/nature.2015.18611. Retrieved 2015-10-23.
  11. ^ "New species of giant tortoise discovered in Galapagos". BBC News. 22 October 2015. Retrieved 26 October 2015.
  12. ^ Feltman, Rachel (23 October 2015). "New species of giant tortoise discovered in Galapagos". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media Network. Retrieved 26 October 2015.
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