Regional biodiversity species list
Astronaut photo of Cape Town showing the Cape Peninsula, and surrounding waters, including False Bay.
Map showing approximate extent of the range of the article and identifying key locations and the borders of the Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area
Marine ecoregions of the South African exclusive economic zone
Marine species distribution reference map of the Southern African coastline, showing key range locations
The list of marine invertebrates of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay is a list of
marine and shore-based
invertebrate animal
species that form a part of the
fauna of South Africa and that have been recorded from this geographical range. In some cases they are an important part of the ecological community, and others may have been passing through, or were carried out of their natural ranges by the vagaries of ocean currents or winds. Some of the animals are deep within their range of
endemism , or near its borders, while others are cosmopolitan or recently arrived aliens. This list includes animals which live entirely marine lives, or which spend critical parts of their lives at sea, or rely on the sea or intertidal shore for the major part of their diet.
The geographical range is from
Bloubergstrand at the north of
Table Bay to
Cape Hangklip , the south eastern limit of
False Bay , in the
Western Cape province of South Africa and includes the
Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area (TMNP MPA),
[1] the
Helderberg Marine Protected Area , and part of the
Robben Island Marine Protected Area .
Most of the shore is within the
City of Cape Town , except for a section of the east coast of False Bay, south of
Kogel Bay , which is in the
Overstrand Local Municipality
The region is near to several universities and research institutions in Cape Town and
Stellenbosch , which has led to many studies of the organisms and of the marine ecology, particularly those organisms that are easily or incidentally collected. The popularity of these waters for recreational diving has led to an increase in reported underwater photographic observations in recent years.
[2]
Sponges
Calcarea – lime sponges
Order
Leucosolenida
Family
Sycettidae
Family
Leucosoleniidae
Demospongiae – fibre or horny sponges
Order
Astrophorida
Family
Ancorinidae
Order
Hadromerida
Family
Clionaidae
Family
Polymastiidae
Family
Trachycladidae
Family
Suberitidae
Dusty sponge ,
Suberites aff. ficus (both side of the Cape Peninsula, also southern Namibia, Mediterranean, Pacific and north Atlantic)
[5]
[4]
Family
Tethyidae
Order
Halichondrida
Family
Halichondriidae
Order
Poecilosclerida
Family
Chondropsidae
Family
Crambeidae
Family
Latrunculiidae
Family
Isodictyidae
Family
Microcionidae
Broad-bladed tree sponge ,
Clathria (Clathria) dayi Levi, 1963 (West Coast to the Cape Peninsula)
[5]
[4]
Red encrusting sponge ,
Clathria (Isociella) oudekraalensis Samaai & Gibbons, 2005 (Cape Peninsula)
[5]
[4]
Nodular sponge ,
Clathria (Thalysias) hooperi Samaai & Gibbons, 2005, also recorded as Clathria hooperi Samaai & Gibbons, 2005, (Cape Peninsula)
[6]
[4]
Tree sponge ,
Echinoclathria dichotoma (Levi, 1963) (West Coast to Cape Agulhas)
[3]
[5]
[4]
Family
Desmacellidae
Order
Haplosclerida
Family
Chalinidae
Order
Dictyoceratida
Family
Irciniidae
Black stink sponge ,
Ircinia arbuscula (Hyatt, 1877) (syn. Sarcotragus australis ) (Cape Peninsula to Cape Agulhas, also Australia)
[6] Note: Ircinia arbuscula (Lendenfeld, 1888) is syn. of Sarcotragus australis (Lendenfeld, 1888), so this needs to be clarified.
Sand cup sponge ,
Psammocinia cf. arenosa (Orange River to Cape Peninsula)
[6]
Cnidarians
Anthozoa
Hexacorallians
Order:
Actiniaria – Anemones
Family
Actiniidae
Plum anemone,
Actinia ebhayiensis Schama, Mitchell & Solé-Cava, 2011. (TMNP MPA).
[4]
[10] Recorded as Plum anemone Actinia mandelae from about Lüderitz to Durban
[6]
Violet-spotted anemone,
Anthostella stephensoni Carlgren, 1938 (Lüderitz to Richards Bay,
endemic )
[3]
Anthopleura insignis Carlgren, 1940, (TMNP MPA).
[4]
[11]
Long-tentacled anemone ,
Anthopleura michaelseni (Pax, 1920) (Lüderitz to Durban)
[3]
[4]
Dwarf-spotted anemone,
Anthostella n. sp. (Cape Peninsula to Port Elizabeth, possibly
endemic ) (still being described)
Sandy anemone ,
Bunodactis reynaudi (Milne-Edwards, 1857) (Lüderitz to Durban)
[3] (syn. Aulactinia reynaudi )
[12]
[4]
Knobbly anemone ,
Bunodosoma capense also recorded as
Bunodosoma capensis (Lesson, 1830) (Lüderitz to Durban)
[3]
[4]
Spinnaker anemone , candy-striped anemone,
Korsaranthus natalensis (Carlgren, 1938) (False Bay to Durban)
[13]
[4]
False plum anemone ,
Pseudactinia flagellifera (Drayton in Dana, 1846) (Lüderitz to Durban)
[3]
[4]
Clown anemone undescribed (False Bay)
[14]
Family
Halcampidae
Family
Haloclavidae
Family
Hormathiidae
Family
Sagartiidae
Family
Preactiidae
Family
Isanthidae
Order
Corallimorpharia
Family
Corallimorphidae
Order
Zoanthids
Family
Parazoanthidae
Order
Cerianthids
Family
Cerianthidae
Order
Scleractinia
Family
Dendrophylliidae
Family
Caryophylliidae
Octocorallians
Order
Malacalcyonacea
[20]
Family
Alcyoniidae
Family
Eunicellidae
Family
Gorgoniidae
Family
Leptophytidae
Family
Malacacanthidae
Family
Melithaeidae
Family
Nephtheidae
Order
Pennatulacea – sea pens
Family
Echinoptilidae
Family
Virgulariidae
Order
Scleralcyonacea – sea fans
Family
Parasphaerascleridae
Family
Spongiodermidae
Medusozoa
Staurozoa
Order
Stauromedusae
family
Depastridae
Family
Kishinouyeidae
Family
Lipkeidae
Scyphozoa – true jellyfish
Order
Semaeostomeae
Family
Pelagiidae
Compass jellyfish, Benguela compass jelly, redbanded jellyfish,
Chrysaora fulgida (Reynaud, 1830), recorded as
Chrysaora hysoscella (Linnaeus, 1767), which is now known to be restricted to the north Atlantic. (pelagic, Atlantic Ocean).
[3]
[4]
[33]
Night-light jellyfish,
Pelagia noctiluca (Forsskal, 1775) (pelagic, Atlantic Ocean, also Mediterranean and Pacific)
[3]
[4]
Family
Ulmaridae
Order
Rhizostomeae
Family
Rhizostomatidae
Order
Carybdeida
Family
Carybdeidae
Box jellyfish, sea wasp,
Carybdea murrayana Haeckel, 1880 recorded as syn. Carybdea branchi Gershwin & Gibbons, 2009 (north of Namibia to Port Elizabeth)
[3]
[4]
[36]
Hydrozoans
Order
Anthoathecata
Family
Candelabridae
Family
Eudendriidae
Family
Hydractiniidae
Family
Porpitidae
Family
Solanderiidae
Family
Stylasteridae
Family
Tubulariidae
Order:
Leptothecata
Family
Aequoreidae
Family
Aglaopheniidae
Family
Campanulariidae
Family
Halopterididae
Family
Kirchenpaueriidae
Family
Plumulariidae
Family
Sertulariidae
Order
Siphonophorae
Family
Apolemiidae
Family
Forskaliidae
Family
Physaliidae
Bluebottle, Portuguese man-of-war,
Physalia physalis (Linnaeus, 1758), recorded as syn. Physalia utriculus (La Martiniere, 1787) (pelagic, whole coast)
[3]
[4]
[45]
Ctenophora – comb jellies
Order
Beroida
Family
Beroidae
Order
Cestida
Family
Cestidae
Order
Cydippida
Family
Pleurobrachiidae
Order
Lobata
Family
Bolinopsidae
Order
Platyctenida
Family
Coeloplanidae
Platyhelminthes – flatworms
Order
Polycladida
Family
Notocomplanidae
Family
Planoceridae
Family
Pseudocerotidae
Incertae sedis
Acoel flatworm, sponge flatworm. Undescribed. (Both sides of the Cape Peninsula)
[14]
Striped flatworm. Undescribed. (Cape Peninsula and Port Elizabeth)
[14]
[4]
Freckled flatworm. Undescribed. (Both sides of the Cape Peninsula)
[14]
[4]
Annelida
Order
Myzostomida
Family
Myzostomatidae
Order
Sipuncula
Family
Golfingiidae
Subclass
Hirudinea – Leeches
Order
Rhynchobdellida
Family
Piscicolidae
Class
Polychaeta – bristleworms
Order
Echiuroidea
Family
Thalassematidae
Opaque tongue worm
Listriolobus capensis (Jones & Stephen, 1954), recorded as syn. Ochetostoma capense Jones & Stephen, 1954, (TMNP MPA).
[4]
[51] (Cape Columbine to Eastern Cape)
[6]
Order
Amphinomida
Family
Euphrosinidae
Order
Eunicida
Family
Eunicidae
Family
Lumbrineridae
Family
Oenonidae
Family
Onuphidae
Order
Phyllodocida
Family
Glyceridae
Family
Nephtyidae
Nephtys' sand worms
Nephtys spp. (TMNP MPA)
[4] (North Namibia to Richard's Bay)
[6]
Family
Nereididae
Perinereis capensis (Kinberg, 1865), (TMNP MPA),
[4]
Bar-toothed nereid,
Perinereis vallata (Grube, 1857) recorded as syn. Perinereis nuntia vallata (Grube, 1857),(TMNP MPA)
[4]
[59] (Walvis Bay to Mozambique)
[6]
Dumeril's clam worm,
Platynereis dumerilii (Audouin & Milne Edwards, 1833), (TMNP MPA).
[4]
[60]
Mussel-worm,
Pseudonereis variegata (Grube, 1857), (TMNP MPA).
[4]
[61] (Whole coast)
[6]
Estuarine nereid,
Simplisetia erythraeensis (Fauvel, 1918), (TMNP MPA)
[4]
[62] (Orange River to Mozambique)
[6]
Family
Polynoidae
Family
Sigalionidae
Family
Syllidae
Family
Arenicolidae
Family
Capitellidae
Family
Chaetopteridae
Family
Maldanidae
Family
Orbiniidae
Family
Sabellariidae
Cape reef worms
Gunnarea gaimardi (Quatrefages, 1848), also recorded as syn. Gunnarea capensis (Schmarda, 1861), (TMNP MPA).
[4]
[71] (North Namibia to North KZN)
[6]
Order
Terebellida
Family
Cirratulidae
Black boring worm ,
Dodecaceria pulchra Day, 1955 (Lüderitz to Port Elizabeth)
[3]
[4]
Orange thread-gilled worm ,
Cirriformia capensis (Schmarda, 1861) syn. Timarete capensis , Cirratulus capensis , Cirratulus australis Stimpson, 1856 (Angola to Durban)
[3]
[4]
Tentacular cirriform polychaete,
Cirriformia tentaculata (Montagu, 1808), (TMNP MPA).
[4]
Family
Flabelligeridae
Family
Pectinariidae
Cone-tube worm,
Amphictene capensis (Pallas, 1766), recorded as syn. Pectinaria capensis (Pallas, 1766), (TMNP MPA).
[4]
[73] (Lüderitz to Cape Peninsula)
[6]
Family
Terebellidae
Sand mason, lollipop worm,
Lanice conchilega Pallas, 1766 (False Bay to Port Elizabeth, also northern oceans)
[74]
[4]
Nicolea macrobranchia (Schmarda, 1861), (TMNP MPA).
[4]
Lobed tangleworm,
Telothelepus capensis Day, 1955 (TMNP MPA)
[4]
[75]
Tangleworms family
Terebellidae Mamlgren, 1867 (whole coast)
[3]
Tangleworms,
Thelepus spp.
[4]
Order
Sabellida
Family
Sabellidae
Branchiomma natalensis (Kinberg, 1866), (Lüderitz to Cape Point)
[6]
Branchiomma violacea (Schmarda, 1861), (Walvis Bay to Durban)
[6]
Feather-duster worm,
Pseudobranchiomma longa (Kinberg, 1866) syn. Sabellastarte longa (Cape Peninsula to Mozambique)
[3]
[4]
Gregarious fanworm,
Pseudopotamilla reniformis (Muller, 1771) (Port Nolloth to southern Mozambique)
[3]
[4]
Peacock fanworm, pencilworm,
Sabella spallanzanii (Gmelin, 1791) syn. Sabella penicillus (as S. penicillus , False Bay to southern KwaZulu-Natal)
[76]
[4]
Blue coral worm, large hydroid worm,
Spirobranchus kraussii (Baird, 1864), also recorded as syn. Pomatoleios kraussii (Baird, 1864), (TMNP MPA).
