"California Gurls" is a song recorded by American singer
Katy Perry. It served as the lead single for her third
studio album, Teenage Dream (2010). The song features verses from rapper
Snoop Dogg. The artists co-wrote the song with
Bonnie McKee and its co-producers
Dr. Luke and
Max Martin, with additional production from
Benny Blanco. According to Perry, "California Gurls" is an
answer song to "
Empire State of Mind" (2009), by
Jay-Z and
Alicia Keys. Its mid-tempo production incorporates disco-pop and funk-pop with influences of
new wave and
electropop. Its lyrics are an ode to the state of California, in which both Perry and Snoop Dogg were born and raised.
"California Gurls" garnered positive reviews from music critics, with the majority of them labeling it a "summer anthem",[1] as well as complimenting its production and chorus. Originally, the song was intended to be sent to
mainstream and
rhythmic airplay on May 25, 2010, the song debuted on May 7, 2010, after clips from the Teenage Dream album were leaked online. It was subsequently released to
iTunes on May 11, 2010, as the album's lead single. The song was a worldwide success, peaking at number-one on the
Billboard Hot 100 for six consecutive weeks, giving Perry her second number-one single in the US and Snoop Dogg his third. The song also reached number-one in seven other countries, was the best-selling song of 2010 in Canada, and is
certified Platinum or higher in nine countries, including 4× Platinum in Canada, 6× Platinum in Australia, and Diamond in the US. When "California Gurls" was certified Diamond by the
Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), Perry became the first female artist to have four Diamond-certified singles in the country, the others being "Firework", "Dark Horse" and “Roar”.
In an interview with
HitQuarters, Perry's
A&R agent at the time,
Chris Anokute, said that while travelling back from an Oscar after-party, Perry
texted him to say she did not think the album was finished and that it needed one more song. She said that she wanted to write a song about California girls.[2] During a Rolling Stonephoto shoot in April 2010, Perry revealed details about the song, reportedly a response to
Jay-Z's "
Empire State of Mind", she stated:
"It's so great that 'Empire State of Mind' is huge and that everybody has the New York song, but what the fuck? What about LA? What about California? And it's been a minute since we've had a California song and especially from a girl's perspective. We took the references of Prince, which is always a great reference, and we took a lot of the '90s, ... almost that house music, some of those references."[3]
Perry used Wikipedia to research which rapper she wanted to collaborate with for "California Gurls", browsing
West Coast artists before selecting Snoop Dogg.[4] Initially, the song was going to be titled "California Girls". The spelling was changed to "California Gurls" after the death of
Big Star member
Alex Chilton as a nod to their song, "
September Gurls".[5] Rondor Music, the company that owns the publishing rights to
the Beach Boys' "
California Girls", allegedly threatened a lawsuit due to the lyric "I wish they could all be California Girls", a line that was taken from the Beach Boys' song.[6]
After the song was leaked online,
Capitol Records decided to release it early, and it was posted on Perry's official website, and the radio date was moved up from May 25, 2010, to May 7, 2010.[7]
Composition
"California Gurls" is composed in styles of disco-pop, funk-pop and bubblegum pop[8][9] while bearing influence of
new wave music and
electropop within its composition.[10] Musicnotes published this song in the key of
F major and the
tempo of 126
beats per minute over a
house beat.[3][11] Perry's vocal range in the song spans from the lower note of
C4 to the higher note of
D5.[11] "California Gurls" utilizes multiple
synths,
drums,
funkguitars, and
electronic whooshes in its production.[11][12]
Critical reception
"California Gurls" received widespread critical acclaim. The song was given five stars from Nick Levine of
Digital Spy who commended Perry's "charismatic" vocals on the song as well as its "unstoppable pop chorus".[13] Leah Greenblatt of Entertainment Weekly and Katie Hasty of
HitFix called it "the summer jam" of 2010.[14][15] Rob Sheffield of Rolling Stone said that the song sets the tone for Teenage Dream.[16] Chris Richards of The Washington Post praised the song, calling it "fresh" and "fierce". He commended the expertise of the song's arrangement and its "buoyant" chorus. Richards went on to say that "California Gurls" is "an ever-lasting gobstopper of a tune" and that "summertime megahits rarely feel this good".[17] Musician
Brian Wilson, who had co-written the Beach Boys' "California Girls", commended Perry's vocal on her song and described its melody as "infectious".[18]
Glenn Gamboa of Newsday reviewed the song saying, "'California Gurls' is a fizzy-pop concoction of empty calories, but it sure does stick with you." He went on to note that the craftsmanship of the song was of a high standard.[19] Steve Leftridge of
PopMatters called "California Gurls" the radio jam of the summer of 2010 and "the gargantuan singalong fantasy that delivered on the promise built by the disco thump of hits like '
I Kissed a Girl' and '
Hot n Cold'." Leftridge also praised the song's musical composition, lyrical content and chorus which he said "you know by heart halfway through your first listen."[20] The track was deemed as a highlight on Teenage Dream by
Stephen Thomas Erlewine of
AllMusic.[21] Michael Cragg of
musicOMH praised the song, "First single California Gurls is brilliant, brattish fun, Perry sounding sweet and coy on the verses before that huge chorus erupts".[22]Edna Gundersen of USA Today said that the track is "an effervescent toast to summer fun."[23] In a negative review,
Greg Kot of Chicago Tribune dismissed the song as "relentlessly mechanical". He went on to describe Perry's vocal performance on the song as "a series of syllables digitally stitched together."[24] The single received a
