Portal:Mexico References

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The Temple of Warriors at Chichen Itza, Mexico

¡Bienvenido! Welcome to the Mexico portal

Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It covers 1,972,550 km² (761,610 sq mi), making it the world's 13th-largest country by area; with a population of almost 130 million, it is the 10th-most-populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country. Mexico is organized as a federal constitutional republic comprising 31 states and Mexico City, its capital. It shares land borders with the United States to the north, with Guatemala and Belize to the southeast; as well as maritime borders with the Pacific Ocean to the west, the Caribbean Sea to the southeast, and the Gulf of Mexico to the east.

Human presence in Pre-Columbian Mexico dates back to 8,000 BCE, making it one of the world's six cradles of civilization. The Mesoamerican region hosted various intertwined civilizations, including the Olmec, Maya, Zapotec, Teotihuacan, and Purepecha. The Aztecs came to dominate the area prior to European contact. In 1521, the Spanish Empire, alongside indigenous allies, conquered the Aztec Empire, establishing the colony of New Spain in the former capital, Tenochtitlan (now Mexico City). Over the next three centuries, Spanish expansion enforced Christianity, spread the Spanish language, and exploited rich silver deposits in Zacatecas and Guanajuato. The colonial era ended in the early nineteenth century with the Mexican War of Independence. ( Full article...)

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Romance is the eighth studio album by Mexican singer Luis Miguel. It was released by WEA Latina on 19 November 1991. Although the production was originally intended as another collaboration with Juan Carlos Calderón, that plan was scrapped when Calderón was unable to compose songs for the album. Facing a new-material deadline in his recording contract, at his manager's suggestion Miguel chose bolero music for his next project. Mexican singer-songwriter Armando Manzanero was hired by WEA Latina to co-produce the album with Miguel. Recording began in August 1991 at Ocean Way Recording in Hollywood, California, with Bebu Silvetti the arranger.

On the album Miguel covers twelve boleros, originally recorded from 1944 to 1986. The first two singles, " Inolvidable" and " No Sé Tú", reached number one on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart in the United States and spent six months atop the Mexican charts. "Mucho Corazón" and "Cómo" were in the top five of the Hot Latin Songs chart, and "Usted" and "La Barca" received airplay throughout Latin America. Miguel promoted the record with a tour of the United States and Latin America. The album was generally well received by music critics, who praised Miguel's singing and the record's production. The singer received several accolades, including a Grammy nomination for Best Latin Pop Album. ( Full article...)

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A radioactive contamination incident occurred in 1984 in Ciudad Juárez, Mexico, originating from a radiation therapy unit illegally purchased by a private medical company and subsequently dismantled for lack of personnel to operate it. The radioactive material, cobalt-60, ended up in a junkyard, where it was sold to foundries that inadvertently melted it with other metals and produced about 6,000 tons of contaminated rebar. These were distributed in 17 Mexican states and several cities in the United States. It is estimated that 4,000 people were exposed to radiation as a result of this incident. ( Full article...)

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El Ángel de la Independencia (The Angel of Independence), at Paseo de la Reforma in downtown Mexico City.

image credit: SDOs

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Estrada in 2018, applying a hold on El Felino (masked)

Jerry Estrada (full name, Gerardo Hernández Estrada; born January 10, 1958, Monclova, Coahuila) is a semi-retired Mexican luchador ( professional wrestler). For most of his career, he has portrayed a rudo ( heel, those that portray the "bad guys") character, nicknamed "El Puma". His rudo persona was pattered on various Glam Rock bands, complete with colorful spandex and what was described as a "rock and roll" attitude in the ring. He was originally active from 1978 until 2003 when he was forced to retire due to chronic injures caused by his signature bumps outside the ring. Estrada began working select matches again in 2018.

Estrada was a major star for Empresa Mexicana de Lucha Libre (EMLL) during the 1980s but was one of the first wrestlers to leave EMLL to work for Antonio Peña's newly started Asistencia Asesoría y Administración (AAA) in 1992. He also had a brief run in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) in 1997 and 1998 when AAA and WWF had a working agreement. From 1991 to 2008 Mini-Estrella Enrique del Rio worked under the ring name Jerrito Estrada, a mini version of Jerry Estrada. ( Full article...)

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Maximilian, c. 1864

Maximilian I (German: Ferdinand Maximilian Josef Maria von Habsburg-Lothringen, Spanish: Fernando Maximiliano José María de Habsburgo-Lorena; 6 July 1832 – 19 June 1867) was an Austrian archduke who became emperor of the Second Mexican Empire from 10 April 1864 until his execution by the Mexican Republic on 19 June 1867.

