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This page forms an Index of topics related to the River Wye.

From the main page on Wikipedia (as at 12 February 2023):

The River Wye ( /waɪ/; Welsh: Afon Gwy [ɡʊɨ̯]) is the fourth-longest river in the UK, stretching some 250 kilometres (155 miles) from its source on Plynlimon in mid Wales to the Severn estuary. [1] For much of its length the river forms part of the border between England and Wales. The Wye Valley (lower part) is designated an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. [2] [3] The Wye is important for nature conservation and recreation, but is severely affected by pollution. [4] [5]

...

Along with many other rivers the Wye is being heavily polluted by manure from the many million free range chickens for eggs and meat in intensive poultry units (IPUs) in Powys and Herefordshire, contaminating the Wye's tributaries. [6] [7] [8] As of April 2020, there were over 110 registered IPUs in Powys, each with over 40,000 birds (smaller IPUs need not be registered). [9]

...

In addition, runoff from dairy farms, farm slurry and silage liquor are entering the Wye. A study by the Welsh Government found that only 1% of farm slurry stores in Wales met regulations and that farms were purposely spreading slurry on fields before high rainfall, leading to increased run off into waterways. [10] An investigation by Greenpeace found that Environment Agency staff cuts from austerity had reduced pollution inspections by up to one third. [5] An internal report by the Environment Agency showed that the use of a “voluntary approach” by government was leading to increased levels of river pollution across the UK. [11] Powys County Council approved the construction of 20 new free-range chicken sheds in 2019 and as of February 2022 continues to license new chicken farms. In addition to problems with the riverine environment, this is causing air quality issues. [4] [6] [9] Pollution from the chicken factory farms is estimated to have killed 90% to 97% of the river’s water crowfoot beds, and 3,000 tonnes more phosphate than plants can absorb is released in the River Wye's catchment every year. [12]

Master Index of Wye-related topics

Other rivers

UK

Other salmon rivers in England are listed here. [13] Scotland has the River Tweed, (also a cross-border catchment, see also River Tweed Commission [14]) (Scots) Dee, River Spey, River Tay etc. Wales has 23 main salmon rivers. [15]

Longest rivers of the United Kingdom

  1. Severn 220
  2. Thames 215
  3. Trent 185
  4. Wye 155 NB mixed Catchment 4,136 km2 (1,597 sq mi)
  5. Great Ouse 143
  6. Ure/ Ouse 129
  7. Tay 117 NB substantial remote Catchment 4,970 km2 (1,920 sq mi)
  8. Spey 109
  9. Clyde 107 NB substantial mixed urban and rural Catchment 4,000 km2 (1,500 sq mi)
  10. Nene 100
  11. River Bann 99
  12. Tweed 96 NB substantial remote Catchment 5,000 km2 (1,930 sq mi) [16]
  13. (Warwicks) Avon 96
  14. (Cumbria) Eden 90
  15. (Scots) Dee 87

cf. also River Dee, Wales 70 Catchment area 1,816.8 km2 (701.5 sq mi)

Abroad

Other UK waterbodies

Geological aspects

Geological aspects of the Wye

Geophysics

See, e.g. The River Restoration Centre, [29] Cranfield University - which offers training courses in Citizen Science geophysical observation [30] and maintains a Manual of river restoration techniques. [31] See also Hyporheic zone. For Geological Maps at British Geological Survey. [32]

Chemistry

River water chemistry in general (what's good, what substances people test for etc) - see Analysis of water chemistry, Water pollution.

Marinet (marinet.org.uk) have articulated concerns re PFOS and PBDEs, used in flame retardants and Firefighting foams. [33] These are both bio-accumulative Persistent organic pollutants which persist in the environment. PFOS thermally decomposes at ~600C [34] and PBDEs thermally decompose at ~800C[ citation needed] meaning that they will easily survive passage through an anaerobic digestor.

Detergents and pesticides are also of concern.

