Halftime shows are a tradition during
American football games at all levels of competition. Entertainment during the
Super Bowl , the annual championship game of the
National Football League (NFL), represents a fundamental link to
pop culture , which helps broaden the television audience and nationwide interest.
Background
View of the halftime show at
Super Bowl I
During most of the Super Bowl's first decade (starting on January 15, 1967), the halftime show featured a college
marching band . The show's second decade featured a more varied show, often featuring
drill teams and other performance ensembles; the group
Up with People produced and starred in four of the performances. The middle of the third decade, in an effort to counter other networks' efforts to
counterprogram the game ,
[1] saw the introduction of popular music acts, starting with
Michael Jackson in 1993, including
New Kids on the Block ,
Gloria Estefan ,
Clint Black ,
Patti LaBelle , and
Tony Bennett .
Starting with Super Bowl XXXII, commercial sponsors presented the halftime show; within five years, the tradition of having a theme—begun with Super Bowl III—ended, replaced by major music productions by
arena rock bands and other high-profile acts. In the six years immediately following an
incident at
Super Bowl XXXVIII where
Justin Timberlake exposed one of
Janet Jackson 's breasts in an alleged "
wardrobe malfunction ", all of the halftime shows consisted of a performance by one artist or group, with the musicians in that era primarily being rock artists from the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s. These shows were considered "family friendly" and the time in which they took place has been described as "the age of reactionary halftime shows".
[2]
Since
Super Bowl XLV , the halftime show has returned to featuring popular contemporary musicians, with the typical format featuring a single headline artist collaborating with a small number of guest acts.
The NFL does not pay the halftime show performers an appearance fee, though it covers all expenses for the performers and their entourage of band members, management, technical crew, security personnel, family, and friends.
[3] The
Super Bowl XXVII halftime show with Michael Jackson provided an exception, as the NFL and
Frito-Lay agreed to make a donation and provide commercial time for Jackson's
Heal the World Foundation .
[4]
[5]
[6] According to
Nielsen SoundScan data, the halftime performers regularly experience significant spikes in weekly album sales and paid digital downloads due to the exposure.
[7] For
Super Bowl XLIX , it was reported by the
Wall Street Journal that league officials asked representatives of potential acts if they would be willing to provide
financial compensation to the NFL in exchange for their appearance , in the form of either an up-front fee, or a cut of revenue from concert performances made after the Super Bowl. While these reports were denied by an NFL spokeswoman, the request had, according to the Journal , received a "chilly" response from those involved.
[8]
[9]
History
The following is a list of the performers, producers, themes, and sponsors for each Super Bowl game's show. This list does not include national anthem performers, which are listed in the article
List of national anthem performers at the Super Bowl . Names in bold are headline performers.
1960s
1970s
Super Bowl
Date
Location
Theme
Performer(s)
Producer
Sponsor
Setlist
Ref.
IV
January 11, 1970
Tulane Stadium (
New Orleans , Louisiana)
Tribute to
Mardi Gras
—
—
[10]
V (
show )
January 17, 1971
Miami Orange Bowl (Miami, Florida)
—
Southeast Missouri State Marching Band
Anita Bryant
Up With People
—
[10]
[14]
[15]
[16]
VI
January 16, 1972
Tulane Stadium (
New Orleans , Louisiana)
Salute to
Louis Armstrong
Jim Skinner
[10]
[17]
VII
January 14, 1973
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum (Los Angeles, California)
Happiness Is
Tommy Walker
[10]
[18]
[19]
VIII
January 13, 1974
Rice Stadium (
Houston , Texas)
A Musical America
Jim Skinner
—
[10]
IX
January 12, 1975
Tulane Stadium (
New Orleans , Louisiana)
Tribute to
Duke Ellington
Mercer Ellington &
Grambling State University Marching Bands
[10]
[12]
X (
show )
January 18, 1976
Miami Orange Bowl (Miami, Florida)
200 Years and Just a Baby: A Tribute to
America's Bicentennial
Up with People
—
[10]
[20]
[21]
XI
January 9, 1977
Rose Bowl (
Pasadena, California )
It's a Small World
Los Angeles Unified All-City Band with the New Mouseketeers & Audience
card stunt
The Walt Disney Company
[10]
XII
January 15, 1978
Louisiana Superdome (
New Orleans , Louisiana)
From Paris to Paris of America
—
—
[10]
XIII
January 21, 1979
Miami Orange Bowl (Miami, Florida)
Salute to Caribbean
Bob Jani
Carnival
[10]
1980s
Super Bowl
Date
Location
Theme
Performer(s)
Producer
Sponsor
Setlist
Ref.