[4]
[77]
Family
Serpulidae
Order
Spionida
Family
Spionidae
Arthropods
Pycnogonida – sea spiders
Order
Pantopoda
Family
Ammotheidae
Family
Nymphonidae
Superfamily
Ascorhynchoidea family incertae sedis
Crustacea
Family
Amaryllididae
Family
Ampeliscidae
Family
Caprellidae
Family
Cyamidae
Family
Cyproideidae
Family
Dexaminidae
Family
Hyalidae
Family
Hyperiidae
Family
Iphimediidae
Family
Ischyroceridae
Family
Leucothoidae
Family
Lysianassidae
Family
Maeridae
Family
Melitidae
Family
Ochlesidae
Family
Phoxocephalidae
Family
Phronimidae
Family
Pontogeneiidae
Family
Talitridae
Family
Urothoidae
Family
Bodotriidae
Family
Palinuridae
West Coast rock lobster,
Jasus lalandii (H. Milne-Edwards, 1837) (Walvis Bay to Port Elizabeth)
[3]
[4]
Family
Scyllaridae
Infraorder
Anomura – hermit crabs
Family
Diogenidae
Blue-antenna hermit,
Areopaguristes engyops (Barnard, 1947), (TMNP MPA).
[4]
[104]
Striated hermit crab,
Dardanus arrosor (Herbst, 1796) (False Bay to southern Mozambique)
[105]
[4]
Common sand hermit,
Diogenes brevirostris Stimpson, 1858, (TMNP MPA).
[4]
[106]
Pink hermit crab ,
Paguristes gamianus (H. Milne-Edwards, 1836) (southern Namibia to Port Elizabeth)
[3]
[4]
[107]
Superfamily
Galatheoidea
Squat lobster, Galatheoidea sp.(TMNP MPA)
[4]
Family
Paguridae
Family
Callichiridae
Infraorder
Brachyura – true crabs
Family
Calappidae
Fanuly
Camptandriidae
Family
Dromiidae
Sumo crab, scrubbing-brush crab,
Dromidia aegibotus Barnard, 1947 (Cape Peninsula to Port Elizabeth)
[114]
[4]
[115]
Shaggy sponge crab,
Dromidia hirsutissima (Lamarck, 1818) (Southern Namibia to Mossel Bay)
[3]
[116]
[4]
Cryptic sponge crab,
Platydromia spongiosa (Stimpson, 1858) (Namibian border to Sodwana Bay)
[3] syn. Cryptodromiopsis spongiosa
[117]
[4]
Furred sponge crab , cloaked sponge crab,
Pseudodromia latens Stimpson, 1858 (Saldanha Bay to East London)
[3]
[4]
[118]
Family
Epialtidae
Toothed decorator crab,
Acanthonyx dentatus H. Milne Edwards, 1834 recorded as syn. Dehaanius dentatus (H. Milne-Edwards, 1834) (Saldanha Bay to Richards Bay)
[3]
[119]
[4]
Agulhas spider crab,
Maja capensis (Ortmann, 1894) (False Bay to Port Elizabeth)
[114] syn. Mamaia capensis (not listed on WoRMS, possibly
Maja cornuta (Linnaeus,
[4] 1758) reported as syn.
Maja squinado var. capensis Ortmann, 1894)
[4]
Family
Grapsidae
Family
Hexapodidae
Family
Hymenosomatidae
Family
Inachidae
Family
Leucosiidae
Family
Nautilocorystidae
Family
Ovalipidae
Family
Pilumnoididae
Family
Pinnotheridae
Family
Plagusiidae
Cape rock crab,
Guinusia chabrus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lüderitz to Sodwana Bay)
[3] also reported as syn. Plagusia chabrus
[4]
Family
Portulinidae
Family
Varunidae
Infraorder
Caridea – benthic prawns
Family
Alpheidae
Cracker shrimp,
Alpheus lobidens De Haan, 1849 Alpheus crassimanus Heller, 1865 (Saldanha Bay to Delagoa Bay)
[3]
[131]
Cracker shrimp,
Alpheus sulcatus Kingsley, 1878, recorded as syn. Alpheus macrochirus Richters, 1880, (TMNP MPA).
[4]
[132]
Commensal shrimp,
Betaeus jucundus Barnard, 1947, (TMNP MPA).
[4]
[133]
Family
Hippolytidae
Family
Palaemonidae
Family
Penaeidae
Family
Upogebiidae
Family
Euphausiidae
Family
Anthuridae
Family
Cirolanidae
Cirolana cranchii Leach, 1818, (TMNP MPA),
[4]
Crimped cirolanid,
Cirolana undulata Barnard, 1914, (TMNP MPA).
[4]
Crimped cirolanid,
Cirolana venusticauda Stebbing, 1902, (TMNP MPA).
[4]
Right-angled beach louse,
Eurydice kensleyi Bruce & Soares, 1996 (TMNP MPA).
[4]
[142]
Wide-foot beach louse,
Excirolana latipes (Barnard, 1914), (TMNP MPA)
[4]
[143]
Natal beach louse,
Excirolana natalensis (Vanhöffen, 1914), (TMNP MPA).
[4]
[144]
Hairy-legged cirolanid,
Natalolana hirtipes (H. Milne Edwards, 1840), (TMNP MPA).
[4]
[145]
Family
Cymothoidae
Family
Holidoteidae
Family
Idoteidae
Keeled isopod,
Glyptidotea lichtensteini (Krauss, 1843), (TMNP MPA).
[4]
[148]
Metallic isopod,
Idotea metallica Bosc, 1801, (TMNP MPA).
[4]
[149]
Reticulate kelp louse,
Paridotea reticulata Barnard, 1914 (Namibian border to Cape Peninsula)
[3]
[150]
[4]
Green weed-louse,
Paridotea ungulata (Pallas, 1772), (TMNP MPA).
[4]
[151]
Paridotea spp. (TMNP MPA).
[4]
Family
Janiridae
Family
Joeropsididae
Family
Ligiidae
Family
Paranthuridae
Family
Sphaeromatidae
Hump-tailed isopod,
Cymodoce valida (Stebbing, 1902), (TMNP MPA).
[4]
[158]
Cymodocella spp. (TMNP MPA).
[4]
Roll-tailed isopod,
Dynamenella dioxus Barnard, 1914 (TMNP MPA)
[4]
[159]
Roll-tailed isopod
Dynamenella huttoni (TMNP MPA).
[4]
Dynamenella spp. (TMNP MPA).
[4]
Spherical isopod,
Exosphaeroma spp. (whole Namibian coast to cape Peninsula)
[3]
Exosphaeroma antikraussi Barnard, 1940, (TMNP MPA).
[4]
[160]
Exosphaeroma kraussi Tattersall, 1913, (TMNP MPA).
[4]
[161]
Exosphaeroma planum Barnard, 1914, (TMNP MPA).
[4]
[162]
Exosphaeroma truncatitelson Barnard, 1940, (TMNP MPA).
[4]
[163]
Variegated spherical isopod,
Exosphaeroma varicolor Barnard, 1914, (TMNP MPA).
[4]
[164]
Exosphaeroma spp. (TMNP MPA).
[4]
Roll-tailed isopod,
Ischyromene australis (Richardson, 1906) recorded as syn. Dynamenella australis Richardson, 1906 (TMNP MPA).
[4]
[165]
Roll-tailed isopod,
Ischyromene huttoni (G. Thomson, 1879), (TMNP MPA).
[4]
[166]
Roll-tailed isopod,
Ischyromene magna (Barnard, 1954), recorded as syn. Cymodocella magna Barnard, 1954, (TMNP MPA).
[4]
[167]
Spike-back isopod,
Parisocladus perforatus (H. Milne Edwards, 1840), (TMNP MPA).
[4]
[168]
Spike-back isopod,
Parisocladus stimpsoni (Heller, 1861), (TMNP MPA).
[4]
[169]
Button isopod,
Sphaeramene polytylotos Barnard, 1914, (TMNP MPA).
[4]
[170]
Family
Tylidae
Family
Nebaliidae
Order
Mysida – mysid shrimps
Family
Mysidae
Surf mysid,
Gastrosaccus psammodytes O. Tattersall, 1958 (Namibian border to Durban)
[3]
[174]
Red and white shrimp,
Heteromysis (Heteromysis) fosteri Wittmann & Griffiths, 2017 (TMNP MPA)
[4]
[175]
Octopus commensal shrimp,
Heteromysis (Heteromysis) octopodis Wittmann & Griffiths, 2017 (TMNP MPA)
[4]
[176]
Kelp mysid,
Mysidopsis major (Zimmer, 1928) (Lüderitz to False Bay)
[3]
[4]
[177]
Stargazer shrimp,
Mysidopsis zsilaveczi Wittmann & Griffiths, 2014, (TMNP MPA)
[4]
[178]
Order
Stomatopoda – mantis shrimps
Family
Lysiosquillidae
Family
Leptocheliidae
Family
Tanaididae
Infraclass
Cirripedia – barnacles
Order
Balanomorpha
Family
Balanidae
Striped barnacle,
Amphibalanus amphitrite (Darwin, 1854), (TMNP MPA).
[4]
[182]
Giant barnacle,
Austromegabalanus cylindricus (Gmelin, 1780), (TMNP MPA).
[4]
[183]
?
Balanus maxillaris Gronovius, 1763, (not listed in WoRMS), (TMNP MPA).
[4]
?
Balanus algicola (not isted in WoRMS), possibly
Notomegabalanus algicola Pilsbry, 1916, (TMNP MPA).
[4]
Family
Coronulidae
Family
Tetraclitidae
Order
Scalpellomorpha
Family
Lepadidae
Rabbit-ear barnacle,
Conchoderma auritum (Linnaeus, 1767), (TMNP MPA).
[4]
[186]
Buoy barnacle,
Dosima fascicularis (Ellis & Solander, 1786) (TMNP MPA)
[4]
[187]
Yellow-rimmed goose barnacle,
Lepas (Lepas) anatifera Linnaeus, 1758, reported as Lepas anatifera Linnaeus, 1758, (TMNP MPA).
[4]
[188]
Goose barnacle ,
Lepas (Lepas) testudinata Aurivillius, 1892 (pelagic)
[3]
[4]
[189]
Order
Sessilia
Family
Balanidae
Family
Chthamalidae
Order
Calanoida
Family
Centropagidae
Order
Harpacticoida
Family
Porcellidiidae
Family
Neanuridae
Bryozoans – moss animals, lace animals
Order
Cheilostomatida
Family
Adeonidae
Family
Beaniidae
Family
Bugulidae
Eyelash moss animal, bonsai bush,
Bicellariella bonsai Florence, Hayward & Gibbons, 2007 (Port Nolloth to Port St Johns)
[14]
[4]
[197]
Eyelash moss animal,
Bicellariella ciliata (Linnaeus, 1758), (TMNP MPA).
[4]
Fouling moss animal,
Bugula neritina (Linnaeus, 1758) (Olifants River to Sodwana Bay, Almost worldwide)
[6]
Tree moss animal,
Bugula plumosa (Pallas, 1766) (Both sides of the Cape Peninsula, Great Britain)
[14]
Bird's head moss animal,
Bugulina avicularia (Linnaeus, 1758) (Cape Peninsula to Durban). reported as
Bugula avicularia .
[6]
[4]
[198]
Fan-shaped moss animal,
Bugulina flabellata (Thompson, in Gray, 1848) (Namibian border to Algoa Bay), recorded as syn. Bugula flabellata
[6]
Tree moss animal,
Crisularia plumosa (Pallas, 1766), (TMNP MPA).
[4]
Dentate moss animal,
Virididentula dentata (Lamouroux, 1816) (Cape Peninsula to Sodwana Bay, Indo-Pacific and Brazil), recorded as syn. Bugula dentata
[14]
[4]
[199]
Family
Calwelliidae
Family
Candidae
Family
Celleporidae
Spiny false-coral,
Celleporaria capensis (O'Donoghue & de Watteville, 1935), (TMNP MPA).
[4]
[202]
Cylindrical false coral,
Turbicellepora redoutei (Audouin, 1826) syn. Cellepora cylindriformis (Port Nolloth to Port St. Johns)
[14]
[4]
[203]
Cylindrical false coral,
Turbicellepora cylindriformis (Busk, 1881), (TMNP MPA).
[4]
Cylindrical false coral,
Turbicellepora valligera Hayward & Cook, 1983, (TMNP MPA).
