Topographic map of Texas
Seventy-two
amphibian species are found in the American state of
Texas , including forty-four species of
frog and twenty-eight species of
salamander . Four species are categorized as endangered by the
International Union for Conservation of Nature : the
Barton Springs salamander , the
Texas blind salamander , the
black-spotted newt , and the
Houston toad . Furthermore, Texas law protects several native amphibians, designating eleven species as threatened within the state and four others as endangered.
[1]
[2]
[3]
The varied geography of Texas, the second-largest state, hosts a variety of
habitats for amphibians, including
swamps and the
Piney Woods in the
east , rocky hills and
limestone
karst in the central
Hill Country of the
Edwards Plateau ,
desert in the
south and
west , mountains in the far west (the
Trans-Pecos ), and
grassland
prairie in the north, also known as the
Panhandle . This vast contrast in
biomes makes Texas home to a wide variety of
herpetofauna .
[4]
[5]
[6] The state's many rivers, including the
Rio Grande , the
Colorado River , and the
Trinity River , also provide diverse aquatic habitats.
[7]
[8] Its central position in the
United States means that species found primarily in either the western or eastern reaches of the country often have their ranges meeting in the state. Additionally, its proximity to
Mexico is such that many species found there and into
Central America also range as far north as Texas.
[4] Moreover, the
karst topography of central Texas has created spring and cave ecosystems inhabited by several
endemic species,
[9] such as the cave-dwelling Texas blind salamander.
[10]
List of species
Protected status under Texas law
[2]
[3]
†
Threatened
‡
Endangered
Family Bufonidae
Bufonidae is a family of toads, often called the "true toads". Although a widely varied family, Bufonidae includes the stereotypical toad: dry warty skin and shortened forelimbs and hindlimbs. Bufonids also carry potent skin toxins, sometimes concentrated in the
parotoid gland .
[11]
Bufonidae
Species
Common name
Distribution
Status
[a]
Image
Anaxyrus americanus
American toad
Occurs in northeast Texas
[12]
LC
[13]
Anaxyrus cognatus
Great Plains toad
Found in playa wetlands in the
Great Plains area of the state
[14]
LC
[15]
Anaxyrus debilis
Green toad
Found in eastern Texas
[16]
LC
[17]
Anaxyrus houstonensis
Houston toad
Found in the southeast counties of
Austin ,
Bastrop ,
Burleson ,
Colorado ,
Lee ,
Leon ,
Lavaca ,
Milam , and
Robertson
[18]
EN
[19] ‡
Anaxyrus punctatus
Red-spotted toad
Found in central and western Texas
[20]
LC
[21]
Anaxyrus speciosus
Texas toad
Common throughout western two-thirds of Texas, population declining in the
Rio Grande Valley
[22]
LC
[23]
Anaxyrus woodhousii
Woodhouse's toad
Found in central, west and north Texas
[24]
LC
[25]
Incilius nebulifer
Coastal plains toad
Found along coastal plains, formerly considered the same species as
Incilius valliceps
[26]
LC
[27]
Rhinella marina
Cane toad
Native to extreme southern Texas, invasive species in other parts of the United States
[28]
LC
[29]
Family Hylidae
Hylidae is a family of frogs which are commonly found in the New World. They may be better known as
tree frogs .
[30]
Family Leptodactylidae
Leptodactylidae is a family of frogs found only in the
New World . Texas encompasses part of their northern-most distribution. Medium to large frogs, they have robust hindlimbs that make them strong jumpers.
[54]
[55]
Family Microhylidae
Microhylidae is a family of frogs. They can often be identified by their tear-dropped shape, hence the common name "narrow-mouthed frogs".
[68]
Family Ranidae
Ranidae , true frogs, are the largest family of frogs. Members of this family, called Ranids, typically have robust hindlimbs, toe webbing, and an aquatic tadpole stage.
[75]
Family Rhinophrynidae
Rhinophrynidae are a family of frogs containing only one extant genus, the
monotypic
Rhinophrynus .
[91] Rhinophrynus is a burrowing ant and termite eater, hence the common name "burrowing frog".
[92]
[93]
Family Scaphiopodidae
Scaphiopodidae are a family of frogs. Commonly called spadefoot frogs, they are often inconspicuously coloured. Members of this family are predominantly
fossorial , living underground until rain arrives. To aid in digging, they have
keratinized protrusions on their feet.
[95]
Family Amphiumidae
Amphiumidae are a family of salamanders. Members of the family are known as amphiumas.
[103] These large salamanders are often mistaken for
eels , hence the colloquial name "conger eels".
[104]
[105] Completely aquatic, these long salamanders can survive droughts by forming a mucous cocoon underground. They can live without food for up to three years and may live for almost 30 years.
[106]
Family Salamandridae
Salamandridae are a family of salamanders. Most members, called salamandrids, produce a potent toxin in their skin. Salamandrids typically have patterns of bright and contrasting colors, usually to warn potential predators of their toxicity. They have four well-developed limbs.
