Geological formation in the Colombian Andes
The Floresta Formation (
Spanish : Formación Floresta , Df) is a
geological formation of the
Altiplano Cundiboyacense in the
Eastern Ranges of the
Colombian
Andes . The sequence of
siltstones ,
shales ,
coquinas and
sandstone beds dates to the
Devonian period;
Late Emsian ,
Eifelian and
Early Givetian epochs, and has a maximum thickness of 600 metres (2,000 ft). The unit is highly
fossiliferous ;
brachiopods ,
bryozoans ,
gastropods ,
trilobites ,
corals and
bivalves have been found in the Floresta Formation. Some fragments of
Placoderm fish fossils were found in the Floresta Formation, while the overlying
Cuche Formation is much richer in fish biodiversity.
Etymology
The formation was first described as Floresta Series by Olsson and Carter in 1939. The current definition was given by Botero in 1950. The formation is named after
Floresta ,
Boyacá , where the formation
outcrops .
[1]
Description
Lithologies
The Floresta Formation is characterized by a lower sequence of
shales and ochre to beige
siltstones with alternating
coquinas , while the upper part consists of siltstones with
sandy beds.
[2]
Stratigraphy and depositional environment
The Floresta Formation overlies the
El Tíbet Formation and is overlain by the
Cuche Formation . The age has been estimated to be
Late Emsian to
Early Givetian .
[3] Stratigraphically, the formation is time equivalent with the
Portachuelo Formation around
Quetame .
[4] The
Onondaga Formation of New York is considered time equivalent too.
[5] The formation contains
concretions and a high diversity of
fossils . The formation was deposited in a transgressional and regressional epicontinental marine
environment at the edge of the
Paleo-Tethys Ocean .
[6] The uppermost part of the formation has been deposited in a deltaic setting,
[7] with the lower sequence formed in a coral reef environment.
[8]
Fossil content
Remains of
Barroisella sp. ,
[9]
?Tarutiglossa sp. ,
[10]
Dipleura cf. dekayi ,
Dechenella boteroi ,
[11]
Mannopyge sp. ,
Cordania gasepiou ,
Viaphacops cristata ,
[12]
Anchiopsis armata ,
[13]
Synphoria stemmata ,
Coronura cf. lessepsensis ,
[14]
Greenops cf. grabaui ,
[15]
Belenopyge contusa ,
Kettneraspis callicera ,
[16]
Placoderm fishes,
[17]
Platyceras nodosum ,
[18]
Acrospirifer olssoni ,
Anoplotheca cf. silvetii ,
Atrypa harrisi ,
Australospirifer cf. antarcticus ,
Aviculopecten wellsi ,
Brachyspirifer palmerae ,
Camarotoechia dotis ,
Chonetes cf. billingsi ,
C. comstockii ,
C. cf. stubeli ,
Chonostrophia knodi ,
Cyclotrypa boyaca ,
C. carribeana ,
C. dickeyi ,
C. reticulata ,
C. stellata ,
Cymostrophia dickeyi ,
C. schucherti ,
C. waringi ,
Cypricardinia cf. subindenta ,
Cyrtina hamiltonensis ,
Dalmanites cf. patacamayaensis ,
Dictyostrophia cooperi ,
Elytha colombiana ,
Eodevonaria imperialis ,
Favosites aff. hamiltonensis ,
Fenestrellina colombiana ,
F. olssoni ,
F. acuta ,
F. quadrata ,
F. harrisi ,
Fistulipora anomala ,
F. megalopora ,
Florestacanthus morenoi ,
Heliophyllum halli ,
[18]
Intrapora fragilis ,
I. megalopora ,
Leiorhynchus mysia ,
Leptaena boyaca ,
Meganteris australis ,
Megastrophia hopkinsi ,
M. pygmaea ,
Meristella wheeleri ,
Nucleospira concinna ,
Odontopleura callicera ,
Pentagonia gemmisulcata ,
Phacops cf. salteri ,
Pholidops florestae ,
Platyostoma lineata ,
Pleurodictyum americanum ,
Polypora elegantula ,
P. granulifera ,
Prismopora inornata ,
Schellwienella goldringae ,
Semicoscinium colombiensis ,
S. minutum ,
Spinocyrtia cf. valenteana ,
Spinulicosta spinulicosta ,
Spirifer kingi ,
Strophonella floweri ,
S. meridionalis ,
Sulcoretepora olssoni ,
S. subramosa ,
Taeniopora florestae ,
Tropidoleptus carinatus ,
Unitrypa casteri ,
Acanthograptus sp. ,
Actinopteria sp ,
Amphigenia sp. ,
Anthozoa sp. ,
Camarotoechia sp. ,
Cryptonella sp. ,
Cyphaspis sp. ,
Cryphaeus sp. ,
Dalmanites sp. ,
Derbyina sp. ,
Gastropoda sp. ,
Grammysia sp. ,
Homalonotus sp. ,
Leptostrophia sp. ,
Mediospirifer sp. ,
Orthoceras sp. ,
Ostracoda sp. ,
Orthis sp. ,
Paraspirifer sp. ,
Proetus sp. ,
Pterinea sp. ,
Strophodonta sp. ,
Thamnopora sp. , and
Vitulina sp. have been described from the Floresta Formation.