[4]
[204]
Family
Chaperiidae
Family
Electridae
Family
Exochellidae
Family
Flustridae
Family
Gigantoporidae
Family
Lanceoporidae
Family
Lepraliellidae
Family
Margarettidae
Family
Membraniporidae
Family
Phidoloporidae
Family
Steginoporellidae
Family
Watersiporidae
Order
Ctenostomatida
Family
Alcyonidiidae
Order
Cyclostomatida
Family
Diaperoeciidae
Beauteous bryozoan, pore-tubed bryozoan,
Nevianipora pulcherrima (Kirkpatrick, 1890) syn. Tubulipora pulcherrima (Cape Peninsula to Mossel Bay, Indo-Pacific)
[6]
[14]
[4]
Family
Tubuliporidae
Molluscs
Gastropoda – slugs and snails
Patellogastropoda – true limpets
Family
Patellidae – true limpets
Kelp limpet,
Cymbula compressa (Linnaeus, 1758) recorded as syn. Patella compressa Linnaeus. 1758 (Namibia to Cape Point)
[3]
[216]
[4]
Granite limpet,
Cymbula granatina (Linnaeus, 1758), also recorded as syn. Patella granatina Linnaeus, 1758 (Namibia to Cape Agulhas)
[3]
[217]
[4]
Pink rayed limpet, cinnabar limpet,
Cymbula miniata (Born, 1778) recorded as syn. Patella miniata Born, 1778 (Namibia to Eastern Cape)
[3]
[218]
[4]
Goat's eye limpet,
Cymbula oculus (Born, 1778) recorded as syn. Patella oculus Born, 1778 (Cape Columbine to KwaZulu-Natal south coast)
[3]
[219]
[4]
Variable limpet.
Helcion concolor (Krauss, 1848).
[4]
[220]
Slim rayed-limpet ,
Helcion dunkeri Krauss, 1848 (Namibia to KwaZulu-Natal)
[3]
[4]
Prickly limpet,
Helcion pectunculus (Gmelin, 1791) (Namibia to central KwaZulu-Natal)
[3]
[4]
Rayed limpet, broad-rayed limpet,
Helcion pruinosus Krauss, 1848 (Cape Columbine to central KwaZulu-Natal)
[3]
[4]
Argenville's limpet,
Scutellastra argenvillei Krauss, 1848 (Namibia to KwaZulu-Natal south coast)
[3] (syn. Patella argenvillei )
[4]
Bearded limpet,
Scutellastra barbara Linnaeus, 1758 (Orange River to central KwaZulu-Natal)
[3] (syn, Patella barbara ).
[4]
Pear limpet, spoon limpet,
Scutellastra cochlear Born, 1778 (Orange River to KwaZulu-Natal south coast)
[3] recorded as syn. Patella cochlear
[4]
Granular limpet,
Scutellastra granularis Linnaeus, 1758 (Namibia to KwaZulu-Natal north coast)
[3] (syn. Patella granularis )
[4]
Duck's foot or Long-spined limpet,
Scutellastra longicosta Lamarck, 1819 (Cape Point to central KwaZulu-Natal)
[3] also recorded as syn. Patella longicosta .
[4]
Giant limpet,
Scutellastra tabularis Krauss, 1848 (Cape Point to KwaZulu-Natal south coast)
[3] (syn. Patella tabularis ).
[4]
Vetigastropoda
Family
Calliostomatidae
Family
Haliotidae – abalone
Perlemoen or abalone,
Haliotis midae Linnaeus, 1758 (Cape Columbine to KwaZulu-Natal South coast)
[3]
[4]
Spiral-ridged siffie,
Haliotis parva Linnaeus, 1758 (Cape Point to Eastern Cape)
[3]
[4]
Siffie or Venus ear, blood-spotted abalone,
Haliotis spadicea Donovan, E., 1808 (Cape Point to KwaZulu-Natal north coast)
[3]
[4]
Family
Fissurellidae – keyhole limpets
Saddle-shaped keyhole limpet,
Dendrofissurella scutellum (Gmelin, 1791) also recorded as syn. Amblychilepas scutella (Gmelin, 1791) (Namibia to northern KwaZulu-Natal)
[3]
[222]
[4]
Conical keyhole limpet,
Diodora parviforata (G.B. Sowerby III, 1889) (Orange River to Eastern Cape)
[3] also recorded as syn. Fissurella parviforata G.B. Sowerby III, 1889.
[4]
Diodora elevata (Dunker, 1846) (Saldanha Bay to western Transkei)
[223]
Cape keyhole limpet,
Fissurella mutabilis Sowerby, 1834 (Orange River to Eastern Cape)
[3]
[4]
Mantled keyhole limpet,
Pupillaea aperta (G.B. Sowerby I, 1825) (Orange River to KwaZulu-Natal south coast)
[3]
[4] also recorded as syn. Fissurellidea aperta G.B. Sowerby, 1825.
Family
Phasianellidae
Family
Trochidae
Cape topshell,
Gibbula capensis (Gmelin, 1791), (TMNP MPA).
[4]
Multicoloured topshell,
Gibbula multicolor (Krauss, 1848), (TMNP MPA).
[4]
[225]
Variegated topshell,
Oxystele antoni D. G. Herbert, 2015, also recorded as syn. Oxystele variegata (Anton, 1838), (TMNP MPA).
[4]
[226]
Pink-lipped topshell,
Oxystele sinensis (Gmelin, 1791), (TMNP MPA).
[4]
Tiger topshell,
Oxystele tigrina (Dillwyn, 1817), (TMNP MPA).
[4]
Variegated topshell,
Oxystele impervia (Menke, 1843), (TMNP MPA).
[4]
Family
Turbinidae
Caenogastropoda
Family
Epitoniidae
Family
Janthinidae
Family
Turritellidae
Littorinimorpha
Family
Aporrhaidae – pelican foot shells
Family
Assimineidae
Family
Calyptraeidae – slipper limpets
Family
Cassidae – helmet shells
Family
Charoniidae
Pink lady,
Charonia lampas Linnaeus, 1758, also recorded as Charonia lampas pustulata (Cape Point to Mozambique)
[3]
[4]
Family
Cymatiidae
Family
Cypraeidae – true cowries
Cypraeovula algoensis (J. E. Gray, 1825), (TMNP MPA).
[4]
Cypraeovula castanea (Higgins, 1868) (False Bay to East London)
[229]
Cypraeovula coronata (F. A. Schilder, 1930), (TMNP MPA).
[4]
Dark-toothed cowrie,
Cypraeovula fuscodentata (J. E. Gray, 1825) recorded as syn. Cypraea fuscodentata Gray, 1825 (Cape Point to Tsitsikamma)
[3]
[234]
[229]
[4]
Cypraeovula fuscorubra (H. Shaw, 1909), recorded as syn. Cypraea fuscorubra Shaw, 1909 (Namaqualand to Cape Agulhas)
[234]
[229]
[235]
Cypraeovula iutsui Shikama, 1974
[234]
[236] recorded as syn. Cypraea iutsui (Olifants River Mouth to Port Alfred))
[229]
Family
Hipponicidae – hoof limpets
Horse's hoof,
Sabia conica (Schumacher, 1817), recorded as syn. Hipponix conicus (Schumacher, 1817), (Cape Point to Mozambique)
[3]
[237]
Family
Littorinidae
Family
Naticidae – necklace shells
Family
Ranellidae
Single-ridged triton,
Ranella gemmifera Euthyme, 1889 also recorded as syn.Ranella australasia gemmifera (Cape Point to Durban)
[3]
[4]
Family
Tonnidae
Family
Triviidae – trivia
Triviella magnidentata (Liltved, 1986)
[241] syn. Trivia magnidentata (Cape Town to East London)
[229]
[234]
West coast baby's toes,
Triviella millardi (C. N. Cate, 1979), nomen dubium (recorded as Trivia millardi Cape west coast)
[3] (Cape Agulhas and north)
[229]
[234]
[4]
Triviella neglecta Schilder, 1930 (Cape Peninsula, Cape Agulhas and north (?)) syn. Trivia neglecta
[229]
[234]
Baby's toes,
Triviella ovulata (Lamarck, 1810), also recorded as Trivia ovulata (Cape Point to south Transkei)
[3]
[229]
[234]
[4]
Triviella sanctispiritus (Shikama, 1974) (Cape Town to East London) syn. Trivia sanctispiritus
[229]
[234]
Family
Velutinidae
Family
Vermetidae – worm shells
Colonial worm shell,
Dendropoma corallinaceum (Tomlin, 1939) (Orange river to Transkei)
[3] also recorded as syn. Vermetus (Stoa) corallinaceus Tomlin, 1939.
[4]
Solitary worm shell,
Thylacodes natalensis Mörch, 1862, recorded as syn. Serpulorbis natalensis (Mörch, 1862), (Namaqualand to central Kwa-Zulu-Natal)
[3]
[242]
[4]
Neogastropoda
Family
Ancillariidae
Family
Babyloniidae
Family
Buccinidae
Family (unassigned), superfamily
Buccinoidea
Family
Columbellidae
Family
Conidae – cone shells
Algoa cone,
Conus algoensis G. B. Sowerby II, 1834 (Cape Columbine to Cape Agulhas)
[3]
[4]
Conus algoensis algoensis (West Coast)
[3]
Yellow Algoa cone, Conus algoensis simplex G. B. Sowerby II, 1858 (Cape Point to Hermanus)
[3]
Elongate cone,
Conus mozambicus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792 (Orange river to Eastern Cape)
[3]
[4]
Family
Cystiscidae
Family
Fasciolariidae
Short-siphoned whelk,
Lugubrilaria lugubris (A. Adams & Reeve, 1847) (Saldanha to False Bay)
[3]
[4] (syn? Pleuroploca lugubris lugubris (Adams, A. & L.A. Reeve in Reeve, L.A., 1847)), Fasciolaria lugubris lugubris
Long-siphoned whelk,
Africofusus ocelliferus (Lamarck, 1816), recorded as syn. Fusinus ocelliferus Lamarck, 1816 (Namaqualand to central KwaZulu-Natal)
[3]
[246]
[4]
Family
Marginellidae – marginellas
Marginella confortini Bozzetti, 1992, (TMNP MPA).
[4]
Marginella diadochus A. Adams & Reeve, 1850, (TMNP MPA).
[4]
Marginella falsebayensis J. H. Veldsman & S. G. Veldsman, 2012, (TMNP MPA).
[4]
Marginella fishhoekensis Massier, 2004, (TMNP MPA).
[4]
Marginella houtbaaiensis S. G. Veldsman, 2013, (TMNP MPA).
[4]
Marginella musica Hinds, 1844 (Lüderitz to Cape Agulhas)
[3]
[4]
Cloudy marginella,
Marginella nebulosa Bolten in Röding, P.F., 1798 (Cape Point to Eastern Cape)
[3]
[4]
Marginella peelae Bozzetti, 1993, recorded as syn.
Marginella beltmani Hart, 1993, (TMNP MPA).
[4]
[247]
Sandy marginella,
Marginella piperata Hinds, 1844 (Cape Point to KwaZulu-Natal north coast)
[3]
[4]
Pinch lipped marginella,
Marginella rosea Lamarck, 1822 (Cape Columbine to Cape Agulhas)
[3]
[4]
Marginella san S. G. Veldsman, 2014, (TMNP MPA).
[4]
Marginella textilis S. G. Veldsman & J. H. Veldsman, 2014, (TMNP MPA).
[4]
Cape marginella,
Prunum capense (Krauss, 1848), reported as syn. Volvarina capensis Krauss, 1848 (Namibia to Cape Hangklip)
[3]
[248]
[4]
Banded volvarina, banded marginella, zoned marginella,
Volvarina zonata (Kiener, 1841) (Saldanha Bay to Port Elizabeth)
[3]
[4]
Family
Mitridae – mitres
Brown mitre,
Isara picta (Reeve, 1844), recorded as syn. Mitra picta Reeve, 1844 (Cape Columbine to KwaZulu-Natal south coast)
[3]
[249]
[4]
Family
Muricidae
Rock snail,
Indothais dubia (Schepman, 1919), Also reported as syn.
Thaisella dubia (Schepman, 1919) (TMNP MPA).
[4]
Common dogwhelk,
Nucella dubia (Krauss, 1848) (Namibia to Transkei)
[3]
[4]
Scaly dogwhelk,
Nucella squamosa (Lamarck, 1816) (Namibia to Transkei)
[3]
[4]
Nucella wahlbergi (Krauss, 1848), recorded as syn. Thais wahlbergi (Krauss 1848). (Saldanha to False Bay)
[3]
[250]
Stag shell,
Poropteron graagae (Coen, 1947), recorded as syn. Pteropurpura (Poropteron) graagae (Coen, 1947) (Eastern Cape to northern KwaZulu-Natal)
[3]
[251]
Hooked murex,
Poropteron uncinarius (Lamarck, 1822), recorded as syn. Pteropurpurea (Poropteron) uncinaria (Lamarck, 1822), and Pteropurpura uncinaria (Lamarck, 1822), (Namibia to Port Alfred)
[3]
[252]
[4]
Girdled dogwhelk,
Trochia cingulata (Linnaeus, 1771), recorded as syn. Nucella cingulata Linnaeus, 1771 (Orange river to Cape Point)
[3]
[253]
[4]
Fenestrate oyster drill,
Vaughtia fenestrata (A. Gould, 1860), recorded as syn. Ocenebra fenestrata Gould, 1833 (Cape Point to Transkei)
[3]
[254]
[4]
Family
Nassariidae
Dogwhelks
Cape dogwhelk,
Nassarius capensis R. W. Dunker, 1846 (Cape Columbine to Transkei)
[3]
[4]
Tick shell,
Nassarius kraussianus (Dunker, R.W., 1846) (Namaqualand to Mozambique)
[3]
[4]
Nassarius niveus (A. Adams, 1852), recorded as syn. Nassarius plicatellus (A. Adams, 1852), (TMNP MPA).