A member of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, Maximilian was the younger brother of Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria. Prior to his becoming Emperor of Mexico, he was commander-in-chief of the small Imperial Austrian Navy and briefly the Austrian viceroy of Lombardy–Venetia, but was removed by the emperor. Two years before his dismissal, he briefly met with French emperor Napoleon III in Paris, where he was approached by conservative Mexican monarchists seeking a European royal to rule Mexico. Initially Maximilian was not interested, but following his dismissal as viceroy, the Mexican monarchists' plan was far more appealing to him. ( Full article...)

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Vicente Fox Frida Kahlo Porfirio Díaz Juan Diego Emiliano Zapata Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla Cantinflas Pancho Villa Antonio López de Santa Anna Chespirito Agustín de Iturbide Benito Juárez Carlos Slim Diego Rivera Francisco I. Madero Juana Inés de la Cruz Carlos Salinas de Gortari Miguel de la Madrid

In the news

6 April 2024 – 2024 raid on the Mexican embassy in Ecuador: Nicaragua suspends diplomatic relations with Ecuador following the raid on the Mexican embassy in Quito, Ecuador. (Al Arabiya)
5 April 2024 – Ecuador–Mexico relations: 2024 raid on the Mexican embassy in Ecuador; After local police arrest former vice-president Jorge Glas at its embassy in Quito in violation of Article 22 of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, Mexico suspends diplomatic relations with Ecuador. (The Guardian)
2 April 2024 – 2024 Mexican general election: A mayoral candidate is assassinated in Celaya, Guanajuato, ahead of Mexico's upcoming general election. (CNN)
27 March 2024 –: At least four people are killed by several wildfires across the State of Mexico, Mexico. (Reuters)
20 March 2024 – Mexican drug war: Twelve bodies are found in Mexico, five inside a truck in the municipality of Villa Corona, Jalisco and seven in Sonora. (El Universal)

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In Mexican cuisine, Menudo, also known as pancita ([little] gut or [little] stomach) or mole de panza ("stomach sauce"), is a traditional Mexican soup, made with cow's stomach ( tripe) in broth with a red chili pepper base. Hominy, lime, onions, and oregano are used to season the broth. It differs from the Filipino dish of the same name, in that the latter does not use tripe, hominy, or a chili sauce. ( Full article...)

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Mexican cuisine Cuisine of Chiapas Cuisine of Veracruz Crema (dairy product) Aztec cuisine Oaxacan cuisine Mole sauce Guacamole Enchilada Mexican breads Nachos Burrito Mexican street food Pozole Cheeses of Mexico Taco Pan dulce Mexican wine Sopa de fideo Tostilocos Beer in Mexico Calavera Champurrado Mexican Coke

General images

The following are images from various Mexico-related articles on Wikipedia.

