Geological formation in Bogotá, Colombia
The Bogotá Formation (
Spanish : Formación Bogotá , E1-2 b, Tpb, Pgb) is a
geological formation of the
Eastern Hills and
Bogotá savanna on the
Altiplano Cundiboyacense ,
Eastern Ranges of the
Colombian
Andes . The predominantly
shale and
siltstone formation, with
sandstone beds intercalated, dates to the
Paleogene period;
Upper Paleocene to
Lower Eocene epochs, with an age range of 61.66 to 52.5 Ma, spanning the
Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum . The thickness of the Bogotá Formation ranges from 169 metres (554 ft) near
Tunja to 1,415 metres (4,642 ft) near Bogotá. Fossils of the
ungulate
Etayoa bacatensis have been found in the Bogotá Formation, as well as numerous reptiles, unnamed as of 2017.
Etymology
The formation was first described by
Hettner in 1892,
[1] then by
Hubach in 1931, 1945 and 1957, and named in 1963 by
Julivert after the Colombian capital
Bogotá and
its savanna .
[2]
Description
The Bogotá Formation was deposited during the
Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum , here indicated as LPTM
Lithologies
The Bogotá Formation consists mainly of grayish-red, locally purplish, commonly greenish-gray, generally poorly stratified
mudstone and silty
claystone .
Lithic arenite sandstone lenses, ranging from fine- to medium-grained, generally
friable and variegated, are local constituents.
Carbonaceous material is present as thin beds of low-grade argillaceous
coal , north of Bogotá.
[3]
[4] Fossil remains of
Etaoya bacatensis , named after Colombian geologist
Fernando Etayo and the
indigenous name for the Bogotá savanna,
Bacatá ,
[5] have been found in
Ciudad Bolívar , close to the type locality of the Bogotá Formation.
[6] Additionally, macroflora of
Palaeophytocrene hammenii , named after Dutch botanist
Thomas van der Hammen ,
[7] and
pollen of
Foveotriletes margaritae ,
Proxapertites operculatus and
Foveotricolpites perforatus have been found, used for dating the formation.
[1] Other pollen and flora, as
Ulmoideipites krempii ,
Carpolithus ,
Anemocardium margaritae , and
Hickeycarpum peltatum have been found in the Bogotá Formation.
[8] The abundant
paleosols of the Bogotá Formation show an increase in chemical weathering across the Paleocene-Eocene (P-E) transition; the
Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum .
[9]
Later analysis has found several other species, such as pleurodire turtles, found at the Doña Juana dump,
[10] dyrosaurid mesoeucrocodylians, boid snakes, dipnoan fishes, frogs, lizards, sebecid crocodyliforms and 11 fossils of mammals.
[11] The find of a derived snake in the Lower Eocene section of the formation represents the oldest New World record.
[12] The finds of iguanians, including the fossil record of hoplocercines, and boine, caenophidian, and ungaliophiine snakes, indicate a tropical forest environment, present just before the
Early Eocene Climatic Optimum (EECO).
[13] The faunal distribution has been correlated to the
Carodnia -,
Amphidolops -, and
Wainka -bearing
Peñas Coloradas Formation of the
Golfo San Jorge Basin in
Patagonia ,
Argentina .
[14]
Stratigraphy and depositional environment
The Bogotá Formation, with a thickness of 169 metres (554 ft) close to
Tunja to 1,415 metres (4,642 ft) near Bogotá,
[15]
[16] overlies the
Cacho Formation and is overlain by the
Regadera Formation . The age has been estimated to be
Late Paleocene to
Early Eocene .
[17] The middle part of the succession has been dated using detrital
zircons at 56.2 ± 1.6 Ma.
[3]
[18] The spread of ages based on zircons has been reported from 60.96 ± 0.7 to 53.6 ± 1.1 Ma.
[19] The Bogotá Formation is laterally equivalent with the
shales of the Socha Formation , the
San Fernando Formation , the
El Limbo Formation ,
[17]
Los Cuervos Formation ,
[20] and the fossil-rich
Cerrejón Formation of
La Guajira .
[11]
Outcrops
Type locality of the Bogotá Formation in the south of the Bogotá savanna
The Bogotá Formation is apart from its
type locality , found in the synclinals of the
Río Frío ,
Checua -
Lenguazaque ,
Sesquilé ,
Sisga ,
Subachoque ,
[21] around
Lake Suesca , in the
Tenza Valley , and in the synclinals of
Teusacá and
Usme .
[2]
[22]
[23] In the Usme Synclinal, the formation has a thickness of 436.5 metres (1,432 ft).
[24] The campus of the
Universidad La Javeriana has the Bogotá Formation as solid basement rock.
[25]
The Bogotá Formation forms the
footwall of the eastward compressional Chicamocha Fault,
[21] and the footwall of the westward
thrusting
Bogotá Fault .