[4]
[255]
Purple-lipped dogwhelk,
Nassarius speciosus (Adams, A., 1852) (Orange river to Transkei)
[3]
[4]
Football snail,
Demoulia abbreviata (Gmelin, 1791), (TMNP MPA).
[4]
Subfamily
Bulliinae – Plough shells
Annulated plough shell,
Bullia annulata Lamarck, 1816 (Cape Columbine to Mozambique)
[3]
[4]
Finger plough shell,
Bullia digitalis (Dillwyn, L.W., 1817) (Namibia to Transkei)
[3]
[4]
Fat plough shell,
Bullia laevissima (Gmelin, 1791) (Namibia to Transkei)
[3]
[4]
Pure plough shell,
Bullia pura Melvill, J.C., 1885 (Cape Point to central KwaZulu-Natal)
[3]
[4]
Smooth plough shell,
Bullia rhodostoma Reeve, L.A., 1847 (Cape Point to North KwaZulu-Natal)
[3]
[4]
Bullia tenuis Reeve, 1846, (TMNP MPA),
[4]
Family
Clavatulidae
Heterobranchia
Order
Ellobiida
Family
Trimusculidae
Order
Systellommatophora
Family
Onchidiidae
Family
Cylichnidae
Family
Retusidae
Retusa truncatula (Bruguiere, 1792) (False Bay to Durban, also northern Europe, Mediterranean, Canary Islands)
[257]
Family
Philinidae
Family
Aglajidae
Family
Gastropteridae
Family
Haminoeidae
Family
Bullidae
Family
Aplysiidae
Sea hare,
Aplysia maculata Rang, 1828, recorded as syn. Aplysia gilchristi Bergh, 1907, (TMNP MPA).
[4]
[261]
Variable sea hare,
Aplysia juliana Quoy & Gaimard, 1832 (Blougbergstrand to Mozambique)
[3]
[257]
[258]
[4]
Spotted sea hare,
Aplysia oculifera A. Adams & Reeve, 1850 (Cape Peninsula to KwaZulu-Natal north coast, Indo-Pacific)
[3]
[257]
[258]
[4]
Dwarf sea hare , ?
Aplysia parvula Morch, 1863 (Cape Peninsula to northern KwaZulu-Natal, circumtropical)
[3]
[257]
[258] recorded as Aplysia sp.
[4]
Shaggy sea hare,
Bursatella leachii (Blainville, 1817) (Saldanha Bay to Mozambique, Indo-Pacific)
[3]
[257]
[258]
[4]
clade
Sacoglossa – sap-sucking slugs
Family
Oxynoidae
Family
Plakobranchidae
Plant-sucking nudibranch,
Elysia spp. (Orange River to northern KwaZulu-Natal)
[3]
[257]
[258]
Sap-sucker,
Elysia rubropunctata , not listed om WoRMS, but might refer to Elysia punctata var. rubropunctata , Macnae, 1954. (TMNP MPA).
[4]
[262]
Family
Hermaeidae
Family
Limapontiidae
Family
Pleurobranchidae
Berthella plumula (Montagu, 1803) (Atlantic Coast of the Cape Peninsula at Kommetjie and McClear's Beach, Knysna, northern Europe and Mediterranean)
[257]
Berthella sp. (Bakoven, Atlantic Coast Cape Peninsula)
[257]
Lemon sidegill,
lemon pleurobranch ,
Berthellina granulata (Krauss, 1848) (Atlantic side of Cape Peninsula, False Bay, Knysna Lagoon)
[3]
[257]
[258]
[4]
[263]
Giant pleurobranch,
Pleurobranchus grandis Pease, 1868, Western False Bay, Knysna lagoon, KwaZulu-Natal, Indo-Pacific, Also reported as Pleurobranchus peroni
[263]
Mosaic pleurobranch,
Pleurobranchus nigropunctatus (Bergh, 1907), also reported as P. albiguttatus (Bergh, 1905), Atlantic side of Cape Peninsula to southern Wild Coast, endemic. (TMNP MPA).
[4]
[257]
[258]
[263]
Family
Pleurobranchaeidae
subclade
Doridacea – dorid nudibranchs
Family
Aegiridae
Family
Cadlinidae
Family
Dorididae
Aldisa benguelae Gosliner in Millen & Gosliner, 1985 (Atlantic coast Cape Peninsula)
[257]
Variable dorid, variable nudibranch,
Aphelodoris brunnea Bergh, 1907 (False Bay to East London)
[257]
[258]
[4]
[264]
Choc chip nudibranch,
Aphelodoris sp.1, (TMNP MPA).
[4]
Spiky dorid,
Aphelodoris sp.3, (TMNP NPA).
[4]
Warty dorid, Grainy true dorid,
Doris granosa (Bergh, 1907) (Lüderitz in Namibia to Port Elizabeth, also Indian and Atlantic Oceans)
[3]
[257]
[258]
[4] (not listed on WoRMS)
Warty true dorid,
Doris sp.1 in South African Sea Slugs, similar to, but genetically distinct from D. verrucosa .
[263]
Velvet dorid,
Jorunna tomentosa (Cuvier, 1804) (Elands Bay to Knysna, also Europe)
[257]
[258]
[4]
[263]
Family
Discodorididae
Rugby-ball dorid,
Atagema sp. reported as
Atagema rugosa Pruvot-Fol, 1951 (Atlantic coast, Cape Peninsula, Mediterranean)
[257]
[258]
Small-spot dorid,
Discodoris sp. 1 (both sides of the Cape Peninsula)
[257]
[258]
Blotchy dorid,
Geitodoris capensis Bergh, 1907 (Atlantic coast, Cape Peninsula and Port Alfred)
[257]
[258]
[4]
Chocolate-chip nudibranch ,
Aphelodoris sp. 1 (both sides of the Cape Peninsula)
[257]
[258]
Brown-spotted nudibranch ,
Aphelodoris sp. 2 (Atlantic coast Cape Peninsula)
[258]
Spiky nudibranch ,
Aphelodoris sp. 3 (Atlantic coast Cape Peninsula)
[258]
Cow nudibranch,
Gargamella bovina Garovoy, Á. Valdés & Gosliner, 1999, (TMNP MPA).
[4]
Ocellate dorid ,
Gargamella gravastella (western False Bay)
[257]
[258]
[4]
Gargamella sp. 2 (western False Bay)
[257]
Small spot nudibranch,
Paradoris sp. (TMNP MPA).
[4]
Red sponge nudibranch,
Rostanga elandsia Garovoy, Valdes & Gosliner, 2001 (Atlantic coast Cape Peninsula to Rooi Els)
[257]
[258]
[4]
Rostanga phepha Garovoy, Valdés & Gosliner, 2001 (Atlantic coast Cape Peninsula)
[257]
Family
Cadlinidae
Family
Chromodorididae
Family
Dendrodorididae
Blue-speckled nudibranch ,
Dendrodoris caesia (Bergh, 1907) (Cape Point to Port Elizabeth)
[3]
[257]
[258]
[4]
Tan dorid,
white-spotted nudibranch ,
Doriopsilla capensis (Bergh, 1907) (Atlantic coast Cape Peninsula)
[257]
[258]
[4]
Scribbled nudibranch,
Doriopsilla areolata Bergh, 1880, (TMNP MPA).
[267] There has been some confusion or disagreement as to whether the local species are D. areolata or D. miniata or both.
Scribbled nudibranch ,
Doriopsilla miniata (Alder and Hancock, 1864) (Atlantic coast Cape Peninsula to Sodwana Bay, also Mediterranean, India, Australia and Japan)
[257]
[258]
[4]
[268]
Family
Mandeliidae
Family
Onchidorididae
Family
Goniodorididae
Fiery nudibranch,
Okenia amoenula (Bergh, 1907) (Atlantic coast Cape Peninsula to Port Elizabeth)
[257]
[258]
[4]
Citrine nudibranch.
Goniodoris castanea Alder & Hancock, 1845 syn. Goniodoris brunnea (Cape Peninsula to Port Alfred, also Europe, Mediterranean, Japan and New Zealand)
[257]
[4]
Tugboat nudibranch,
Goniodoris mercurialis Macnae, 1958 (both sides of the Cape Peninsula)
[257]
[258]
[4]
White-lined nudibranch,
Trapania sp. 1 (Atlantic coast Cape Peninsula to Knysna)
[257]
[258]
[4]
Giraffe spot nudibranch ,
Ancula sp. (Cape Peninsula and False Bay)
[257]
[258]
[4]
Family
Corambidae
Family
Polyceridae
Cape peppercorn nudibranch,
Crimora sp. (TMNP MPA).
[4]
Tasselled nudibranch ,
Kaloplocamus sp. reported as
Kaloplocamus ramosus (Cantraine, 1835) (Cape Peninsula to Wild Coast)
[257]
[258]
[4]
Ghost nudibranch ,
Lecithophorus capensis Macnae, 1958 (both sides of the Cape Peninsula)
[257]
[258]
[4]
Orange-clubbed nudibranch,
Limacia clavigera (Muller, 1776) (Saldanha Bay to Port Alfred)
[3]
[257]
[258]
Kelp orange-clubbed nudibranch,
Limacia jellyi Toms, Pola, Von der Heyden & Gosliner, 2021, (TMNP MPA).
[4]
[271]
Orange-clubbed nudibranch
Limacia lucida (W. Stimpson, 1855), (TMNP MPA).
[4]
[272]
Crowned nudibranch ,
Polycera capensis Quoy & Gaimard, 1824 (Lüderitz, Namibia to Port Alfred, also Sydney Harbour)
[3]
[257]
[258]
[4]
Dark crowned nudibranch,
Polycera hedgpethi Er. Marcus, 1964, (TMNP MPA).
[4]
Four lined nudibranch,
Polycera quadrilineata (Muller, 1776) (False Bay, Knysna Lagoon and Algoa Bay)
[3]
[257]
Twin-crowned nudibranch ,
Polycera sp. 1 (False Bay)
[258]
[4]
Orange striped crowned nudibranch,
Polycera sp. 2, (TMNP MPA).
[4]
Yellow knot crowned nudibranch,
Polycera sp. 3, (TMNP MPA).
[4]
Black nudibranch ,
Tambja capensis (Bergh, 1907) (Atlantic coast Cape Peninsula to Port Elizabeth)
[3]
[257]
[258]
[4]
Feather nudibranch,
Thecacera sp.
[4] previously recorded as
Thecacera pennigera (Montagu, 1815) (Cape Peninsula to KwaZulu-Natal, cosmopolitan)
[257]
[258]
subclade
Dendronotida
Family
Scyllaeidae
Family
Tethydidae
Family
Dotidae
Crowned doto,
Doto africoronata Shipman & Gosliner, 2015,
[4] previously reported as
Doto coronata (Gmelin, 1791) (Atlantic coast Cape Peninsula to Knysna, also North Atlantic and Mediterranean)
[257]
[258] but now recognised as a different species.
Feathered doto,
Doto pinnatifida (Montagu, 1804) (Atlantic coast Cape Peninsula to Knysna, also English Channel)
[257]
[258]
[4]
Doto rosea Trinchese, 1881 (False Bay)
[257]
Doto splendidissima Pola & Gosliner, 2015, (TMNP MPA).