Biology

See sections below, #Animals (Mammals/ reptiles), #Birds, #Fish, #Insects etc., #Smaller life-forms, e.g. Zooplankton, #Algae (various), #Plants

Farming

On the main Wikipedia

Main article: Farming

More specifically riverine environment e.g in Wye catchment Farming. Ref (for elsewhere?) [35]

  • The book, Sixty Harvests Left, makes the case that factory farming is as big a threat to humanity as climate change. Philip Lymbery explains climate, nature and health emergencies humankind faces. He presents solutions which have the regenerative, nature-positive farming focus on soil and the interconnectedness of all life on our planet. Further resources via this reference. [36]
  • See also book Tom Philpott, "Perilous Bounty" re shortcomings of agriculture in the USA, in particular California & availability and cost of water (from snow melt and from aquifer) and labor... and in the Midwest, grain belt, the problem of physical loss of soil and the degradation of nutrients. [37]

Also books:

  • Dr Dickson Despommier, The vertical farm, Feeding the world in the 21st century - proposing "...EVERY CITY HAS ITS OWN LOCAL FOOD SOURCE grown in the safest way possible, where no drop of water or particle of light is wasted". [38]
  • Vernon Gill Carter and Tom Dale TOPSOIL & CIVILIZATION REVISED EDITION ISBN  0-8061-1107-0 OKLAHOMA
  • John Seymour and Herbert Girardet FAR FROM PARADISE The story of human impact on the environment "... the problems that have precipitated a crisis of survival in the Third World: deforestation, soil erosion, and desert encroachment. And they highlight the way our high-tech agriculture is now pointing us in a similar direction. ...we should be adopting ways of using the land which are biologically sound, and which could sustain us all indefinitely. Such techniques already exist, and many have been in use for thousands of years." ISBN  1-85425-038-8
  • F.H.King Farmers of FORTY CENTURIES - Permanent Agriculture in China, Korea, and Japan "...journey of an extraordinary man who traveled to Asia to uncover the secrets of the ancient farming methods that have been used to feed millions of people for more than 40 centuries." "Dr. King, former chief of the Soil Division of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, went to Asia in the early 1900s to find out how farmers in China, Korea, and Japan could farm the same fields for 40,000 years without destroying their fertility and without applying artificial fertilizer." ISBN  0-87857-867-6 Information on: ■ composting ■ crop rotation ■ green manuring ■ intertillage ■ irrigation ■ drought-resistant crops

Sustainable farming

Regenerative agriculture, see also Natural farming

There is an increasing amount of information about Sustainable farming, e.g. whiteoakpastures.com, Bluffton, Georgia [39] and a 'soil farmer of the year' based in Herefordshire [40] and many other local examples of financially viable agroecological practice. [41] [42] Ben Taylor-Davies/ 'Regen Ben' [43] See also farming tag on the food alliance blog, and some case studies on zero carbon Herefordshire site.

Use and abuse of fertiliser

Plant growth requires (in addition to carbon, sunlight and other commonly available resources) in particular Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium (hence reference to ' NPK' in regard to fertiliser). The Wye catchment is more than adequately supplied with all of these, but phosphorus (typically as phosphate) tends to have a dominant effect on the ecosystem, with excess legacy phosphate being further worsened by excessive addition, resulting in phosphate-rich run-off from the soil- see RePhoKUs phosphate study by Lancaster University [44] and soil phosphate study by WSA... [45]

Manure (all origins) (see e.g. DEFRA table of contributions by different species[ citation needed] (see also, e.g. AHDB source of info [46]) and Nitrogen calculator [47] [48] and estimates for England and Wales GIS data [49]) [50] [51] [52] [53]

Some Farms have made changes supported by Wye Valley AONB. [54]

Various sources of information re soil condition, incl [55] and application e.g. [56]

Treatment of manure [57] [58] [59]

Fertilizer#Water

Dr Paul Withers on Phosphate (presentation to the Wye Catchment Partnership, via Farm Herefordshire) [60]

The NFU & EA published a booklet in ~2009 [61]

Chemical phosphorus recovery from animal manure and digestate experiments and pilot at Wageningen. [62]

See also University of Georgia paper on poultry manure. [63]

Compost-or-phosphorus-fertiliser-in-africa-agriculture The 'miracle mineral' the world needs - BBC Future [64]

Agro-industrial approaches

Recent decades have seen a proliferation of IPUs in the catchment. [65] Source Apportionment modelling attributes the majority of the phosphate load to (industrial) 'agricultural sources'.