XIV (
show )
January 20, 1980
Rose Bowl (
Pasadena, California )
A Salute to the
Big Band Era
—
—
[10]
[20]
[22]
XV
January 25, 1981
Louisiana Superdome (
New Orleans , Louisiana)
Mardi Gras Festival
Jim Skinner
—
[10]
XVI (
show )
January 24, 1982
Pontiac Silverdome (
Pontiac, Michigan )
Salute to the 1960s and
Motown
Up with People
—
[10]
[20]
[23]
XVII
January 30, 1983
Rose Bowl (
Pasadena, California )
KaleidoSUPERscope
Los Angeles Super Drill Team
Bob Jani
[10]
[24]
XVIII
January 22, 1984
Tampa Stadium (
Tampa, Florida )
Salute to Superstars of Silver Screen
University of Florida and
Florida State University Marching Bands
The Walt Disney Company
[10]
XIX
January 20, 1985
Stanford Stadium (
Stanford, California )
World of Children's Dreams
Tops in Blue
Air Force Entertainment
—
[10]
XX (
show )
January 26, 1986
Louisiana Superdome (
New Orleans , Louisiana)
Beat of the Future
Up with People
—
[10]
[20]
[25]
XXI
January 25, 1987
Rose Bowl (
Pasadena, California )
Salute to Hollywood's 100th Anniversary – The World of Make Believe
The Walt Disney Company
[10]
XXII
January 31, 1988
Jack Murphy Stadium (San Diego, California)
Something Grand
Radio City Music Hall
[10]
[11]
[26]
XXIII (
show )
January 22, 1989
Joe Robbie Stadium (
Miami Gardens, Florida )
1950's
Rock and Roll (Be Bop Bamboozled in
3-D )
MagicCom Entertainment
Dan Witkowski
Diet Coke
[10]
[27]
1990s
Super Bowl
Date
Location
Theme
Performer(s)
Producer
Sponsor
Setlist
Ref.
XXIV
January 28, 1990
Louisiana Superdome (
New Orleans , Louisiana)
Salute to New Orleans & 40th Anniversary of
Peanuts
Select Productions
—
XXV
January 27, 1991
Tampa Stadium (
Tampa, Florida )
Small World Tribute to 25 Years of the Super Bowl
The Walt Disney Company
[10]
XXVI
January 26, 1992
Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome (
Minneapolis , Minnesota)
Winter Magic , salute to
1992 Winter Olympics
Timberline Productions
—
[10]
XXVII (
show )
January 31, 1993
Rose Bowl (
Pasadena, California )
—
Michael Jackson
[10]
[11]
XXVIII
January 30, 1994
Georgia Dome (
Atlanta , Georgia)
Rockin' Country Sunday
Select Productions
[10]
XXIX
January 29, 1995
Joe Robbie Stadium (
Miami Gardens, Florida )
Indiana Jones and the Temple of the Forbidden Eye
The Walt Disney Company
[10]
XXX (
show )
January 28, 1996
Sun Devil Stadium (
Tempe, Arizona )
Take Me Higher: A Celebration of 30 Years of the Super Bowl
Diana Ross
Radio City Music Hall
Oscar Mayer
A medley of the following songs:
[10]
[11]
XXXI (
show )
January 26, 1997
Louisiana Superdome (
New Orleans , Louisiana)
Blues Brothers Bash
[10]
XXXII
January 25, 1998
Qualcomm Stadium (San Diego, California)
Salute to
Motown 's 40th Anniversary
Radio City Music Hall
[10]
[11]
[12]
[28]
XXXIII
January 31, 1999
Pro Player Stadium (
Miami Gardens, Florida )
Celebration of
Soul ,
Salsa and
Swing
Progressive Auto Insurance
[10]
2000s
Super Bowl
Date
Location
Theme
Performer(s)
Special guest(s)
Producer
Sponsor
Setlist
Ref.
XXXIV
January 30, 2000
Georgia Dome (
Atlanta , Georgia)
Tapestry of Nations
—
Disney
E-Trade
[10]
[29]
XXXV (
show )
January 28, 2001
Raymond James Stadium (
Tampa, Florida )
The Kings of Rock and Pop
MTV
[10]
[11]
XXXVI (
show )
February 3, 2002
Louisiana Superdome (
New Orleans , Louisiana)
Tribute to
those killed in the
September 11 attacks
U2
—
Clear Channel Entertainment
[10]
[11]
XXXVII (
show )
January 26, 2003
Qualcomm Stadium (San Diego, California)
—
Sting
AT&T Wireless
[10]
XXXVIII (
show )
February 1, 2004
Reliant Stadium (
Houston , Texas)
Choose or Lose
Spirit of Houston and
Ocean of Soul marching bands
MTV
AOL TopSpeed
[10]
[11]
[30]
[31]
XXXIX
February 6, 2005
Alltel Stadium (
Jacksonville, Florida )
—
Paul McCartney
—
Don Mischer Productions
Ameriquest Mortgage
[10]
XL
February 5, 2006
Ford Field (Detroit, Michigan)
The Rolling Stones
Sprint Nextel
[10]
[11]
XLI (
show )
February 4, 2007
Dolphin Stadium (
Miami Gardens, Florida )
Prince
Florida A&M University Marching 100 Band
Pepsi
[10]
[11]
XLII
February 3, 2008
University of Phoenix Stadium (
Glendale, Arizona )
Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers
—
Bridgestone
[10]
XLIII
February 1, 2009
Raymond James Stadium (
Tampa, Florida )
Bruce Springsteen and the
E Street Band
The Miami Horns
[10]
2010s
Super Bowl
Date
Location
Headliner(s)
Special guest(s)
Director
Producer
Sponsor
Setlist
Ref.