[4]
Family
Tritoniidae
subclade
Euarminida
Family
Arminidae
subclade
Cladobranchia
Family
Coryphellidae
White-edged nudibranch,
Coryphella capensis Thiele, 1925, also recorded as syn. Fjordia capensis (Thiele, 1925), and syn. Flabellina capensis (Thiele, 1925), (Atlantic coast Cape Peninsula to Port Elizabeth)
[257]
[258]
[4]
[273]
Family
Cuthonidae
Family
Fionidae
Family
Janolidae
Cape silvertip nudibranch,
Antiopella capensis (Bergh, 1907) also recorded as syn. Janolus capensis Bergh, 1907 (Saldanha Bay to East London)
[3]
[257]
[258]
[4]
Medallion silvertip nudibranch,
Antiopella longidentata (Gosliner, 1981) also recorded as syn. Janolus longidentatus Gosliner, 1981 (False Bay)
[3]
[257]
[258]
[4]
[274]
Nippled nudibranch,
Janolus sp. (South Paw, off Clifton, Cape Peninsula)
[14]
Nippled nudibranch at South Paw
Gasflame nudibranch ,
Bonisa nakaza Gosliner, 1981 (Atlantic coast Cape Peninsula to Port Elizabeth)
[3]
[257]
[258]
Family
Lemindidae
Family
Tergipedidae
Family
Trinchesiidae
subclade
Aeolidida – aeolid nudibranchs
Family
Aeolidiidae
Family
Embletoniidae
Family
Eubranchidae
Family
Flabellinidae
Family
Facelinidae
Night sky nudibranch,
Amanda armata Macnae, 1954 (both sides Cape Peninsula and False Bay)
[257]
[258]
[4]
Black-dot nudibranch ,
Caloria sp. 1 (both sides Cape Peninsula)
[257]
[258]
[4]
Yellow-tipped nudibranch ,
Caloria sp. 2 (both sides Cape Peninsula)
[257]
[258]
[4]
Orange-eyed nudibranch,
Cratena capensis Barnard, 1927 (Saldanha Bay to Port Alfred)
[3]
[257]
[258]
[4]
Elegant nudibranch,
Cratena sp. 1 (False Bay to Plettenberg Bay)
[257]
[258]
[4]
Olive nudibranch,
Facelina olivacea Macnae, 1954 (Saldanha Bay to Cape Town Harbour, Knysna and Jeffreys Bay)
[257]
[258]
[4]
Family
Myrrhinidae
Family
Glaucidae
Sea swallow, blue glaucus,
Glaucus atlanticus Forster, 1777 (False Bay to KwaZulu-Natal, circumtropical).
[4]
Family
Siphonariidae
Cape false limpet,
Siphonaria capensis Quoy & Gaimard, 1833, (TMNP MPA).
[4]
Siphonaria compressa Allanson, 1958, (TMNP MPA).
[4]
[278]
Ribbed false-limpet,
Siphonaria concinna G. B. Sowerby I, 1823, (TMNP MPA).
[4]
Siphonaria deflexa (Helbling, 1779), nomen dubia (TMNP MPA).
[4]
Eyed false-limpet,
Siphonaria oculus Krauss, 1848, (TMNP MPA).
[4]
Serrate false-limpet,
Siphonaria serrata (Fischer von Waldheim, 1807), (TMNP MPA),
[4]
Bivalvia
Order
Arcida
Family
Arcidae – ark clams
Order
Cardiida
Family
Donacidae
Order
Carditida
Family
Carditidae
Order
Limida
Family
Limidae – file shells
Order
Mytilida
Family
Mytilidae
Estuarine mussel,
Arcuatula capensis (Krauss, 1848), (TMNP MPA).
[4]
[282]
Ribbed mussel,
Aulacomya atra (Molina, 1782) (Namibia to Eastern Cape) recorded as syn. Aulacomya ater
[3]
[4]
Brack-water mussel,
Brachidontes virgiliae (Barnard, 1964), (TMNP MPA).
[4]
[283]
Black mussel,
Choromytilus meridionalis (Krauss, 1848) (Namibia to Tsitsikamma)
[3]
[4]
Half-hairy mussel,
Gregariella petagnae (Scacchi, 1832) (Namibia to central KwaZulu-Natal)
[3]
[223]
[4]
Mediterranean mussel ,
Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819 (Orange River to Eastern Cape)
[3]
[4]
Brown mussel,
Perna perna (Linne, 1758) (Cape Point to Mozambique)
[3]
[4]
Order
Ostreida
Family
Ostreidae – true oysters
Family
Pinnidae – pen shells
Order
Pectinida
Family
Pectinidae – scallops
Order
Venerida
Family
Mactridae – trough shells
Order
Venerida
Family
Lasaeidae
Family
Tellinidae
Ridged tellin,
Gastrana matadoa (Gmelin, 1791) (Cape Point to northern KwaZulu-Natal)
[3]
[4]
Trilateral tellin
Homalina trilatera (Gmelin, 1791), (TMNP MPA). recorded as Tellina trilatera Gmelin, 1791,
[4]
[285]
Gilchrist's tellin,
Moerella tulipa (Hanley, 1844) (Cape Columbine to Eastern Cape)
[3] recorded as Tellina gilchristi Sowerby, 1904 (unaccepted)
[286]
[4]
Port Alfred tellin,
Pallidea palliderosea (Anton, 1838) (Cape Point to KwaZulu-Natal south coast)
[3] reported as Tellina alfredensis Bartsch, 1915 Linnaeus 1758 (unaccepted)
[287]
[4]
Trilateral tellin,
Homalina trilatera (Gmelin, 1791) recorded as Tellina trilatera Gmelin, 1791 (Orange river to Transkei)
[3]
[223]
[4]
[285]
Family
Veneridae – Venus shells
Heart clam, greater heart-clam,
Dosinia orbignyi (Dunker, 1845) recorded as
Dosinia lupinus orbignyi Dunker, 1845 (Namibia to Eastern Cape)
[3]
[288]
[4]
Zigzag clam,
Pitar hebraeus (Lamarck, 1818) recorded as Pitar abbreviatus Krauss, 1848 (Cape Point to Mozambique)
[3]
[289]
Mottled venus,
Sunetta bruggeni Fischer-Piette, 1974, recorded as syn. Sunetta contempta bruggeni Fischer & Piette, 1974 (Cape Point to northern KwaZulu-Natal)
[3]
[290]
[4]
Streaked sand clam,
Tivela compressa (Sowerby, 1851) (Cape Point to Eastern Cape)
[3]
Corrugated venus,
Venerupis corrugata (Gmelin, 1791) (Namibia to central KwaZulu-Natal)
[3]
[4]
Warty venus,
Venus verrucosa Linnaeus, 1758 (Namibia to Mozambique)
[3]
[4]
Order unassigned, Euheterodonta
Family
Solenidae
Polyplacophora – chitons
Order
Chitonida
Family
Acanthochitonidae
Family
Chitonidae
Family
Callochitonidae
Broad chiton,
Callochiton dentatus Spengler, 1797 recorded as syn. Callochiton castaneus (Wood, 1815) (Orange river to northern KwaZulu-Natal)
[3]
[4]
Family
Chaetopleuridae
Family
Ischnochitonidae
Cephalopoda
Order
Octopoda – octopus
Family
Enteroctopodidae
Family
Octopodidae
Family
Argonautidae
Order
Teuthida –
squid
Family
Loliginidae
Chokka or calimari,
Loligo reynaudii d'Orbigny [in Ferussac & d'Orbigny], 1839-1841, recorded as syn. Loligo vulgaris reynaudi (Orbigny, 1845) (Orange River to Eastern Cape)
[3]
[294]
[4]
Order
Sepiolida –
bobtail squid
Unidentified species (Cape Peninsula, both sides)
Order
Sepiida –
cuttlefish
Family
Sepiidae
Beautiful cuttlefish,
Sepia pulchra Roeleveld & Liltved, 1985, also recorded as syn. Sepia (Hemisepius) pulchra Roeleveld & Liltved, 1985.
[295]
[4]
Tuberculate cuttlefish,
Sepia tuberculata Lamarck, 1798 (Cape Columbine to Eastern Cape)
[3]
[4]
Common cuttlefish, patchwork cuttlefish,
Sepia vermiculata Quoy and Gaimard, 1832 (Orange River to Mozambique)
[3]
[4]
Pore-bellied cuttlefish,
Hemisepius typicus Steenstrup, 1875, recorded as syn. Sepia typica (Steenstrup, 1875), (TMNP MPA).
[4]
[296]
Brachiopoda – lampshells
Order
Lingulida
Family
Discinidae
Order
Terebratulida
Family
Kraussinidae
Family
Cancellothyrididae
Echinoderms
Crinoidea – feather stars
Order
Comatulida
Family
Antedonidae
Family
Comatulidae
Family
Tropiometridae
Asteroidea – starfish
Order
Paxillosida
Family
Astropectinidae
Sand starfish,
Astropecten irregularis (Pennant, 1777) (Namibia to Port Elizabeth)
[3]
[4]
Pink sand star, Astropecten irregularis pontoporeus Sladen, 1883.
[4]
Order
Valvatida
Family
Goniasteridae
Family
Goniasteridae
Granular starfish,
Fromia schultzei Döderlein, 1910, recorded as syn. Austrofromia schultzei (Doderlein, 1910) (False Bay to Port Elizabeth)
[3]
[302]
[4]
Family
Asterinidae
Order
Forcipulatida
Family
Asteriidae
Order
Spinulosida
Family
Asterinidae
Family
Stichasteridae
Order
Velatida
Family
Pterasteridae
Order
Spinulosida
Family
Echinasteridae
Ophiuroidea – brittlestars
Order
Euryalida
Family
Gorgonocephalidae
Order
Amphilepidida
Family
Amphiuridae
Family
Ophiactidae
Order
Ophiurida
Family
Ophiotrichidae
Family
Amphiuridae
Equal-tailed brittle star, Amphiura (Amphiura) capensis Ljungman, 1867, recorded as syn.
Amphiura capensis Ljungman 1867 (whole coast)
[3]
[4]
Family
Ophionereididae
Family
Ophiodermatidae
Echinoidea – sea urchins
Order
Echinoida
Family
Echinidae
Order
Echinolampadacea
Family
Echinolampadidae
Order
Spatangoida
Family
Brissidae
Family
Loveniidae
Holothuroidea – sea cucumbers
Order
Dendrochirotida
Family
Cucumariidae
Mauve sea cucumber, cask sea cucumber,
Pentacta doliolum (Pallas, 1766) (West African coast to Port Elizabeth)
[3]
[4]
Horseshoe sea cucumber,
Roweia frauenfeldi (Ludwig, 1882) (Angola to East London)
[3]
[4]
Stephenson's sea cucumber,
Roweia stephensoni (John, 1939) (False Bay to Wild Coast)
[3]
[4]
Red-chested sea cucumber,
Hemiocnus insolens (Théel, 1886), recorded as syn. Pseudocnella insolens (Théel, 1886), (Port Nolloth to Durban)
[3]
[309]
[4]
Family
Phyllophoridae
Chaetognatha – Arrow worms
Family
Sagittidae
Hemichordata
Class
Enteropneusta
Family
Ptychoderidae
Tunicates
Order
Aplousobranchia
Family
Clavelinidae
Bell ascidian,
Clavelina lepadiformis (Muller, 1776) (False Bay to Port Elizabeth)
[3]
[311]
[4]
Choirboys,
Clavelina sp. syn Podoclavella sp. (Western Cape)
[4]
Snowball ascidian,
Distaplia skoogi Michaelsen, 1934 (False Bay and Ibo Island Mozambique)
[311]
[4]
Foam ascidian,
Polycitor porrecta (Millar, 1962) (Atlantic coast Cape Peninsula)
[311]
Sago pudding ascidian,
Cystodytes dellechiajei (Della Valle, 1877) (False Bay to Sodwana Bay, also Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean)
[311]
Choirboys
Pycnoclavella narcissus Kott, 2005, (TMNP MPA).