IPUs produce a lot of waste, rich in nutrients unwanted in the Wye catchment. [66] These wastes may be treated, broadly, along one of two approaches:

  1. ' Biomass' approaches (see also pyrolisis#Liquid and gaseous biofuels, and the #Biochar section below)
  2. Digesters, various, see Aerobic digestion, Anaerobic digestion etc. See #Anaerobic digesters section below and also Leachate

Summary available from the Chesapeake report [67]

AD systems: Cons

  • "Systems are typically not cost-effective for smaller operations (under 400 cows) because the process requires a relatively large area for manure containment and can be very expensive.
  • "Although nutrients are concentrated, most are retained in a sludge by-product that — unless an advanced separation method is used — is not cost-effective to transport long distances.
  • "Without advanced separation, the nutrient-rich liquid by-product must be stored and managed as a wet nutrient source to be used as crop fertilizer on nearby fields."

Biomass incinerators

See for example companies involved. [68] [69] There are concerns re effects on air quality: various techniques exist to mitigate this- 'burning' is far from simple in order to provide assurance of minimal (ideally no) noxious substances in the exhaust. Control of the combustion process (e.g. dry enough fuel fed in at the right rate) is fundamental; 'air scrubbers' may be provided in the exhaust. [70]

Biomass heating system

A Biomass heating system can be used to generate heat from biomass, for example in a combined heating and power application- e.g. Whittern Farm. [71] -In the winter, this can be used to heat the poultry sheds; when they are warm enough the heat can used in other ways, e.g. for grain drying etc. The residue is effectively ash, typically ~7.5% of the mass input, very concentrated in P which is much more easily transported in this format (hazardous waste when 'wet' requires more precautions etc).

Residues: BioChar

Biomass systems can be designed to produce Biochar. Biochar can be produced either by traditional techniques (cf Charcoal burning) or by modern biomass pyrolysis [72] processes, and would appear to have multiple potential uses. [73] These include not only for spreading as a concentrated fertiliser but also for various forms of building material (replacing sand in mortar, as an additive to clay plaster mixes, etc.). [73] [74] [75] Attention must however be given to mitigating potential air pollution in the form of carbon monoxide, NOx (nitrogen oxides), VOCs ( volatile organic compounds), particulates and other pollutants. The biochar approach releases less carbon into the environment and the biochar may be a better substance for controlled/ progressive release of nutrients as a fertiliser.[ citation needed]

Digesters

Anaerobic digesters

In 2018, a world 'first' was claimed for an AD plant in Ballymena running exclusively off Poultry Litter. [76] [77] [78]

"As of 11th April 2022, the UK currently counts 660 operational facilities..." [79]

Commentary from Richard Fleming. [80]

New AD for food waste approved in Darwen (February 2023). [81]

Digesters in Powys

Welsh Assembly funding boost for anaerobic digestion plants: the Materials Action Programme/ Bank Farm in Powys [82]

Brecon Beacons green energy plant goes ahead after planning row [83]

anaerobic digestion plant and all associated works Ystym Colwyn Meifod Powys [84]

How An anaerobic digester (AD) works [85]

High Court refusal of a renewed application for permission for a judicial review of Powys CC permission for expanded IPU etc. [86]

Digesters in Herefordshire

Pembridge, Herefordshire, has been running an anaerobic digester since 2014. [87]

Whitwick Manor AD planning application, 2022. [88]

Elsewhere

Whitchurch, Shrops: [89]

Netherlands- cutting-edge advanced AD with specific nutrient recovery for use as fertilizer etc. [80] [90]

Other digesters

See protest groups: 'Muck off Acorn' (Haverhill, Suffolk), [91] 'Swinford Biogas Concern Group' (County Mayo, Ireland?), [92] 'stop hardwick energy' (Cotswolds/ Stratford on Avon). [93] Stop Witney Digester quoted the NFU Scotland's concerns about distortion to the agro economic landscape from setting up large ADs. [94] Gort (South Galway) has a group fighting plans for a new AD [95] etc.