Grammy nomination for
Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals.[25] On May 25, 2012, Billboard ranked the song number one on a special
The 30 Summer Songs of All Time listing.[26]
Chart performance
"California Gurls" sold 294,000
digital downloads in its first week and debuted at number one on the US BillboardDigital Songs chart. It debuted at number two on the
Billboard Hot 100, making it Perry's highest debut on the chart at the time. On the issue dated June 19, 2010, the song reached number one, becoming Perry's second number-one song and Snoop Dogg's third.[27] "California Gurls" became the first single by an artist signed to
Capitol Records in nearly 43 years to ascend to the number-one spot on the Billboard Hot 100 in its fourth week since
Bobbie Gentry's single "
Ode to Billie Joe" reached the top after four weeks on the chart.[27] It is Perry's third number one on the Pop Songs chart. "California Gurls" became the first song to top the 300,000 mark in digital sales more than once in 2010 with 318,000 and 359,000 copies sold in the first and second week of June, respectively.[28] Within seven weeks of its release, "California Gurls" sold over two million downloads, which is the second fastest pace to do so in digital history behind
Flo Rida's "
Right Round".[29] It debuted at number 31 on the BillboardRadio Songs chart and in the July 10, 2010, issue it reached number one on the magazine's
Hot Dance Airplay chart, giving Perry her second number-one single on that chart. As of June 2023, the song has been certified Diamond by the
Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA),[30] making Perry the first female artist to achieve this with 4 singles and sold 5.9 million copies in the US.[31]
Elsewhere, "California Gurls" reached number one in Canada and debuted in the top 20 in Belgium (Flanders and Wallonia), New Zealand and Norway. On May 24, 2010, "California Gurls" debuted on the Australian Singles Chart at number three, and later reached the number-one spot.[32] On the
RIANZ Top 10 Radio Airplay Charts, the song came in at number one in New Zealand[33] and also received Gold certification from
Recording Industry Association of New Zealand (RIANZ). "California Gurls" entered the
UK Singles Chart on June 27, 2010, at number one, becoming her second chart-topper in the country. The single sold 123,607 copies in the UK in its first week (the second highest number in 2010 after the Helping Haiti charity single "
Everybody Hurts").[34] After two weeks, the song sold 216,000 copies in the UK.[35] On October 29, 2010, the
British Phonographic Industry classified the single as a "
platinum record" (meaning it has sold over 600,000 units).[36][37] As of October 2013, the single had sold 780,787 copies in the United Kingdom, becoming Perry's third best-selling single there behind "
Firework" and "
Roar".[38]
The video was directed by
Mathew Cullen and was inspired by the work of
Will Cotton, who was also the artistic director of the video.[39][40] Filming of the video began on May 14, 2010. It premiered on June 15, 2010.[41][42] Perry explained the use of a candy theme instead of a beach theme for the video, saying, "It's definitely something to watch when you have the munchies. ... It's all edible. We named it 'Candyfornia' instead of 'California', so it's a different world," she said. "It's not just like, 'Oh, let's go to the beach and throw a party and then shoot a music video!' It's more like, 'Let's put us California Gurls in a whole different world!"[43] The video has been controversial since there were several accusations of plagiarism against Perry, one due to similarities between the video and "
Fergalicious" by
Fergie, particularly in the sets and the outfits.[44]
In the music video, Perry is a game piece in Candyfornia, a game based in
poker and
board games. The settings are inspired in part by Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, and the board game
Candy Land, with much of the set decorated with
cupcakes,
ice creams,
cotton candy, and
lollipops.
Snoop Dogg, who is referenced in the lyrics by his old name Snoop "Doggy" Dogg, appears in the video as a king named "Sugar Daddy" that is holding several young women (Queens of Candyfornia) captive throughout the game, using candy-related devices to hold them. Perry moves around, experimenting with objects. She moves through the land, making discoveries and freeing the women. In the chorus, she appears lying down on a cotton candy cloud, naked. Snoop Dogg tries to block her advances in many ways. When all the women are free, Perry leads them in a dance on the beach. Seeing the women freed, "Sugar Daddy" becomes enraged, marching on the women's position with an army of
gummy bears. Perry defeats the army with whipped cream guns attached to her breasts, after which the stunned king throws down his staff and surrenders. The video ends with "Sugar Daddy" buried up to his neck in the sand by the women, nonetheless admiring their beauty and (in a nod to the
Beach Boys song) wishing that women everywhere could be California girls. Various California landmarks appear in the video, such as the
Hollywood Walk of Fame, the
Hollywood Sign,
Sunset Boulevard, the
Capitol Records Building, the
Golden Gate Bridge and
Venice Beach which were all made out of confectionery.[45][46]
* Sales figures based on certification alone. ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. ‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
^"Certified Awards Search".
British Phonographic Industry. Archived from
the original on January 17, 2010. Retrieved November 8, 2010. Customise search with the following settings – Search by: "Keyword", By Award: "Platinum", By Format: "Single" – then search by "California Gurls".
^"
ČNS IFPI" (in Czech). Hitparáda – Radio Top 100 Oficiální. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: Change the chart to CZ – RADIO – TOP 100 and insert 201042 into search.