[4]
[312]
Family
Didemnidae
Family
Holozoidae
Family
Polycitoridae
Family
Polyclinidae
Order
Phlebobranchia
Family
Ascidiidae
Family
Cionidae
Order
Pyrosomatida
Family
Pyrosomatidae
Order
Salpida
Family
Salpidae
Order
Stolidobranchia
Family
Pyuridae
Family
Styelidae
Ladder ascidian,
Botrylloides leachii (Savigny, 1816) (West coast of Africa to southern KwaZulu-Natal)
[311]
[4]
White-ringed ascidian ,
Botrylloides magnicoecum (Hartmeyer, 1912) (Orange River to Durban) syn. Botryllus magnicoecus
[6]
[4]
Fenced ascidian ,
Botryllus closionis Monniot, Monniot, Griffiths & Schleyer, 2001 (Atlantic coast Cape Peninsula)
[311]
[4]
Seaweed ascidian,
Botryllus elegans (Quoy & Gaimard, 1834) (Lüderitz to Cape Agulhas)
[6]
[311]
[4]
Variable ascidian ,
Botryllus gregalis (Sluiter, 1898) (Cape Columbine to Durban)
[6]
[4]
Meandering ascidian ,
Botryllus maeandrius (Sluiter, 1898) (Cape Peninsula to Mossel Bay)
[6]
[4]
Golden star ascidian ,
Botryllus schlosseri (Pallas, 1766) (Cape Columbine to Port St Johns (alien))
[6]
Elephant's ears ,
Gynandrocarpa placenta (Herdman, 1886) (Cape Peninsula to Algoa Bay)
[6]
[4]
Angular ascidian,
Styela angularis (Stimpson, 1855) (Atlantic coast of Cape Peninsula to Port Elizabeth)
[3]
Cephalochordata – Lancelets
Family
Branchiostomatidae
Geographical position of places mentioned in species ranges
Agulhas Bank , Western Cape
35°30′S 21°00′E / 35.5°S 21°E / -35.5; 21
Algoa Bay ,
Eastern Cape ,
33°55′S 25°42′E / 33.917°S 25.700°E / -33.917; 25.700
Bashee River , Eastern Cape
32°15′S 28°54′E / 32.250°S 28.900°E / -32.250; 28.900
Beira, Mozambique
19°50′S 34°51′E / 19.833°S 34.850°E / -19.833; 34.850
Blaauwberg , Western Cape,
33°48′S 18°27′E / 33.800°S 18.450°E / -33.800; 18.450
Cape Agulhas , Western Cape,
34°50′00″S 20°00′09″E / 34.83333°S 20.00250°E / -34.83333; 20.00250
Cape Columbine , Western Cape,
32°49′39″S 17°51′23″E / 32.82750°S 17.85639°E / -32.82750; 17.85639
Cape Frio , Namibia,
18°26′12″S 12°00′17″E / 18.43667°S 12.00472°E / -18.43667; 12.00472
Cape of Good Hope , Western Cape,
34°21′29″S 018°28′19″E / 34.35806°S 18.47194°E / -34.35806; 18.47194 (sometimes used historically to refer to the
Cape Province , or South Africa)
Cape Peninsula , Western Cape
34°12′S 18°24′E / 34.200°S 18.400°E / -34.200; 18.400
Coffee Bay , Eastern Cape,
31°58′S 29°09′E / 31.967°S 29.150°E / -31.967; 29.150
Dassen Island , Western Cape,
33°25′S 18°5′E / 33.417°S 18.083°E / -33.417; 18.083
Dassie Point , False Bay,
Delagoa Bay , Mozambique,
25°59′S 32°42′E / 25.983°S 32.700°E / -25.983; 32.700
Doring Bay (
Doringbaai ), Western Cape,
31°49′S 18°14′E / 31.817°S 18.233°E / -31.817; 18.233
Durban , KwaZulu-Natal,
29°51′S 31°01′E / 29.850°S 31.017°E / -29.850; 31.017
East London , Eastern Cape,
32°59′S 027°52′E / 32.983°S 27.867°E / -32.983; 27.867
Elands Bay , Western Cape,
32°18′S 18°19′E / 32.300°S 18.317°E / -32.300; 18.317
False Bay , Western Cape,
34°14′S 18°39′E / 34.233°S 18.650°E / -34.233; 18.650
Gordon's Bay Western Cape
34°10′00″S 18°52′00″E / 34.16667°S 18.86667°E / -34.16667; 18.86667
Hermanus , Western Cape,
34°25′S 19°14′E / 34.417°S 19.233°E / -34.417; 19.233
Hout Bay , Cape Peninsula, Western Cape,
34°03′30″S 18°21′20″E / 34.05833°S 18.35556°E / -34.05833; 18.35556
Inhaca , Mozambique,
26°0′S 32°55′E / 26.000°S 32.917°E / -26.000; 32.917
Jeffrey's Bay , Eastern Cape,
34°2′S 24°55′E / 34.033°S 24.917°E / -34.033; 24.917
Kei River , Eastern Cape,
32°40′35″S 28°23′10″E / 32.67639°S 28.38611°E / -32.67639; 28.38611
Knysna , Western Cape,
34°05′02″S 23°03′37″E / 34.08389°S 23.06028°E / -34.08389; 23.06028
Kommetjie , Western Cape,
34°08′S 18°19′E / 34.133°S 18.317°E / -34.133; 18.317
Kosi Bay , Kwa-Zulu-Natal,
26°54′06″S 32°51′59″E / 26.90167°S 32.86639°E / -26.90167; 32.86639
Lamberts Bay , Western Cape,
32°05′24″S 18°18′10″E / 32.09000°S 18.30278°E / -32.09000; 18.30278
Langebaan Lagoon, Western Cape,
33°09′S 18°04′E / 33.150°S 18.067°E / -33.150; 18.067
Limpopo River , Mozambique,
25°10′S 33°35′E / 25.167°S 33.583°E / -25.167; 33.583
Lüderitz , Namibia,
26°38′53″S 15°9′34″E / 26.64806°S 15.15944°E / -26.64806; 15.15944
Mabibi , (Mbibi) Kwa-Zulu-Natal,
29°20′10″S 32°45′10″E / 29.33611°S 32.75278°E / -29.33611; 32.75278
Mazeppa Bay , Eastern Cape,
32°28′41″S 28°39′04″E / 32.478°S 28.651°E / -32.478; 28.651
Melkbosstrand , Western Cape,
33°43′38″S 18°26′06″E / 33.72722°S 18.43500°E / -33.72722; 18.43500
Miller's Point , Cape Peninsula,
34°13′51.6″S 18°28′26.4″E / 34.231000°S 18.474000°E / -34.231000; 18.474000
Mossel Bay , Western Cape,
34°11′S 22°08′E / 34.183°S 22.133°E / -34.183; 22.133
Möwe Point (Namibia),
19°22′47.85″S 12°42′29.02″E / 19.3799583°S 12.7080611°E / -19.3799583; 12.7080611 (Möwe Point lighthouse)
Muizenberg , False Bay, Western Cape,
34°07′S 018°28′E / 34.117°S 18.467°E / -34.117; 18.467
Noordhoek , Cape Peninsula, Western Cape,
34°07′S 18°21′E / 34.117°S 18.350°E / -34.117; 18.350
Olifants River (Western Cape)
31°42′S 18°13′E / 31.700°S 18.217°E / -31.700; 18.217
Onrust River , Western Cape,
34°25′8″S 19°10′44″E / 34.41889°S 19.17889°E / -34.41889; 19.17889
Orange River , Northern Cape,
28°38′S 16°27′E / 28.633°S 16.450°E / -28.633; 16.450
Plettenberg Bay , Western Cape,
34°03′S 023°22′E / 34.050°S 23.367°E / -34.050; 23.367
Port Alfred , Eastern Cape,
33°36′15″S 26°54′12″E / 33.60417°S 26.90333°E / -33.60417; 26.90333
Port Elizabeth , Eastern Cape,
33°58′S 25°35′E / 33.967°S 25.583°E / -33.967; 25.583
Port Nolloth , Northern Cape,
22°15′S 16°52′E / 22.250°S 16.867°E / -22.250; 16.867
Port St. Johns , KwaZulu-Natal,
31°37′40″S 29°33′20″E / 31.62778°S 29.55556°E / -31.62778; 29.55556
Richards Bay , KwaZulu-Natal,
28°48′S 32°06′E / 28.800°S 32.100°E / -28.800; 32.100
Rooikrans, Cape Peninsula
34°20′28″S 18°28′23″E / 34.34111°S 18.47306°E / -34.34111; 18.47306
Saldanha Bay , Western Cape,
33°01′S 17°59′E / 33.017°S 17.983°E / -33.017; 17.983
Slangkop , Cape Peninsula,
34°08′54.59″S 18°19′11.89″E / 34.1484972°S 18.3199694°E / -34.1484972; 18.3199694
Smitswinkel Bay , False Bay, Western Cape,
34°16′S 18°28′E / 34.267°S 18.467°E / -34.267; 18.467
Sodwana Bay , KwaZulu-Natal,
27°32′S 32°41′E / 27.533°S 32.683°E / -27.533; 32.683
Storms River , Eastern Cape,
34°01′15″S 23°54′10″E / 34.02083°S 23.90278°E / -34.02083; 23.90278
Strandfontein , False Bay, Western Cape,
34°05′22″S 18°33′18″E / 34.08944°S 18.55500°E / -34.08944; 18.55500
Strandfontein , Western Cape,
31°45′20″S 18°13′38″E / 31.75556°S 18.22722°E / -31.75556; 18.22722
Swakopmund , Namibia,
22°41′S 14°32′E / 22.683°S 14.533°E / -22.683; 14.533
Table Bay , Western Cape,
33°53′S 18°27′E / 33.883°S 18.450°E / -33.883; 18.450
Tsitsikamma , Eastern Cape,
34°01′18″S 22°53′44″E / 34.02167°S 22.89556°E / -34.02167; 22.89556
Umtata River
31°56′S 29°11′E / 31.933°S 29.183°E / -31.933; 29.183
Vulcan Rock , Cape Peninsula,
34°03′58″S 18°18′35″E / 34.06611°S 18.3097°E / -34.06611; 18.3097
Walvis Bay , Namibia,
22°57′22″S 14°30′29″E / 22.95611°S 14.50806°E / -22.95611; 14.50806
Windmill Beach Simon's Town, Cape Peninsula,
34°12′04″S 18°27′24″E / 34.201°S 18.45666667°E / -34.201; 18.45666667
Xora River , Eastern Cape,
32°09′00″S 28°59′00″E / 32.15°S 28.983333°E / -32.15; 28.983333
See also
References
^
a
b
"South African National Parks – SANParks – Official Website – Accommodation, Activities, Prices, Reservations" . sanparks.org . Retrieved 24 January 2021 .
^
a
b Kock, Alison; Stanbridge, Debbie; Brink, Rene; Holness, Stephen; Harris, Linda; Gardner, Kathryn; van Wilgen-Bredenkamp, Nicola; Mayekiso, Sisanda; Jones, Georgina.
Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area – State of Knowledge Report March 2022 (PDF) . Internal Report 01 / 2022 (Report). Pretoria: Scientific Services, South African National Parks. Chapter 8: Research and monitoring.
^
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jk Branch, G.M., Branch, M.L, Griffiths, C.L. and Beckley, L.E (2005): Two Oceans: a guide to the marine life of southern Africa
ISBN
0-86486-672-0
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xp Kock, Alison; Stanbridge, Debbie; Brink, Rene; Holness, Stephen; Harris, Linda; Gardner, Kathryn; van Wilgen-Bredenkamp, Nicola; Mayekiso, Sisanda; Jones, Georgina.
Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area – State of Knowledge Report March 2022 (PDF) . Internal Report 01 / 2022 (Report). Pretoria: Scientific Services, South African National Parks. Appendix II, Table 2: Invertebrates.
^
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l Samaai, T. and Gibbons, M.J. 2005. Demospongiae taxonomy and biodiversity of the Benguela region on the west coast of South Africa. Afr. Nat. Hist . 1 (1):1–96
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da Branch, G.M., Branch, M.L, Griffiths, C.L. and Beckley, L.E. (2010). Two Oceans: a guide to the marine life of southern Africa Struik Nature, Cape Town.
ISBN
978 1 77007 772 0
^
"Polymastia littoralis " . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 21 October 2023 .
^
"Trachycladus spinispirulifer " . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 21 October 2023 .
^
a
b
c Samaai, Toufiek, Gibbons, Mark J., Kelly, Michelle, Davies-Coleman, Mike (2003): South African Latrunculiidae (Porifera: Demospongiae: Poecilosclerida): descriptions of new species of Latrunculia du Bocage, Strongylodesma Lévi, and Tsitsikamma Samaai & Kelly. Zootaxa 371: 1-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.156901
^
"Actinia ebhayiensis " . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 17 October 2023 .
^
"Anthopleura insignis " . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 17 October 2023 .
^
"Bunodactis reynaudi " . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 24 January 2021 .
^
a
b
c Acuna F. & Griffiths C.L. 2004 Species richness, endemicity and distribution patterns of South African sea anemones (Cnidaria: Actiniaria and Corallimorpharia) Afr. Zoo. 39 (2):193–200
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w Jones, Georgina. A Field Guide to the Marine Animals of the Cape Peninsula. SURG, Cape Town, 2008.
ISBN
978-0-620-41639-9
^
"Haloclava capensis " . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 17 October 2023 .
^
"Anthothoe stimpsonii " . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 17 October 2023 .
^ England K.W. & Robson E.A. 1984 A new sea anemone from South Africa (Anthozoa, Ptychodactiaria) Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 94 (5):305–329
^
"Preactis millardae " . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 18 October 2023 .
^
"Ceriantheopsis nikitai " . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 24 January 2021 .
^
"Malacalcyonacea" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 17 October 2023 .
^
"Alcyonium variabile " . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 24 January 2021 .
^
"Eleutherobia variabile " . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 17 October 2023 .
^
"Eunicella papillosa " . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 5 October 2023 .
^
"Tenerodus fallax " . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 17 October 2023 .
^
"Tenerodus pollex " . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 17 October 2023 .
^
"Malacacanthus capensis " . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 17 October 2023 .
^
"Melithaea rubra " . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 17 October 2023 .
^ Williams, G.C. 1990. The pennatulacea of southern Africa (Coelenterata, Anthozoa) Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 100 (3):249–358
^
"Parasphaerasclera valdiviae " . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 17 October 2023 .
^
"Homophyton verrucosum " . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 17 October 2023 .
^
"Depastromorpha africana " . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 24 January 2021 .
^
"Lipkea stephensoni " . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 24 January 2021 .
^
"Chrysaora fulgida " . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 17 October 2023 .
^
"Aurelia aurita " . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 17 October 2023 .
^
"Rhizostoma pulmo " . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 24 January 2021 .
^
"Carybdea branchi " . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 17 October 2023 .
^
"Candelabrum capensis " . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 24 January 2021 .
^
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k Millard, N.A.H. 1975. Monograph on the Hydroida of Southern Africa. Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 68 :1–513
^
"Candelabrum tentaculatum " . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 24 January 2021 .