Aerobic digesters

Aerobic digestion is a process originally used for sewage treatment designed to reduce the volume of sewage sludge and make it suitable for subsequent use; more recently, technology has been developed that allows the treatment and reduction of other organic waste, such as food, cardboard and horticultural waste. [96]

Residues from digesters

Unlike the Biomass approach which results in residue in the form of a dry ash, the output from digesters (' Digestate') is typically of a moist nature, sometimes sludge or slurry, and sometimes with a separate liquid output in addition. While the Netherlands groenemineralen approach involves significant downstream technology ( Reverse osmosis etc.), [90] simpler approaches involving reed beds etc. seem likely to result in little if any reduction in the total mass of product to be disposed of. [80]

Regulation

See 'Call for better regulation in Wales' [87]

Incidents involving digesters

Wye catchment incidents in bold.

Anaerobic digesters have caused (or been strongly suspected of) Fish kills (e.g. River Mole, Devon, [97] River Teifi, [98] Afon Llynfi, [99] and loss of human life (e.g. Avonmouth explosion)

Records [100] of six AD explosions in the US (Jay, Maine Pixelle Specialty Solutions’ Androscoggin Mill (see also apnews.com); [101] Pensacola 22 January 2017 (Kamyr digester explosion) (see also www.northescambia.com); [102] EPDM failure March 2013 Aumsville, Ore.; [103] February 6, 1987, two workers at a wastewater treatment plant were re-draining a sewage digester when an explosion lifted the 30-ton floating cover, killing both workers instantly; [104] Southwest Wastewater Treatment Plant in Springfield, MO), [105] two in the UK ( Avonmouth and Harper Adams, Newport, Shropshire [106] [107]), plus In Europe, there were about 800 accidents on biogas plants between 2005 and 2015 (tho' only three of them were 'serious' with direct consequences for the human population).Cite error: The <ref> tag has too many names (see the help page). [108] Fortunately, 'less than a dozen of them had consequences on humans'. e.g. in France (Saint-Fargeau) - no casualties(?) [109] [110] and Rhadereistedt, Germany (4 dead). [109] [111]

Safety analyses [112] [113] [114] -

  • a 2016 study compiled a database of 169 accidents involving ADs. [115]Cite error: The <ref> tag has too many names (see the help page).
  • A guardian article described ADs as Greenwashing for IPUs. [116]
  • See also Nottingham incident. [117]
  • The Environment Agency published a report on example incidents. [118]

See also (re the Wye catchment)

  • the Preston Brook (a tributary of the River Leadon) accident from 2016, [119]
  • suspicions regarding a total of three incidents on the Llynfi from Great Porthamel Farm and Gatehouse -February 2016 (GP Biotec [120] prosecuted and found guilty [121] [122]) and July 2016 (river adjacent to AD site) [123] plus the 31/7/2020 fish kill which occurred on the stretch of the river adjacent to the AD site [124]- and
  • one incident in 2022 on the Curl Brook, a tributary of the River Arrow (meeting it at Pembridge), reported in a tweet [125] from Charles Watson of River Action UK (cf. WUF's project [126] on the Curl).
  • The site of an AD at Seabournes (Much Fawley Farm), Fawley, near King's Caple [127] [128] has been subject of a number of concerns. [129] [130]

Water

Water: abstraction

See Water extraction, Water resources, Water supply and sanitation in the United Kingdom

Drinking

See Drinking water

Irrigation

See Irrigation

Water: waste

'Municipal' (Water Company) WWTWs

Concerns wrt Combined sewer overflow (CSO) events: Emma Duncan/ The Times "it is illegal to spill sewage into rivers when there is no rainfall, or when the sewage treatment plant is operating below capacity. The first is called a “dry” spill, the second an “early” spill." [131]

Smaller scale installations

Contents (chemistry, biology) - see Treatment options and/or infobox below

Treatment Reed bed, Cesspit, Septic tank, Constructed wetland (See in particular 'Phosphorus removal') e.g. Luston ICW: 14,200 m2 (3.5 acres) designed to remove ~250kg/ann phosphorous [132] (to service a STW with a Population equivalent (PE) of 646)- operational report awaited, Feb 2023.

Nutrient source modelling

Sources of excess nutrients - modelled by Source Apportionment GIS (SAGIS) especially as reported from RePhoKUs are calculated as:

  • ~60% 'agricultural',
  • ~30% waste water,
  • ~10% 'other'. [44] [133]

Across the catchment, the RePhoKUs report calculated that there is an excess of 3,000T of phosphates annually above what can be taken up by plant growth, and which is ultimately washed into the river. [12] [44]

In early 2023, DCWW published a more detailed set of phosphorus SAGIS analyses. [134] This indicated a (modelled) combined load apportioning at Hay as:

  • ~72% 'agricultural',
  • ~25% 'waste water' (23% STW, 2% CSO),
  • ~3% 'other'.