Image 1 Battle of Tampico (1829) (from History of Mexico)
Image 2General Santa Anna. (from History of Mexico)
Image 3 El Chapo in US custody after his extradition from Mexico. (from History of Mexico)
Image 4 Cerro del Cubilete ("Dice Cup Hill"). At the top of the hill is the Cristo Rey ( Christ the King) statue. (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 5Viceroy José de Iturrigaray (from History of Mexico)
Image 6The Castillo, Chichen Itza, Mexico, ca. 800–900 CE (from History of Mexico)
Image 7Variegated maize ears (from History of Mexico)
Image 8Portrait and book by Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, Baroque poet and writer. (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 9 President Carranza in La Cañada, Querétaro, January 22, 1916. (from History of Mexico)
Image 10Agustín de Iturbide the first Emperor of Mexico (from History of Mexico)
Image 11 Ignacio Comonfort (from History of Mexico)
Image 12President Vicente Fox with Prime Minister of India Manmohan Singh (from History of Mexico)
Image 13Singer and actor Pedro Infante, one of the leading figures of the Golden Age of Mexican Cinema. (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 14Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz (from History of Mexico)
Image 15 Plutarco Elías Calles (from History of Mexico)
Image 16Lázaro Cárdenas mural (from History of Mexico)
Image 17Liberación (Liberation). Jorge González Camarena. 1908. (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 18 Sawdust carpet made during "The night no one sleeps" in Huamantla, Tlaxcala (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 19A statue of a Chichimeca Warrior in the city of Querétaro (from History of Mexico)
Image 20U.S. President Barack Obama and Mexican President-Elect Enrique Peña Nieto during their meet at the White House following Peña Nieto's election victory. (from History of Mexico)
Image 21President Obregón. Note that he lost his right arm in the Battle of Celaya (1915), earning him the nickname of Manco de Celaya ("the one-armed man of Celaya"). (from History of Mexico)
Image 22 Equestrian statue of Charles IV in Mexico City (from History of Mexico)
Image 23Shield Jaguar and Lady Xoc, Maya, lintel 24 of temple 23, Yaxchilan, Mexico, ca. 725 ce. (from History of Mexico)
Image 24Mexican Central Railway train at station, Mexico (from History of Mexico)
Image 25Club América vs Cruz Azul at the Estadio Azteca. (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 26 Battle of Miahuatlán (from History of Mexico)
Image 27The first Braceros arrive in Los Angeles by train in 1942. Photograph by Dorothea Lange. (from History of Mexico)
Image 28Exconvento (Ex-convent), by José María Velasco. 1860. (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 29A unit of Cristeros preparing for battle. (from History of Mexico)
Image 30Surrender of Santa Anna by William Henry Huddle shows the Mexican president and general surrendering to a wounded Sam Houston in 1836. (from History of Mexico)
Image 31 Gilberto Bosques Saldívar took the initiative to rescue tens of thousands of Jews and Spanish Republican exiles from being deported to Nazi Germany or Spain. (from History of Mexico)
Image 32Entry into Mexico City by the Mexican army (from History of Mexico)
Image 33Porfirio Díaz (from History of Mexico)
Image 34 Subcomandante Marcos (from History of Mexico)
Image 35 The Execution of Emperor Maximilian, 19 June 1867. Gen. Tomás Mejía, left, Maximilian, center, Gen. Miguel Miramón, right. Painting by Édouard Manet 1868. (from History of Mexico)
Image 36Distribution of linguistic groups around 1500. (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 37 Victoriano Huerta, ruler of Mexico from 1913 to 1914 (from History of Mexico)
Image 38Comanchería, territory controlled by the Comanches, prior to 1850 (from History of Mexico)
Image 39General Pancho Villa at the entrance of Ojinaga (from History of Mexico)
Image 40La huida a Egipto (The Flight into Egypt). Miguel Cabrera, around 1700. (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 41 Pear, Quince and Psidium cajeta. In 2010 declared the Bicentennial Dessert of Mexico. (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 42La leyenda de los volcanes (The legend of the volcanoes). Saturnino Herrán. 1910-1912. (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 43 Cabinet Officers of Andrés Manuel López Obrador (left) and of Enrique Peña Nieto (right). (from History of Mexico)
Image 44Making cigarettes in the El Buen Tono factory, Mexico City (from History of Mexico)
Image 45Mexican Army troops in the Zócalo in the 1968 Tlatelolco massacre. (from History of Mexico)
Image 46"The Fall of the Alamo" by Robert Jenkins Onderdonk (from History of Mexico)
Image 47"The Torture of Cuauhtémoc", a 19th-century painting by Leandro Izaguirre (from History of Mexico)
Image 48 Olmec colossal (from History of Mexico)
Image 49 Chacmool, Maya, from the Platform of the Eagles, Chichen Itza, Mexico, ca. 800–90 CE (from History of Mexico)
Image 50Logo of the Partido Nacional Revolucionario, with the colors of the Mexican flag (from History of Mexico)
Image 51 Buffalo Soldiers of the American 10th Cavalry Regiment taken prisoner during the Battle of Carrizal, Mexico in 1916. (from History of Mexico)
Image 52A map of Mexico 1845 after Texas annexation by the U.S. (from History of Mexico)
Image 53Mexico City street market (from History of Mexico)
Image 54Logo of Nacional Financiera (NAFIN), the state development bank. (from History of Mexico)
Image 55Alegoría de la Constitución de 1857, Petronilo Monroy, 1869. (from History of Mexico)
Image 56Murals of Bonampak (between 580 and 800 AD) (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 57 Dining table, painted between 1857 y 1859, oleo sobre tela (oil on canvas) by Agustín Arrieta (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 58 1985 Mexico City earthquake (from History of Mexico)
Image 59President Felipe Calderón with President of Brazil Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. (from History of Mexico)
Image 60Battle of Centla, the first time a horse was used in battle in a war in the Americas. Mural in the Palacio Municipal of Paraíso, Tabasco (from History of Mexico)
Image 61 Teotihuacan view of the Avenue of the Dead and the Pyramid of the Sun, from the Pyramid of the Moon (from History of Mexico)
Image 62 Toltec carving representing the Aztec Eagle, found in Veracruz, 10th–13th century. Metropolitan Museum of Art. (from History of Mexico)
Image 63Goddess, mural painting from the Tetitla apartment complex at Teotihuacan, Mexico, 650–750 CE (from History of Mexico)
Image 64Three world leaders: (background, left to right) Mexican President Carlos Salinas de Gortari, U.S. President George H. W. Bush, and Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney, observe the signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement. (from History of Mexico)
Image 65Spanish and Portuguese empires in 1790 (from History of Mexico)
Image 66Colossal atlantids, pyramid B, Toltec, Tula, Mexico, ca. 900–1180 AD (from History of Mexico)
Image 67 Chihuahua Cathedral and a monument to the city's founder, Antonio Deza y Ulloa (from History of Mexico)
Image 68Panel 3 from Cancuen, Guatemala, representing king T'ah 'ak' Cha'an (from History of Mexico)
Image 69Modern group monument of Cortés, Doña Marina, and their mestizo son Martín (from History of Mexico)

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