^
"Stylaster nobilis " . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 22 April 2013 .
^
"Zyzzyzus warreni " . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 24 January 2021 .
^
"Aequorea forskalea " . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 17 October 2023 .
^
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h Wrobel D. & Mills C. 2003 Pacific Coast Pelagic Invertebrates : a guide to the common gelatinous animals. Sea Challengers.
ISBN
0-930118-23-5
^
"Forskalia edwardsii " . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 18 October 2023 .
^
"Physalia utriculus " . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 17 October 2023 .
^
"Notoplana patellarum " . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 21 October 2023 .
^
"Planocera gilchristi " . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 21 October 2023 .
^
"Thysanozoon brocchii " . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 12 October 2023 .
^ Hempson, Tessa N.; Griffiths, Charles L. (October 2008).
"Symbionts of comatulid crinoids in False Bay, South Africa" . African Zoology . 43 (2): 237–244.
doi :
10.3377/1562-7020-43.2.237 .
ISSN
1562-7020 .
S2CID
85173517 .
^
"Golfingia capensis " . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 18 October 2023 .
^
"Ochetostoma capense " . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 21 October 2023 .
^
"Euphrosine capensis " . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 21 October 2023 .
^
"Marphysa elityeni " . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 14 October 2023 .
^
"Lumbrineris coccinea " . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 21 October 2023 .
^
"Arabella iricolor " . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 21 October 2023 .
^
"Diopatra cuprea " . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 14 October 2023 .
^
"Diopatra neapolitana " . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 14 October 2023 .
^
"Glycera tridactyla " . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 14 October 2023 .
^
"Perinereis nuntia vallata " . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 14 October 2023 .
^
"Platynereis dumerilii (Audouin & Milne Edwards, 1833)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 21 October 2023 .
^
"Pseudonereis variegata (Grube, 1857)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 21 October 2023 .
^
"Simplisetia erythraeensis (Fauvel, 1918)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 14 October 2023 .
^
"Antinoe lactea Day, 1953" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 13 October 2023 .
^
"Lepidonotus semitectus (Stimpson, 1855)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 14 October 2023 .
^
"Hemilepidia erythrotaenia Schmarda, 1861" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 14 October 2023 .
^
"Sthenelais boa (Johnston, 1833)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 21 October 2023 .
^
"Syllis variegata Grube, 1860" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 21 October 2023 .
^
"Chaetopterus variopedatus (Renier, 1804)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 14 October 2023 .
^
" "Euclymene" Verrill, 1900" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 14 October 2023 .
^
"Orbinia angrapequensis (Augener, 1918)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 14 October 2023 .
^
"Gunnarea capensis (Schmarda, 1861)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 21 October 2023 .
^
"Flabelligera affinis M. Sars, 1829" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 14 October 2023 .
^
"Pectinaria capensis (Pallas, 1766)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 21 October 2023 .
^
a
b Day J.H, Field, J.G. & Penrith M.J 1970. The Benthic Fauna and Fishes of False Bay, South Africa. Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr, 34 (1):1–108
^
"Telothelepus capensis Day, 1955" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 14 October 2023 .
^
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b
c Day, J.H. 1967. Polychaeta of South Africa: part 2: Sedentaria British Museum (Natural History)
^
"Spirobranchus kraussii (Baird, 1864)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 14 October 2023 .
^
"Tanystylum brevipes (Hoek, 1881)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 13 October 2023 .
^
"Queubus jamesanus Barnard, 1946" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 13 October 2023 .
^
"Amaryllis macrophthalma Haswell, 1879" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 17 October 2023 .
^
"Ampelisca palmata K.H. Barnard, 1916" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 17 October 2023 .
^
"Caprella equilibra Say, 1818" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 17 October 2023 .
^
"Cyamus boopis Lütken, 1870" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 18 October 2023 .
^
"Cyproidea ornata Haswell, 1879" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 13 October 2023 .
^
a
b Griffiths, C. 1976. Guide to the Benthic Marine Amphipods of Southern Africa Iziko Museum
ISBN
0-949940-85-2
^
"Polycheria atolli A.O. Walker, 1905" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 13 October 2023 .
^
"Hyale diastoma K.H. Barnard, 1916" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 15 October 2023 .
^
"Hyale grandicornis (Krøyer, 1845)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 16 October 2023 .
^
"Themisto gaudichaudii Guérin, 1825" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 16 October 2023 .
^
"Lysianassa ceratina (Walker, 1889)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 16 October 2023 .
^
"Ceradocus rubromaculatus (Stimpson, 1855)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 18 October 2023 .
^
"Maera hirondellei Chevreux, 1900" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 16 October 2023 .
^
"Melita zeylanica Stebbing, 1904" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 16 October 2023 .
^
"Ochlesis lenticulosus K.H. Barnard, 1940" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 16 October 2023 .
^
"Griffithsius latipes (Griffiths, 1976)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 15 October 2023 .
^
"Phronima sedentaria (Forskål, 1775)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 16 October 2023 .
^
"Paramoera bidentata K.H. Barnard, 1932" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 16 October 2023 .
^
"Paramoera capensis (Dana, 1853)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 16 October 2023 .
^
"Africorchestia quadrispinosa (K.H. Barnard, 1916)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 16 October 2023 .
^
"Capeorchestia capensis (Dana, 1853)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 16 October 2023 .
^
"Urothoe grimaldii Chevreux, 1895" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 16 October 2023 .
^ Watling, L.; Gerken, S. (2023). World Cumacea Database. Heterocuma africana Zimmer, 1920. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at:
https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=181855 on 2023-10-15
^
"Scyllarides elisabethae (Ortmann, 1894)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 16 October 2023 .
^
"Areopaguristes engyops (Barnard, 1947)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 17 October 2023 .
^
a
b Branch, G., Branch, M. & Bannister, A. 1981. The Living Shores of southern Africa Struik
ISBN
0-86977-115-9
^
"Diogenes brevirostris Stimpson, 1858" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 19 October 2023 .
^
"Paguristes gamianus (H. Milne Edwards, 1836)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 16 October 2023 .
^ McLaughlin P.A. & Forest, J. 1999. Hermit crabs of the genus Pagurus Fabricus (Crustacea, Decapoda, Paguridae) from south-eastern Africa Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 105 (7):297–344
^
"Pagurus liochele (Barnard, 1947)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 15 October 2023 .
^
"Anapagurus hendersoni Barnard, 1947" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 15 October 2023 .
^
"Callichirus kraussi (Stebbing, 1900)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 17 October 2023 .
^
"Mursia cristiata H. Milne Edwards, 1837" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 16 October 2023 .
^
"Danielita edwardsii (MacLeay, 1838)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 15 October 2023 .
^
a
b
c
d Barnard, K.H. 1950. Descriptive Catalogue of South African Decapod Crustacea (Crabs and Shrimps) Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 38
^
"Dromidia aegibotus Barnard, 1947" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 13 October 2023 .
^
"Dromidia hirsutissima (Lamarck, 1818)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 13 October 2023 .
^
"Platydromia spongiosa (Stimpson, 1858)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 13 October 2023 .
^
"Pseudodromia latens Stimpson, 1858" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 16 October 2023 .
^
"Acanthonyx dentatus H. Milne Edwards, 1834" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 26 August 2023 .
^
"Planes minutus (Linnaeus, 1758)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 16 October 2023 .
^
"Spiroplax spiralis (Barnard, 1950)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 16 October 2023 .
^
"Macropodia falcifera (Stimpson, 1857)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 16 October 2023 .
^
"Achaeopsis spinulosa Stimpson, 1857" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 16 October 2023 .
^
"Afrophila punctata (Bell, 1855)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 16 October 2023 .
^
"Nautilocorystes ocellatus (Gray, 1831)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 16 October 2023 .
^
"Ovalipes trimaculatus (De Haan, 1833)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 16 October 2023 .
^
"Pinnotheres dofleini Lenz in Lenz & Strunck, 1914" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 16 October 2023 .
^
"Charybdis smithii Macleay, 1838" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 18 October 2023 .
^
"Cyclograpsus punctatus H. Milne Edwards, 1837" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 18 October 2023 .
^
"Varuna litterata (Fabricius, 1798)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 16 October 2023 .
^
"Alpheus lobidens De Haan, 1849" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 13 October 2023 .
^
"Alpheus macrochirus Richters, 1880" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 16 October 2023 .
^
"Betaeus jucundus Barnard, 1947" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 17 October 2023 .
^ d'Udekem d'Acoz, C. 2007. New records of Atlantic Hippolyte , with the description of two new species, and a key to all Atlantic and Mediterranean species (Crustacea, Decapoda, Caridea). Zoosystema 29 :1183–207
^
"Hippolyte catagrapha d'Udekem d'Acoz, 2007" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 15 October 2023 .
^
"Palaemon peringueyi (Stebbing, 1915)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 16 October 2023 .
^
"Macropetasma africana (Balss, 1913)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 15 October 2023 .
^
"Upogebia africana (Ortmann, 1894)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 16 October 2023 .
^
"Euphausia lucens Hansen, 1905" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 15 October 2023 .
^
"Apanthura sandalensis Stebbing, 1900" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 17 October 2023 .
^
"Mesanthura catenula (Stimpson, 1855)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 13 October 2023 .
^
"Eurydice kensleyi Bruce & Soares, 1996" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 15 October 2023 .
^
"Excirolana latipes (Barnard, 1914)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 15 October 2023 .
^
"Excirolana natalensis (Vanhöffen, 1914)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 15 October 2023 .
^
"Natatolana hirtipes (H. Milne Edwards, 1840)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 16 October 2023 .
^
"Anilocra capensis Leach, 1818" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 17 October 2023 .
^
"Microarcturus dayi Kensley, 1977" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 15 October 2023 .
^
"Glyptidotea lichtensteini (Krauss, 1843)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 15 October 2023 .
^
"Idotea metallica Bosc, 1801" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 16 October 2023 .
^
"Paridotea reticulata Barnard, 1914" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 13 October 2023 .
^
"Paridotea ungulata (Pallas, 1772)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 16 October 2023 .
^
"Iais pubescens (Dana, 1853)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 16 October 2023 .
^
"Ianiropsis palpalis Barnard, 1914" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 16 October 2023 .
^
"Iathrippa capensis (Barnard, 1914)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 16 October 2023 .
^
"Joeropsis stebbingi Kensley, 1975" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 16 October 2023 .
^
"Ligia dilatata Brandt, 1833" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 16 October 2023 .
^
"Paranthura punctata (Stimpson, 1855)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 16 October 2023 .
^
"Cymodoce valida (Stebbing, 1902)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 18 October 2023 .
^
"Dynamenella dioxus Barnard, 1914" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 15 October 2023 .
^
"Exosphaeroma antikraussi Barnard, 1940" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 15 October 2023 .
^
"Exosphaeroma kraussi Tattersall, 1913" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 15 October 2023 .
^
"Exosphaeroma planum Barnard, 1914" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species .
^
"Exosphaeroma truncatitelson Barnard, 1940" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 15 October 2023 .
^
"Exosphaeroma varicolor Barnard, 1914" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 15 October 2023 .
^
"Dynamenella australis Richardson, 1906" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 15 October 2023 .
^
"Ischyromene huttoni (G. Thomson, 1879)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 16 October 2023 .
^
"Cymodocella magna Barnard, 1954" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 18 October 2023 .
^
"Parisocladus perforatus (H. Milne Edwards, 1840)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 16 October 2023 .
^
"Parisocladus stimpsoni (Heller, 1861)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 16 October 2023 .
^
"Sphaeramene polytylotos Barnard, 1914" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 16 October 2023 .
^
"Tylos capensis Krauss, 1843" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 16 October 2023 .
^
"Tylos granulatus Krauss, 1843" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 16 October 2023 .
^
"Nebalia capensis Barnard, 1914" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 16 October 2023 .
^
"Gastrosaccus psammodytes O. Tattersall, 1958" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 13 October 2023 .
^
"Heteromysis (Heteromysis) fosteri Wittmann & Griffiths, 2017" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 15 October 2023 .
^
"Heteromysis (Heteromysis) octopodis Wittmann & Griffiths, 2017" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 15 October 2023 .
^
"Mysidopsis major (Zimmer, 1912)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 15 October 2023 .
^
"Mysidopsis zsilaveczi Wittmann & Griffiths, 2014" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 15 October 2023 .
^
"Lysiosquilla capensis Hansen, 1895" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 13 October 2023 .
^
"Leptochelia barnardi Brown, 1957" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 15 October 2023 .
^
"Anatanais gracilis (Heller, 1865)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species .
^
"Amphibalanus amphitrite (Darwin, 1854)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 17 October 2023 .
^
"Austromegabalanus cylindricus (Gmelin, 1780)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 17 October 2023 .
^
"Coronula diadema (Linnaeus, 1767)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 16 October 2023 .
^
"Tetraclita serrata Darwin, 1954" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 16 October 2023 .
^
"Conchoderma auritum (Linnaeus, 1767)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 18 October 2023 .