[109]
[110]
Family Ambystomatidae
Ambystomatidae is a family of mostly terrestrial salamanders. Commonly called "mole salamanders", most members of this family live in rodent burrows, only emerging on rainy nights to mate and feed. These relatively large salamanders also typically have mass migrations to mating ponds.
[115]
Family Plethodontidae
Plethodontidae are a family of salamanders found mostly in the
Western Hemisphere ; however, some species are found in
Southern Europe and
South Korea . They are the largest group of salamanders.
[127] Several species of salamanders are endemic to specific cave systems in Texas. Due to their small habitat and specified role, many are threatened or endangered.
[128]
[129] In 2019, researchers associated with the
University of Texas Austin and
Texas Parks and Wildlife announced the discovery of an additional three species of spring and cave dwelling salamanders in the
Eurycea genus that are
yet to be named .
[130]
[131]
Plethodontidae
Species
Common name
Distribution
Status
Image
Desmognathus auriculatus
Southern dusky salamander
As far east as the
Trinity River Basin
[132]
LC
[133]
Eurycea latitans
Cascade Caverns salamander
Endemic to the
Cascade Caverns of central Texas and other cave systems in close proximity
[134]
VU
[135] †
Eurycea nana
San Marcos salamander
Found only in the
San Marcos River in
Hays County
[136]
VU
[137] †
Eurycea naufragia
Georgetown salamander
Endemic to area northeast of the
Colorado River in the
Edwards Plateau region of central Texas
[138]
EN
[139] †
Eurycea neotenes
Texas salamander
Spring and cave systems in the
Edwards Plateau region of central Texas
[140]
VU
[141] †
Eurycea quadridigitata
Dwarf salamander
Found in eastern Texas
[142]
LC
[143]
Eurycea rathbuni
Texas blind salamander
Only lives in water-filled caves in the
Edwards Plateau in
Hays County
[10]
VU
[144] ‡
Eurycea robusta
Blanco blind salamander
Unknown, single specimen found in subterranean system under
Blanco River in
Hays County
[145]
DD
[146] †
Eurycea chisholmensis
Salado Springs salamander
Endemic to area northeast of the
Colorado River in the
Edwards Plateau region of central Texas
[147]
VU
[148]
Eurycea sosorum
Barton Springs salamander
Found only at outlets of
Barton Springs in
Zilker Park ,
Austin
[149]
VU
[150] ‡
Eurycea tonkawae
Jollyville Plateau salamander
Endemic to the
Buttercup Cave system near Austin
[151]
EN
[152] †
Eurycea tridentifera
Comal blind salamander
Endemic to Honey Creek Cave in
Comal County and other caves in Cibolo Sinkhole Plain
[153]
VU
[154] †
Eurycea troglodytes
Valdina Farms salamander
Endemic to springs and cave systems in the counties of
Bandera ,
Edwards , western
Kerr ,
Medina ,
Real , and
Uvalde
[155]
DD
[156]
Eurycea waterlooensis
Austin blind salamander
Known only from outflows of
Barton Springs in Austin
[157]
VU
[158] ‡
Eurycea pterophila
Fern bank salamander
This species inhabits springs within the watershed of the
Blanco River
[131]
DD
[159]
Plethodon albagula
Western slimy salamander
Disjunct, and genetically divergent, populations in central, southeastern, and northeastern Texas
[160]
[161]
LC
[162]
Plethodon serratus
Southern red-backed salamander
Although there are several populations throughout the southeast US, this species is only known in Texas from a single specimen collect in
Nacogdoches County in 1940
[163]
LC
[164]
Family Sirenidae
Sirenidae are a family of aquatic salamanders only found in northern
Mexico and the
Southeastern United States .
[165] Family members, called sirens, have very small forelimbs and lack hind limbs altogether.
[166] Sirens are generally regarded as the most primitive extant salamanders.
[167]
Family Proteidae
Proteidae are a family of aquatic salamanders only found in North America and Europe. Some members are called
mudpuppies, waterdogs , or olms. They are
paedomorphic and exhibit laterally compressed tail fins and the red, filamentous external gills.
[171] Only one species of Proteidae is found in Texas.
See also
Notes and references
Notes
^ a:
Conservation status at a world level of the species according to the
IUCN Red List :
Conservation status –
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species :
EX –
Extinct
EW –
Extinct in the wild
CR –
Critically endangered
EN –
Endangered
VU –
Vulnerable
NT –
Near threatened
LC –
Least concern
DD –
Data deficient
NE –
Not evaluated
^ b: Both are subspecies of
Siren intermedia , the lesser siren.
[174]
^ c: The status of Siren intermedia texana as a distinct subspecies is contested. Some researchers have claimed that it is indistinguishable from Siren intermedia nettingi .
[174]
References
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Archived from the original on March 9, 2020. Retrieved September 13, 2020 .
^
a
b
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Government of Texas .
Archived (PDF) from the original on September 27, 2020. Retrieved September 13, 2020 .
^
a
b
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^
a
b
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^
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^
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^
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^
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^
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b
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cite book }}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
link )
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ISBN
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cite book }}
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External links