[22]
Regional correlations
Stratigraphy of the
Llanos Basin and surrounding provinces
Ma
Age
Paleomap
Regional events
Catatumbo
Cordillera
proximal
Llanos
distal
Llanos
Putumayo
VSM
Environments
Maximum thickness
Petroleum geology
Notes
0.01
Holocene
Holocene volcanism
Seismic activity
alluvium
Overburden
1
Pleistocene
Pleistocene volcanism
Andean orogeny 3
Glaciations
Guayabo
Soatá
Sabana
Necesidad
Guayabo
Gigante
Alluvial to
fluvial (Guayabo)
550 m (1,800 ft) (Guayabo)
[26]
[27]
[28]
[29]
2.6
Pliocene
Pliocene volcanism
Andean orogeny 3
GABI
Subachoque
5.3
Messinian
Andean orogeny 3
Foreland
Marichuela
Caimán
Honda
[28]
[30]
13.5
Langhian
Regional flooding
León
hiatus
Caja
León
Lacustrine (León)
400 m (1,300 ft) (León)
Seal
[29]
[31]
16.2
Burdigalian
Miocene inundations
Andean orogeny 2
C1
Carbonera C1
Ospina
Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C1)
850 m (2,790 ft) (Carbonera)
Reservoir
[30]
[29]
17.3
C2
Carbonera C2
Distal lacustrine-deltaic (C2)
Seal
19
C3
Carbonera C3
Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C3)
Reservoir
21
Early Miocene
Pebas wetlands
C4
Carbonera C4
Barzalosa
Distal fluvio-deltaic (C4)
Seal
23
Late Oligocene
Andean orogeny 1
Foredeep
C5
Carbonera C5
Orito
Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C5)
Reservoir
[27]
[30]
25
C6
Carbonera C6
Distal fluvio-lacustrine (C6)
Seal
28
Early Oligocene
C7
C7
Pepino
Gualanday
Proximal deltaic-marine (C7)
Reservoir
[27]
[30]
[32]
32
Oligo-Eocene
C8
Usme
C8
onlap
Marine-deltaic (C8)
Seal
Source
[32]
35
Late Eocene
Mirador
Mirador
Coastal (Mirador)
240 m (790 ft) (Mirador)
Reservoir
[29]
[33]
40
Middle Eocene
Regadera
hiatus
45
50
Early Eocene
Socha
Los Cuervos
Deltaic (Los Cuervos)
260 m (850 ft) (Los Cuervos)
Seal
Source
[29]
[33]
55
Late Paleocene
PETM
2000 ppm CO2
Los Cuervos
Bogotá
Gualanday
60
Early Paleocene
SALMA
Barco
Guaduas
Barco
Rumiyaco
Fluvial (Barco)
225 m (738 ft) (Barco)
Reservoir
[26]
[27]
[30]
[29]
[34]
65
Maastrichtian
KT extinction
Catatumbo
Guadalupe
Monserrate
Deltaic-fluvial (Guadalupe)
750 m (2,460 ft) (Guadalupe)
Reservoir
[26]
[29]
72
Campanian
End of rifting
Colón-Mito Juan
[29]
[35]
83
Santonian
Villeta /
Güagüaquí
86
Coniacian
89
Turonian
Cenomanian-Turonian anoxic event
La Luna
Chipaque
Gachetá
hiatus
Restricted marine (all)
500 m (1,600 ft) (Gachetá)
Source
[26]
[29]
[36]
93
Cenomanian
Rift 2
100
Albian
Une
Une
Caballos
Deltaic (Une)
500 m (1,600 ft) (Une)
Reservoir
[30]
[36]
113
Aptian
Capacho
Fómeque
Motema
Yaví
Open marine (Fómeque)
800 m (2,600 ft) (Fómeque)
Source (Fóm)
[27]
[29]
[37]
125
Barremian
High biodiversity
Aguardiente
Paja
Shallow to open marine (Paja)
940 m (3,080 ft) (Paja)
Reservoir
[26]
129
Hauterivian
Rift 1
Tibú- Mercedes
Las Juntas
hiatus
Deltaic (Las Juntas)
910 m (2,990 ft) (Las Juntas)
Reservoir (LJun)
[26]
133
Valanginian
Río Negro
Cáqueza
Macanal
Rosablanca
Restricted marine (Macanal)
2,935 m (9,629 ft) (Macanal)
Source (Mac)
[27]
[38]
140
Berriasian
Girón
145
Tithonian
Break-up of Pangea
Jordán
Arcabuco
Buenavista
Saldaña
Alluvial ,
fluvial (Buenavista)
110 m (360 ft) (Buenavista)
"Jurassic"
[30]
[39]
150
Early-Mid Jurassic
Passive margin 2
La Quinta
Noreán
hiatus
Coastal
tuff (La Quinta)
100 m (330 ft) (La Quinta)
[40]
201
Late Triassic
Mucuchachi
Payandé
[30]
235
Early Triassic
Pangea
hiatus
"Paleozoic"
250
Permian
300
Late Carboniferous
Famatinian orogeny
Cerro Neiva ()
[41]
340
Early Carboniferous
Fossil fish
Romer's gap
Cuche (355-385)
Farallones ()
Deltaic ,
estuarine (Cuche)
900 m (3,000 ft) (Cuche)
360
Late Devonian
Passive margin 1
Río Cachirí (360-419)
Ambicá ()
Alluvial -
fluvial -
reef (Farallones)
2,400 m (7,900 ft) (Farallones)
[38]
[42]
[43]
[44]
[45]
390
Early Devonian
High biodiversity
Floresta (387-400)
Shallow marine (Floresta)
600 m (2,000 ft) (Floresta)
410
Late Silurian
Silurian mystery
425
Early Silurian
hiatus
440
Late Ordovician
Rich fauna in Bolivia
San Pedro (450-490)
Duda ()
470
Early Ordovician
First fossils
Busbanzá (>470±22 )
Guape ()
Río Nevado ()
[46]
[47]
[48]
488
Late Cambrian
Regional intrusions
Chicamocha (490-515)