[19]
Colombianaspis carvalhoae gen. et sp. nov. ,
Schizobolus pilasiensis sp. nov. and
Tarijactinoides sp. nov. ,
[16] were newly described in 2015.
[3]
Outcrops
Type locality of the Floresta Formation in the north of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense
The Floresta Formation is found at the Floresta Massif around its
type locality in Floresta, Boyacá,
[20] stretching to the south until between
Busbanzá and
Nobsa and to the west close to
Belén ,
Cerinza and
Tutazá .
[21] The formation is also found in the upper course of the
Chicamocha River in the eponymous
canyon .
Many of the fossils are on display in the paleontological museum of Floresta.
Regional correlations
Stratigraphy of the
Llanos Basin and surrounding provinces
Ma
Age
Paleomap
Regional events
Catatumbo
Cordillera
proximal
Llanos
distal
Llanos
Putumayo
VSM
Environments
Maximum thickness
Petroleum geology
Notes
0.01
Holocene
Holocene volcanism
Seismic activity
alluvium
Overburden
1
Pleistocene
Pleistocene volcanism
Andean orogeny 3
Glaciations
Guayabo
Soatá
Sabana
Necesidad
Guayabo
Gigante
Alluvial to
fluvial (Guayabo)
550 m (1,800 ft) (Guayabo)
[22]
[23]
[24]
[25]
2.6
Pliocene
Pliocene volcanism
Andean orogeny 3
GABI
Subachoque
5.3
Messinian
Andean orogeny 3
Foreland
Marichuela
Caimán
Honda
[24]
[26]
13.5
Langhian
Regional flooding
León
hiatus
Caja
León
Lacustrine (León)
400 m (1,300 ft) (León)
Seal
[25]
[27]
16.2
Burdigalian
Miocene inundations
Andean orogeny 2
C1
Carbonera C1
Ospina
Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C1)
850 m (2,790 ft) (Carbonera)
Reservoir
[26]
[25]
17.3
C2
Carbonera C2
Distal lacustrine-deltaic (C2)
Seal
19
C3
Carbonera C3
Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C3)
Reservoir
21
Early Miocene
Pebas wetlands
C4
Carbonera C4
Barzalosa
Distal fluvio-deltaic (C4)
Seal
23
Late Oligocene
Andean orogeny 1
Foredeep
C5
Carbonera C5
Orito
Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C5)
Reservoir
[23]
[26]
25
C6
Carbonera C6
Distal fluvio-lacustrine (C6)
Seal
28
Early Oligocene
C7
C7
Pepino
Gualanday
Proximal deltaic-marine (C7)
Reservoir
[23]
[26]
[28]
32
Oligo-Eocene
C8
Usme
C8
onlap
Marine-deltaic (C8)
Seal
Source
[28]
35
Late Eocene
Mirador
Mirador
Coastal (Mirador)
240 m (790 ft) (Mirador)
Reservoir
[25]
[29]
40
Middle Eocene
Regadera
hiatus
45
50
Early Eocene
Socha
Los Cuervos
Deltaic (Los Cuervos)
260 m (850 ft) (Los Cuervos)
Seal
Source
[25]
[29]
55
Late Paleocene
PETM
2000 ppm CO2
Los Cuervos
Bogotá
Gualanday
60
Early Paleocene
SALMA
Barco
Guaduas
Barco
Rumiyaco
Fluvial (Barco)
225 m (738 ft) (Barco)
Reservoir
[22]
[23]
[26]
[25]
[30]
65
Maastrichtian
KT extinction
Catatumbo
Guadalupe
Monserrate
Deltaic-fluvial (Guadalupe)
750 m (2,460 ft) (Guadalupe)
Reservoir
[22]
[25]
72
Campanian
End of rifting
Colón-Mito Juan
[25]
[31]
83
Santonian
Villeta /
Güagüaquí
86
Coniacian
89
Turonian
Cenomanian-Turonian anoxic event
La Luna
Chipaque
Gachetá
hiatus
Restricted marine (all)
500 m (1,600 ft) (Gachetá)
Source
[22]
[25]
[32]
93
Cenomanian
Rift 2
100
Albian
Une
Une
Caballos
Deltaic (Une)
500 m (1,600 ft) (Une)
Reservoir
[26]
[32]
113
Aptian
Capacho
Fómeque
Motema
Yaví
Open marine (Fómeque)
800 m (2,600 ft) (Fómeque)
Source (Fóm)
[23]
[25]
[33]
125
Barremian
High biodiversity
Aguardiente
Paja
Shallow to open marine (Paja)
940 m (3,080 ft) (Paja)
Reservoir
[22]
129
Hauterivian
Rift 1
Tibú- Mercedes
Las Juntas
hiatus
Deltaic (Las Juntas)
910 m (2,990 ft) (Las Juntas)
Reservoir (LJun)
[22]
133
Valanginian
Río Negro
Cáqueza
Macanal