The detailed pie charts for individual waterbodies suggests relatively heavy loading from STWs on the main stem (although only at Rhayader is it >50%; the Hereford section of the Wye and tributaries around Clehonger are very close to, but just below, 50%), and very heavy loading from agricultural sources in more remote areas (~>80%).

Animals (Mammals/ reptiles)

Birds

Fish

Insects etc.

Smaller life-forms, e.g. Zooplankton

Algae (various)

Plants

Aquatic

Terrestrial

Bog/ marshland

Wildlife trusts

Protected status

In the catchment, the Wye passes through areas variously designated as

In 2020, NRW produced a 'baseline habitats assessment' for Protected sites, including Welsh rivers. [136]

Monitoring

Statutory Bodies

Regional etc.

  • NMB (Nutrient Management Board, c/o Herefs Co Council) - Minutes [133] Sept 22 agenda [137]
  • StW (Save the Wye) - see FAQs
  • TWA (Wye Catchment Citizen Science Association, WCCSA/ Burton Court 9, BC9/ The Wye Alliance (of CitSci groups), TWA)
  • Wye and Usk Foundation (WUF; hosts of Wye Catchment Partnership (WCP); have procured kit for local groups) [138]
  • Wye Samon Association (WSA) [139]

Local bodies/ Citizen Science

Water quality sampling and testing

Within the Wye catchment

Citizen Science (kicked off by WSA; 2021 expansion coordinated by Elle vonBenson at Cardiff University):

  • WUF (hosts of WCP; have procured kit for local groups) [138]
  • WSACite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name (see the help page). Subsequently began soil monitoring with a study sampling across the Garren Brook subcatchment, reported via the NMB meeting of 28 September 2022. [45]
  • FoUW [140] See their report [141] to the EAC and the EAC report. [142] With consultancy from Mott MacDonald, FoUW have kicked off further efforts to coordinate CitSci across the catchment
  • FoLugg (through CPRW) [143]
  • FoDore [144]
  • GVAG (Golden Valley Action Group) [145]
  • Yazor Brook group [146]
  • Newton Brook group [147]
  • CPRE(H) (see CPRE) [148]
  • CPRW (See FoUW) [149]
  • FotLW [150]
  • WCCSA/BC9/TWA
Neighbouring or near the Wye catchment
  • FoFW (Friends of Forest /of Dean/ Waterways) [151]
  • STRU (Save the River Usk) [152] See What We Do - Testing - Recording - Reporting - Protesting'. [153]
  • Various Severn catchment groups, including- on the Estuary- the Black Rock Lave Net Fishermen [154]
  • BART (Bristol Avon Rivers Trust) [155] -See in particular River quality information. [156]
  • Friends of the Somerset River Frome [157] (Refers to 'Is your river fit to play in?' [158]

Invertebrate sampling

'Kick sampling' for riverfly larvae. [159] [160]

Observational data

Much of this is organised on a more 'official' level, e.g. by national interest groups; other Apps exist for recording data/ uploading photographs.

  • FreshWater Watch [161] / Earthwatch Europe [162]
  • Bloomin’ Algae | UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (ceh.ac.uk) [163]
  • the use of Opalometers [164] [165]

e.g. birds from RSPB and other surveys, bats, insects, fish numbers, zoological surveys etc.[ citation needed]

National Bodies

  • Afonydd Cymru (Stewardship and research: WUF are a member group/ area) [166]
  • River Action UK (Campaigning group: Charles Watson et al.) [167]
  • The Rivers Trust (Stewardship and research) [168]
  • WRU (Welsh Rivers Union; Campaigning group: Kim Waters et al.) [169]

International Bodies

  • Global Water Works [170]
    • Friends of the River Wye (GWW) [171]

Remediation approaches

Notes

For the Dore see: River Dore Diary | River Wye Rivers Adventure

Communications

See e.g. 'greenhouse agency'. [179]

Press articles

See Wye press articles

Other sources of data

See, e.g., SavetheWye google drive collection [180]

