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Mazahua
Jñatjo (mmc)
Jñatrjo (maz)
Region Mexico: State of Mexico, Toluca
Ethnicity Mazahua
Native speakers
150,000 (2020 census) [1]
Official status
Regulated by Secretaría de Educación Pública
Language codes
ISO 639-3Either:
mmc – Toluca Mazahua
maz – Central Mazahua
Glottolog maza1293
Extent of the Mazahua language in Mexico
The Mazahua language, number 4 (darker blue), northwest
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The Mazahua language ( Central Mazahua: Jñatrjo) is an Oto-Pamean language spoken in the central states of Mexico by the ethnic group that is widely known as the Mazahua but calls itself the Hñatho. It is a Mesoamerican language and has many of the traits of the Mesoamerican Linguistic Area. In 2003, along with some 62 other indigenous languages, it was recognised by a statutory law of Mexico ( General Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Peoples) [2] as an official language in the Federal District and the other administrative divisions in which it is spoken, and on an equal footing with Spanish. The largest concentration of Mazahua is found in the municipality of San Felipe del Progreso, State of México, near Toluca.

The closest relatives of the Mazahua language are Otomi, Matlatzinca, and Ocuilteco/Tlahuica languages, which together with Mazahua form the Otomian subgroup of the Oto-Pamean branch of the Oto-Manguean language family.

Mazahua is a tonal language and distinguishes high, low, and falling tones on all syllables except the final syllable of a word whose stress is predictable.

Mazahua's most distinctive feature is its abnormally-large phoneme inventory, around sixty phonemes, or twice the number in English. There are eight vowel phonemes, seven contrastive nasal vowels, and as many as forty-five consonants.

Amongst them are ejectives, implosives and contrastive voiceless sonorants. Along with Sindhi and Tukang Besi, Mazahua is a rare case of a language with true implosives that is far from regions where implosives are commonly encountered. It is also one of the few languages with ejective fricatives. [3]

Mazahua-language programming is carried by the CDI's radio station XETUMI-AM, broadcasting from Tuxpan, Michoacán.

Phonology

Consonants

Bilabial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
plain lab.
Nasal glott. ɲ̰
voiceless ɲ̥
plain m n ɲ
Plosive implosive ɓ ɗ
ejective kʼʷ
aspirated kʷʰ
tenuis p t k ʔ
voiced ɡ ɡʷ
Affricate ejective tsʼ tʃʼ
aspirated tsʰ tʃʰ
tenuis ts
Fricative ejective
aspirated
tenuis s ʃ h
voiced z ʒ ɣ
Semivowel glott.
voiceless
plain j w
Liquid lateral l
trill r

Oral vowels

Front Back
Close oral i u
nasal ĩ ũ
Close-mid oral e o
nasal õ
Mid ə
Open-mid oral ɛ ɔ
nasal ɛ̃ ɔ̃
Open oral a
nasal ã

Orthography

The orthography is based on the Spanish alphabet, with additional rules to account for the large phonetic inventory of Mazahua:

Grapheme Phoneme
a [ a]
[ ə]
[ ã]
b [ ɓ]
c [ k]
cꞌ [ ]
cj [ ]
cu [ ]
cꞌu [ kʷʼ]
cju [ kʷʰ]
ch [ ]
chꞌ [ tʃʼ]
chj [ tʃʰ]
d [ ɗ]
dy [ dz]
e [ e]
ɇ [ ɛ]
[ ɛ̃]/[ ]
g [ ɡ]
gu [ ɡʷ]
hu [ w]
ꞌhu [ ]
i [ i]
[ ĩ]
j [ j]/[ h]
jꞌ [ ]
jm [ ]
jn [ ]
[ ɲ̥]
ju [ ]
jy [ ]
l [ l]
m [ m]
mꞌ [ ]
n [ n]
nꞌ [ ]
ñ [ ɲ]
ñꞌ [ ɲ̰]
o [ o]
ø [ ɔ]
[ õ]/[ ɔ̃]
p [ p]
pj [ ]
r [ r]
s [ s]
sꞌ [ ]
sj [ ]
t [ t]
tꞌ [ ]
tj [ ]
ts [ ts]
tsꞌ [ tsʼ]
tsj [ tsʰ]
u [ u]
[ ɨ]
[ ũ]
x [ ʃ]
z [ z]
zh [ ʒ]
[ ʔ]

Sample text:

Texe yo nte̱ꞌe̱ chjetrjoji, angezeji ximi xoꞌoji ñeje kꞌinchiji, nesta ra ngara na joꞌo kꞌo dyaja e nte̱ꞌe̱.
(All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.)

References

  1. ^ INALI (2012) México: Lenguas indígenas nacionales
  2. ^ "Ley General de Derechos Lingüísticos de los Pueblos Indígenas" [General Law of the Linguistic Rights of Indigenous peoples] (in Spanish). 13 March 2003. Archived from the original on 8 February 2007.
  3. ^ Ian Maddieson (with a chapter contributed by Sandra Ferrari Disner); Patterns of sounds; Cambridge University Press, 1984. ISBN  0-521-26536-3
  4. ^ "Proposal to encode two Latin characters for Mazahua" (PDF). Unicode. 22 January 2016. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
  5. ^ Ferguson, Carol (19 February 2005). God's Mimic: The Biography of Hazel Page. Trafford Publishing. ISBN  9781412044288 – via Google Books.
  6. ^ "Mazahua language, alphabet and pronunciation". www.omniglot.com.

Sources

  • Knapp Ring, Michael Herbert, Fonología del mazahua, Tesis de licenciatura, ENAH, México, 1996
  • Michael Knapp, 2002 “Elementos de dialectología Mazahua" In Del Cora Al Maya Yucateco: Estudios Linguisticos Sobre Algunas Lenguas Indigenas Mexicanas Paulette Levy (Ed.), Universidad Nacional Autonoma De Mexico