XLIV (
show )
February 7, 2010
Sun Life Stadium (
Miami Gardens, Florida )
The Who
—
Hamish Hamilton
White Cherry Entertainment
Bridgestone
[10]
XLV (
show )
February 6, 2011
Cowboys Stadium (
Arlington, Texas )
The Black Eyed Peas
Ricky Kirshner
[10]
[32]
XLVI (
show )
February 5, 2012
Lucas Oil Stadium (
Indianapolis , Indiana)
Madonna
[33]
[34]
[35]
[36]
[37]
XLVII (
show )
February 3, 2013
Mercedes-Benz Superdome (
New Orleans , Louisiana)
Beyoncé
Destiny's Child
Pepsi
[38]
XLVIII (
show )
February 2, 2014
MetLife Stadium (
East Rutherford, New Jersey )
Bruno Mars
Red Hot Chili Peppers
[39]
XLIX (
show )
February 1, 2015
University of Phoenix Stadium (
Glendale, Arizona )
Katy Perry
[40]
[41]
[42]
50 (
show )
February 7, 2016
Levi's Stadium (
Santa Clara, California )
Coldplay
[43]
[44]
[45]
[46]
[47]
[48]
LI (
show )
February 5, 2017
NRG Stadium (
Houston , Texas)
Lady Gaga
—
Pepsi Zero Sugar
[49]
[50]
LII (
show )
February 4, 2018
U.S. Bank Stadium (
Minneapolis , Minnesota)
Justin Timberlake
Pepsi
[51]
[52]
[53]
[54]
[55]
LIII (
show )
February 3, 2019
Mercedes-Benz Stadium (
Atlanta , Georgia)
Maroon 5
2020s
Super Bowl
Date
Location
Headliner(s)
Special guest(s)
Director
Producer
Sponsor
Setlist
Ref.
LIV (
show )
February 2, 2020
Hard Rock Stadium (
Miami Gardens, Florida )
Hamish Hamilton
Pepsi
[56]
[57]
[58]
LV (
show )
February 7, 2021
Raymond James Stadium (
Tampa, Florida )
The Weeknd
—
[59]
LVI (
show )
February 13, 2022
SoFi Stadium (
Inglewood, California )
50 Cent
Anderson .Paak
[60]
LVII (
show )
February 12, 2023
State Farm Stadium (
Glendale, Arizona )
Rihanna
—
Apple Music
[61]
[62]
LVIII (
show )
February 11, 2024
Allegiant Stadium (
Paradise, Nevada )
Usher
Alicia Keys
Jermaine Dupri
H.E.R.
will.i.am
Lil Jon
Ludacris
Sonic Boom of the South
[63]
[64]
[65]
LIX (
show )
February 9, 2025
Caesars Superdome (
New Orleans , Louisiana)
to be announced
[66]
Details on specific shows
Super Bowl XL
For
the Rolling Stones , the stage was in the form of the group's iconic tongue logo (
John Pasche 's design first used in 1971 on their
Sticky Fingers album). It was the largest stage ever assembled for a Super Bowl halftime show, with 28 separate pieces assembled in five minutes by a 600-member volunteer stage crew. The group performed three songs: "
Start Me Up ", "
Rough Justice ", and "
(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction ". The show was viewed by 89.9 million people, more than the audiences for the Oscars, Grammys and Emmy Awards combined.
[67] In the wake of the
Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy with
Janet Jackson and
Justin Timberlake , ABC and the NFL imposed a five-second delay and censored lyrics considered too sexually explicit in the first two songs by briefly turning off
Mick Jagger 's microphone—censoring to which the group had previously agreed.
[68]
However, the choice of the Rolling Stones sparked controversy in the Detroit community because the band did not represent the
traditional Detroit "
Motown Sound ", and no artists from the area were included.
[69]
Achievements
See also
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