^
"Dosima fascicularis (Ellis & Solander, 1786)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 15 October 2023 .
^
"Lepas anatifera Linnaeus, 1758" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 16 October 2023 .
^
"Lepas (Lepas) testudinata Aurivillius, 1892" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 15 October 2023 .
^
"Amphibalanus amphitrite (Darwin, 1854)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 26 October 2023 .
^
"Chthamalus dentatus Krauss, 1848" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 18 October 2023 .
^
"Octomeris angulosa (Sowerby, 1825)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 16 October 2023 .
^
"Centropages brachiatus (Dana, 1849)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 17 October 2023 .
^
"Anurida maritima (Guérin-Méneville, 1836)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 21 October 2023 .
^
"Adeonellopsis meandrina (O'Donoghue & de Watteville, 1944)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 16 October 2023 .
^
"Beania magellanica (Busk, 1852)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 16 October 2023 .
^
"Bicellariella bonsai Florence, Hayward & Gibbons, 2007" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 16 October 2023 .
^
"Bugulina avicularia (Linnaeus, 1758)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 16 October 2023 .
^
"Virididentula dentata (Lamouroux, 1816)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 17 October 2023 .
^
"Onchoporella buskii (Harmer, 1923)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 16 October 2023 .
^
"Menipea ornata (Busk, 1852)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 17 October 2023 .
^
"Celleporaria capensis (O'Donoghue & de Watteville, 1935)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 16 October 2023 .
^
"Cellepora cylindriformis Busk, 1881" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 17 October 2023 .
^
"Turbicellepora valligera Hayward & Cook, 1983" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 17 October 2023 .
^
"Chaperiopsis multifida (Busk, 1884)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 17 October 2023 .
^
"Electra pilosa (Linnaeus, 1767)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 16 October 2023 .
^
"Gigantopora polymorpha (Busk, 1884)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 16 October 2023 .
^
"Calyptotheca nivea (Busk, 1884)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 17 October 2023 .
^
"Calyptotheca porelliformis (Waters, 1918)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 17 October 2023 .
^ Gordon, D. (Ed.) (2009). New Zealand Inventory of Biodiversity . Volume One: Kingdom Animalia.
ISBN
978-1877257-72-8
^
" Watersipora subovoidea (d'Orbigny, 1852)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 17 October 2023 .
^
"Watersipora subtorquata (d'Orbigny, 1852)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 17 October 2023 .
^
"Alcyonidium nodosum O'Donoghue & de Watteville, 1944" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 16 October 2023 .
^
"Alcyonidium rhomboidale O'Donoghue, 1924" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 16 October 2023 .
^
"Tennysonia stellata Busk, 1867" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 17 October 2023 .
^
"Cymbula compressa " . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 26 August 2023 .
^
"Cymbula granatina " . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 26 August 2023 .
^
"Cymbula miniata " . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 26 August 2023 .
^
"Cymbula oculus (Born, 1778)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 26 August 2023 .
^
"Helcion concolor (Krauss, 1848)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 19 October 2023 .
^
"Calliostoma ornatum (Lamarck, 1822)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 19 October 2023 .
^
"Dendrofissurella scutellum (Gmelin, 1791)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 26 September 2023 .
^
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f Kilburn R. & Rippey E. 1982 Sea Shells of Southern Africa Macmillan
ISBN
0-86954-094-7
^
"Tricolia capensis (Dunker, 1846)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 20 October 2023 .
^
"Gibbula multicolor (Krauss, 1848)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 19 October 2023 .
^
"Oxystele antoni D. G. Herbert, 2015" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 20 October 2023 .
^
"Turbo sarmaticus Linnaeus, 1758" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 20 October 2023 .
^
"Epitonium kraussi (Nyst, 1873)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 19 October 2023 .
^
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m Steyn, D.G. & Lussi, M. 2005. Offshore Shells of Southern Africa
ISBN
0-620-33607-2
^
"Bostrycapulus aculeatus (Gmelin, 1791)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 26 August 2023 .
^
"Crepipatella dilatata (Lamarck, 1822)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 26 August 2023 .
^
"Argobuccinum pustulosum ([Lightfoot], 1786)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 19 October 2023 .
^
"Cabestana africana (A. Adams, 1855)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 19 October 2023 .
^
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l Liltved, William Rune. Cowries and their relatives of southern Africa: A study of the southern African Cypraeacean and Velutinacean gastropod fauna , Gordon Verhoef, Seacomber Publications, 2000.
ISBN
0908 42089 7
^
"Cypraeovula fuscorubra (H. Shaw, 1909)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 26 August 2023 .
^
"Cypraeovula iutsui Shikama, 1974" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 20 March 2014 .
^
"Sabia conica (Schumacher, 1817)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 26 August 2023 .
^
"Afrolittorina africana (R. A. Philippi, 1847)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 26 August 2023 .
^
"Afrolittorina knysnaensis (R. A. Philippi, 1847)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 19 October 2023 .
^
"Tectonatica tecta (Anton, 1838)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 26 August 2023 .
^
"Triviella magnidentata (Liltved, 1986)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 20 March 2014 .
^
"Thylacodes natalensis Mörch, 1862" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 26 August 2023 .
^
"Amalda obesa (G. B. Sowerby II, 1859)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 20 October 2023 .
^
"Afrocominella capensis simoniana (Petit de la Saussaye, 1852)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 19 October 2023 .
^
"Anachis kraussii (G. B. Sowerby I, 1844)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 20 October 2023 .
^
"Africofusus ocelliferus (Lamarck, 1816)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 26 October 2023 .
^
"Marginella peelae Bozzetti, 1993" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 20 October 2023 .
^
"Prunum capense (Krauss, 1848)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 26 October 2023 .
^
"Isara picta (Reeve, 1844)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 26 October 2023 .
^
"Nucella wahlbergi (Krauss, 1848)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 26 October 2023 .
^
"Poropteron graagae (Coen, 1947)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 26 October 2023 .
^
"Poropteron uncinarius (Lamarck, 1822)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 26 October 2023 .
^
"Trochia cingulata (Linnaeus, 1771)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 26 October 2023 .
^
"Vaughtia fenestrata (A. Gould, 1860)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 26 October 2023 .
^
"Nassarius plicatellus (A. Adams, 1852)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 20 October 2023 .
^
"Onchidella maculata Plate, 1893" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 19 October 2023 .
^
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cs Gosliner, T.M. 1987. Nudibranchs of Southern Africa
ISBN
0-930118-13-8
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ca Zsilavecz, G. 2007. Nudibranchs of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay .
ISBN
0-620-38054-3
^
"Philinopsis speciosa Pease, 1860" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 26 August 2023 .
^
"Haminoea alfredensis Bartsch, 1915" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 19 October 2023 .
^
"Aplysia gilchristi Bergh, 1907" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 19 October 2023 .
^ Macnae, W.
"On four Saccoglossan Mollusca new to South Africa" . Ann Natal Mus . pp. 51–64.
^
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i Gosliner, Terrence; Jones, Georgina; Beasley, Lisa; Claassens, Louw; Fraser, Valda; Herbert, David; Jonker, Kate; Liltved, William; Ogden, Colin; Ogden, Maddy; Pretorius, Veronique; Pritchard, Duncan; Scott, Robyn; Sellick, Brian; Sherry, Kate; Snyman, Evania; Southwood, Peter; Strömvoll, Jenny; Thornycroft, Roseanne; Tiberiçá, Yara; Toms, Jessica; van der Colff, Carel; van Jaarsveld, Christo; van Jaarsveld, Petro; Walne, Helen; Zsilavecz, Guido (2023). Gosliner, Terrence; Jones, Georgina (eds.). Southern African Sea Slugs . Cape Town: Southern Underwater Research Group (SURG).
ISBN
978-0-7961-2202-5 .
^
"Aphelodoris brunnea Bergh, 1907" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 20 October 2023 .
^ Gosliner, T.M. 1996. Phylogeny of Ceratosoma (Nudibranchia:Chromorididae), with descriptions of two new species. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 3 49:115–126
^
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c Gosliner, T.M. 1994. New species of Chromodoris and Noumea (Nudibranch: Chromodorididae) from the Western Indian Ocean and Southern Africa. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 12 48:239–252
^
"Doriopsilla areolata Bergh, 1880" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 20 October 2023 .
^
"Doriopsilla miniata (Alder & Hancock, 1864)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 20 October 2023 .
^ Valdes, A. & Gosliner, T. M. 1999.Phylogeny of the radula-less dorids (Mollusca, Nudibranchia), with the description of a new genus and a new family.Zoologica Scripta 28 3–4:315–360
^ Fahey, S.J. and Valdes, A. 2005. Review of Acanthodoris Gray, 1850 with a phylogenetic analysis of Onchidorididae Alder and Hancock, 1845 (Mollusca, Nudibranchia). Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 56 (20): 213–272.
^
"Limacia jellyi Toms, Pola, Von der Heyden & Gosliner, 2021" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 20 October 2023 .
^
"Limacia lucida (W. Stimpson, 1855)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 19 October 2023 .
^
"Coryphella capensis Thiele, 1925" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 28 October 2023 .
^
"Antiopella longidentata (Gosliner, 1981)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 20 October 2023 .
^
"Anteaeolidiella saldanhensis (Barnard, 1927)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 19 October 2023 .
^
"Godiva quadricolor (Barnard, 1927)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 19 October 2023 .
^
"Phyllodesmium horridum (Macnae, 1954)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 20 October 2023 .
^
"Siphonaria compressa Allanson, 1958" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 18 October 2023 .
^
"Donax serra Röding, 1798" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 19 October 2023 .
^
"Donax sordidus Hanley, 1845" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 19 October 2023 .
^
"Cardita caliculaeformis Deshayes, 1863" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 19 October 2023 .
^
"Arcuatula capensis (Krauss, 1848)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 19 October 2023 .
^
"Brachidontes virgiliae (Barnard, 1964)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 18 October 2023 .
^
"Atrina squamifera (G. B. Sowerby I, 1835)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 19 October 2023 .
^
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b
"Homalina trilatera (Gmelin, 1791)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 20 October 2023 .
^
"Moerella tulipa (Hanley, 1844)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 20 October 2023 .
^
"Pallidea palliderosea (Anton, 1838)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 20 August 2023 .
^
"Dosinia lupinus (Linnaeus, 1758)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 20 August 2023 .
^
"Pitar hebraeus (Lamarck, 1818)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 20 August 2023 .
^
"Sunetta contempta bruggeni Fischer-Piette, 1974" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 20 October 2023 .
^
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l Day, J.H. A guide to marine life on South African shores. Balkema, Cape Town, 1969
^
"Radsia nigrovirescens (Blainville, 1825)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 24 January 2021 .
^
"Eledone schultzei (Hoyle, 1910)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 29 April 2014 .
^
"Loligo reynaudii d'Orbigny [in Ferussac & d'Orbigny], 1839-1841" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 26 August 2023 .
^ Roeleveld M.A. & Liltved W.R. 1985. A new species of Sepia (Cephalopoda, Sepiidae) from South Africa. Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 96 (1):1–18
^
"Sepia typica (Steenstrup, 1875)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 18 October 2023 .
^
"Discinisca tenuis " . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 16 October 2023 .
^
"Kraussina crassicostata " . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 16 October 2023 .
^
"Terebratulina meridionalis " . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 16 October 2023 .
^
"Annametra occidentalis (AH Clark, 1915)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 18 October 2023 .
^
a
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d Clark A. & Courtman-Stock J. 1976. The Echinoderms of South Africa British Museum (Natural History) London
ISBN
0-565-00776-9
^
"Fromia schultzei Döderlein, 1910" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 18 October 2023 .
^
"Callopatiria formosa (Mortensen, 1933)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 18 October 2023 .
^
"Marthasterias africana (Müller & Troschel, 1842)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 26 August 2023 .
^
"Parvulastra dyscrita (H.L. Clark, 1923)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 26 August 2023 .
^
"Allostichaster capensis (Perrier, 1875)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 18 October 2023 .
^
"Amphipholis squamata (Delle Chiaje, 1828)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 18 October 2023 .
^
"Ophiactis carnea Ljungman, 1867" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 18 October 2023 .
^
"Hemiocnus insolens (Théel, 1886)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 26 August 2023 .
^
"Balanoglossus capensis Gilchrist, 1908" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 18 October 2023 .
^
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o Monniot C., Monniot F., Griffiths C. & Schleyer M. 2001. South African Ascidians. Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 108 1:1–141
^
"Pycnoclavella narcissus Kott, 2005" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 1 October 2023 .
^
"Sycozoa arborescens Hartmeyer, 1912" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 17 October 2023 .
^
"Polycitor porrecta (Millar, 1962)" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 17 October 2023 .
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"Ascidia caudata Heller, 1878" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 16 October 2023 .
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"Thalia Blumenbach, 1798" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 21 October 2023 .
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"Branchiostoma capense Gilchrist, 1902" . WoRMS .
World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 17 October 2023 .
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