SavetheWye website

Ffrindiau’r Afon Gwy Uchaf Friends of the Upper Wye

BRECON & RADNOR BRANCH OF CPRW

Rotary Monmouth environment pages

Presentations etc at Insights Wales/ Cipolwg Cymru [181]

Private google drive collection re Phosphates and 'industrial' approaches. [182]

Private google document re Nature Friendly Farming for the River Wye. [183]

References

  1. ^ a b "SSSI Citation River Wye (upper Wye)" (PDF). Natural Resources Wales. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
  2. ^ "Natural England information on AONBs and map". Natural England. Retrieved 5 October 2012.
  3. ^ a b c "Natural England information on Wye Valley AONB". Natural England. Archived from the original on 30 August 2014. Retrieved 5 October 2012.
  4. ^ a b Monbiot, George (2020-08-12). "The government is looking the other way while Britain's rivers die before our eyes | George Monbiot". The Guardian. ISSN  0261-3077. Retrieved 2020-08-15.
  5. ^ a b "River Wye pollution linked to free-range poultry farming". Countryfile.com. Retrieved 2020-08-15.
  6. ^ a b McKie, Robin (2020-06-20). "'It's like pea soup': poultry farms turn Wye into wildlife death trap". The Observer. ISSN  0029-7712. Retrieved 2020-08-15.
  7. ^ Ungoed-Thomas, Jon. "Free-range egg farms choking life out of the Wye". The Times. ISSN  0140-0460. Retrieved 2020-08-15.
  8. ^ Ecotipus (2019-09-22). "Open Letter: Intensive Poultry Units Pose Serious Public Health Risk". Ecotipus. Retrieved 2020-08-15.
  9. ^ a b Colley, Claire (2020-04-07). "Life in the 'poultry capital' of Wales: enough is enough, say overwhelmed residents". The Guardian. ISSN  0261-3077. Retrieved 2020-08-15.
  10. ^ "Welsh slurry contractors say regulation is required on spreading". Fly Fishing & Fly Tying. Retrieved 2020-08-15.
  11. ^ "Axe falls on dairy sector". Fly Fishing & Fly Tying. Retrieved 2020-08-15.
  12. ^ a b "Factory farming is turning this beautiful British river into an open sewer | George Monbiot". The Guardian. 2022-06-10. Retrieved 2022-06-12.
  13. ^ "Salmon & Sea Trout Fishing Seasons in England". www.countryclubuk.com. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
  14. ^ "History of the RTC". www.rivertweed.org.uk/. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
  15. ^ "NRW has released latest stock assessments for salmon and sea trout in Wales". naturalresourceswales.gov.uk. 25 July 2022. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
  16. ^ "Catchment facts". tweedforum.org. 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
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  25. ^ Jerry, Bruggers. "Ohio River again tops list for industrial pollution". Louisville Courier Journal. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
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  33. ^ Why are we killing the Wye, and when will we stop? 1 July 2022 www.marinet.org.uk, accessed 15 February 2023
  34. ^ Degradation of PFOS and PFOA in soil and groundwater samples by high dose Electron Beam Technology December 2021 www.sciencedirect.com, accessed 15 February 2023
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  36. ^ SIXTY HARVESTS LEFT… OR A FUTURE-PROOF PLANET AND FOOD SYSTEM? philiplymbery.com, accessed 5 March 2023
  37. ^ Perilous Bounty: The Looming Collapse of American Farming and How We Can Prevent It Tom Philpott via www.amazon.co.uk, accessed 2 March 2023
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  39. ^ environmental-sustainability whiteoakpastures.com
  40. ^ blog/soil-farmer-of-the-year-herefordshire blog/soil-farmer-of-the-year-herefordshire
  41. ^ herefordshirefoodcharter.org.ukblog/soil-farmer-of-the-year-herefordshire
  42. ^ leaflet called 'why we need small farms' landworkers alliance accessed 10 February 2023
  43. ^ Regen Ben - Regenerative Agriculture Farming that won't cost the earth Ben Taylor-Davies www.regenben.com accessed 11 February 2023
  44. ^ a b c "Project Summary- RePhoKUs is a collaboration between Lancaster University, the University of Leeds, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), University of Technology Sydney (UTS), UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), and the N8 AgriFood Programme". wp.lancs.ac.uk. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
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