Rosablanca
Restricted marine (Macanal)
2,935 m (9,629 ft) (Macanal)
Source (Mac)
[23]
[34]
140
Berriasian
Girón
145
Tithonian
Break-up of Pangea
Jordán
Arcabuco
Buenavista
Saldaña
Alluvial ,
fluvial (Buenavista)
110 m (360 ft) (Buenavista)
"Jurassic"
[26]
[35]
150
Early-Mid Jurassic
Passive margin 2
La Quinta
Noreán
hiatus
Coastal
tuff (La Quinta)
100 m (330 ft) (La Quinta)
[36]
201
Late Triassic
Mucuchachi
Payandé
[26]
235
Early Triassic
Pangea
hiatus
"Paleozoic"
250
Permian
300
Late Carboniferous
Famatinian orogeny
Cerro Neiva ()
[37]
340
Early Carboniferous
Fossil fish
Romer's gap
Cuche (355-385)
Farallones ()
Deltaic ,
estuarine (Cuche)
900 m (3,000 ft) (Cuche)
360
Late Devonian
Passive margin 1
Río Cachirí (360-419)
Ambicá ()
Alluvial -
fluvial -
reef (Farallones)
2,400 m (7,900 ft) (Farallones)
[34]
[38]
[39]
[40]
[41]
390
Early Devonian
High biodiversity
Floresta (387-400)
Shallow marine (Floresta)
600 m (2,000 ft) (Floresta)
410
Late Silurian
Silurian mystery
425
Early Silurian
hiatus
440
Late Ordovician
Rich fauna in Bolivia
San Pedro (450-490)
Duda ()
470
Early Ordovician
First fossils
Busbanzá (>470±22 )
Guape ()
Río Nevado ()
[42]
[43]
[44]
488
Late Cambrian
Regional intrusions
Chicamocha (490-515)
Quetame ()
Ariarí ()
SJ del Guaviare (490-590)
San Isidro ()
[45]
[46]
515
Early Cambrian
Cambrian explosion
[44]
[47]
542
Ediacaran
Break-up of Rodinia
pre-Quetame
post-Parguaza
El Barro ()
Yellow: allochthonous basement (
Chibcha Terrane ) Green: autochthonous basement (
Río Negro-Juruena Province )
Basement
[48]
[49]
600
Neoproterozoic
Cariri Velhos orogeny
Bucaramanga (600-1400)
pre-Guaviare
[45]
800
Snowball Earth
[50]
1000
Mesoproterozoic
Sunsás orogeny
Ariarí (1000)
La Urraca (1030-1100)
[51]
[52]
[53]
[54]
1300
Rondônia-Juruá orogeny
pre-Ariarí
Parguaza (1300-1400)
Garzón (1180-1550)
[55]
1400
pre-Bucaramanga
[56]
1600
Paleoproterozoic
Maimachi (1500-1700)
pre-Garzón
[57]
1800
Tapajós orogeny
Mitú (1800)
[55]
[57]
1950
Transamazonic orogeny
pre-Mitú
[55]
2200
Columbia
2530
Archean
Carajas-Imataca orogeny
[55]
3100
Kenorland
Sources
Legend
group
important formation
fossiliferous formation
minor formation
(age in Ma)
proximal Llanos (Medina)
[note 1]
distal Llanos (Saltarin 1A well)
[note 2]
See also
Geology of the Eastern Hills
Geology of the Ocetá Páramo
Geology of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense
Notes
^ based on Duarte et al. (2019)
[58] , García González et al. (2009),
[59] and geological report of Villavicencio
[60]
^ based on Duarte et al. (2019)
[58] and the hydrocarbon potential evaluation performed by the
UIS and
ANH in 2009
[61]
References
^ Mojica & Villarroel, 1984, p.64
^ Morzadec et al., 2015, p.332
^
a
b Morzadec et al., 2015, p.355
^ Morzadec et al., 2015, p.331
^ Giroud López, 2014, p.168
^ Janvier & Villarroel, 1998, p.6
^ Giroud López, 2014, p.169
^ Giroud López, 2014, p.170
^ Morzadec et al., 2015, p.335
^ Morzadec et al., 2015, p.336
^ Morzadec et al., 2015, p.340
^ Morzadec et al., 2015, p.342
^ Morzadec et al., 2015, p.344
^ Morzadec et al., 2015, p.346
^ Morzadec et al., 2015, p.348
^
a
b Morzadec et al., 2015, p.352
^ Janvier & Villarroel, 1998, p.9
^
a
b Giroud López, 2014, p.39
^
Floresta
Archived 2022-08-16 at the
Wayback Machine at
Fossilworks .org
^ Mojica & Villarroel, 1984, p.70
^ Plancha 172, 1998
^
a
b
c
d
e
f García González et al., 2009, p.27
^
a
b
c
d
e
f García González et al., 2009, p.50
^
a
b García González et al., 2009, p.85
^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j Barrero et al., 2007, p.60
^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h Barrero et al., 2007, p.58
^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.29
^
a
b Plancha 177, 2015, p.39
^
a
b Plancha 111, 2001, p.26
^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.24
^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.23
^
a
b Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.32
^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.30
^
a
b Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.21-26
^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.28
^ Correa Martínez et al., 2019, p.49
^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.27
^ Terraza et al., 2008, p.22
^ Plancha 229, 2015, pp.46-55
^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.26
^ Moreno Sánchez et al., 2009, p.53
^ Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.43
^ Manosalva Sánchez et al., 2017, p.84
^
a
b Plancha 303, 2002, p.24
^
a
b Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.42
^ Arango Mejía et al., 2012, p.25
^ Plancha 350, 2011, p.49
^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.17-21
^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.13
^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.23
^ Plancha 348, 2015, p.38
^ Planchas 367-414, 2003, p.35
^ Toro Toro et al., 2014, p.22
^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.21
^
a
b
c
d Bonilla et al., 2016, p.19
^ Gómez Tapias et al., 2015, p.209
^
a
b Bonilla et al., 2016, p.22
^
a
b Duarte et al., 2019
^ García González et al., 2009
^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001
^ García González et al., 2009, p.60
Bibliography
Giroud López, Marie Joëlle. 2014.
El Mar en la Localidad Tipo del Devónico Medio, del Municipio de Floresta - Boyacá, Colombia , 1-174.
Universidad de La Habana . Accessed 2017-03-31.
Janvier , Philippe, and Carlos
Villarroel A . 1998.
Los Peces Devónicos del Macizo de Floresta (Boyacá, Colombia). Consideraciones taxonómicas, bioestratigráficas, biogeográficas y ambientales .
Geología Colombiana 23. 3-18. Accessed 2017-03-31.
Mojica , Jairo, and Carlos
Villarroel A . 1984.
Contribución al conocimiento de las unidades paleozoicas del área de Floresta (Cordillera Oriental Colombiana; Departamento de Boyacá) y en especial al de la Formación Cuche .
Geología Colombiana 13. 55-80. Accessed 2017-03-31.
Archived 2017-04-05 at the
Wayback Machine
Morzadec, Pierre; Michal Mergl; Carlos
Villarroel ; Philippe
Janvier , and Patrick R. Racheboeuf. 2015.
Trilobites and inarticulate brachiopods from the Devonian Floresta Formation of Colombia: a review .
Bulletin of Geosciences 90. 331-358. Accessed 2017-04-04.
Maps
Royero, José María; J. Zambrano; Rommel Daconte; H. Mendoza, and Rodrigo Vargas. 1999.
Plancha 111 - Toledo - 1:100,000 , 1.
INGEOMINAS . Accessed 2017-06-06.
Angarita, Leonidas; Víctor Carrillo; Alfonso Castro; Rommel Daconte; Mario Niño; Orlando G. Pulido; J. Antonio Rodríguez; José María Royero, and Rosalba Salinas, Carlos Ulloa and Rodrigo Vargas. 2009.
Plancha 135 - San Gil - 1:100,000 , 1.
INGEOMINAS . Accessed 2017-06-06.
Vargas, Rodrigo; Alfonso Arias; Luis Jaramillo, and Noel Tellez. 1984.
Plancha 136 - Málaga - 1:100,000 , 1.
INGEOMINAS . Accessed 2017-06-06.
Pulido González, Orlando. 2009.
Plancha 151 - Charalá - 1:100,000 , 1.
INGEOMINAS . Accessed 2017-06-06.
Ulloa, Carlos E.; Álvaro Guerra, and Ricardo Escovar. 1998.
Plancha 172 - Paz de Río - 1:100,000 , 1.
INGEOMINAS . Accessed 2017-06-06.
External links