Quetame ()
Ariarí ()
SJ del Guaviare (490-590)
San Isidro ()
[49]
[50]
515
Early Cambrian
Cambrian explosion
[48]
[51]
542
Ediacaran
Break-up of Rodinia
pre-Quetame
post-Parguaza
El Barro ()
Yellow: allochthonous basement (
Chibcha Terrane ) Green: autochthonous basement (
Río Negro-Juruena Province )
Basement
[52]
[53]
600
Neoproterozoic
Cariri Velhos orogeny
Bucaramanga (600-1400)
pre-Guaviare
[49]
800
Snowball Earth
[54]
1000
Mesoproterozoic
Sunsás orogeny
Ariarí (1000)
La Urraca (1030-1100)
[55]
[56]
[57]
[58]
1300
Rondônia-Juruá orogeny
pre-Ariarí
Parguaza (1300-1400)
Garzón (1180-1550)
[59]
1400
pre-Bucaramanga
[60]
1600
Paleoproterozoic
Maimachi (1500-1700)
pre-Garzón
[61]
1800
Tapajós orogeny
Mitú (1800)
[59]
[61]
1950
Transamazonic orogeny
pre-Mitú
[59]
2200
Columbia
2530
Archean
Carajas-Imataca orogeny
[59]
3100
Kenorland
Sources
Legend
group
important formation
fossiliferous formation
minor formation
(age in Ma)
proximal Llanos (Medina)
[note 1]
distal Llanos (Saltarin 1A well)
[note 2]
Itaboraian correlations
See also
Notes and references
Notes
^ based on Duarte et al. (2019)
[62] , García González et al. (2009),
[63] and geological report of Villavicencio
[64]
^ based on Duarte et al. (2019)
[62] and the hydrocarbon potential evaluation performed by the
UIS and
ANH in 2009
[65]
References
^
a
b Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.59
^
a
b Montoya & Reyes, 2005, p.57
^
a
b Bayona et al., 2010, p.5
^ McLaughlin, 1970, p.15
^ Villarroel, 1987, p.242
^
Etayoa bacatensis at
Fossilworks .org
^ Stull et al., 2012
^ Herrera et al., 2014, pp.204-209
^ Morón et al., 2013
^ Cadena, 2014, p.334
^
a
b Bloch et al., 2008
^ Head et al., 2011
^ Head et al., 2012
^ Woodburne et al., 2014, p.60
^ Bayona et al., 2013, p.8
^ Guerrero Uscátegui, 1992, p.5
^
a
b Montoya & Reyes, 2005, p.60
^ Bayona et al., 2012, p.104
^ Bayona et al., 2012, p.103
^
Figures Bayona et al.
^
a
b Plancha 227, 1998
^
a
b Plancha 246, 1998
^ Geological Map Bogotá, 1997
^ Bayona et al., 2010, p.10
^ García & Alfaro, 2001, p.5
^
a
b
c
d
e
f García González et al., 2009, p.27
^
a
b
c
d
e
f García González et al., 2009, p.50
^
a
b García González et al., 2009, p.85
^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j Barrero et al., 2007, p.60
^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h Barrero et al., 2007, p.58
^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.29
^
a
b Plancha 177, 2015, p.39
^
a
b Plancha 111, 2001, p.26
^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.24
^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.23
^
a
b Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.32
^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.30
^
a
b Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.21-26
^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.28
^ Correa Martínez et al., 2019, p.49
^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.27
^ Terraza et al., 2008, p.22
^ Plancha 229, 2015, pp.46-55
^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.26
^ Moreno Sánchez et al., 2009, p.53
^ Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.43
^ Manosalva Sánchez et al., 2017, p.84
^
a
b Plancha 303, 2002, p.24
^
a
b Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.42
^ Arango Mejía et al., 2012, p.25
^ Plancha 350, 2011, p.49
^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.17-21
^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.13
^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.23
^ Plancha 348, 2015, p.38
^ Planchas 367-414, 2003, p.35
^ Toro Toro et al., 2014, p.22
^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.21
^
a
b
c
d Bonilla et al., 2016, p.19
^ Gómez Tapias et al., 2015, p.209
^
a
b Bonilla et al., 2016, p.22
^
a
b Duarte et al., 2019
^ García González et al., 2009
^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001
^ García González et al., 2009, p.60
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Plancha 171 - Duitama - 1:100,000 , 1.
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Fuquen M., Jaime A, and José F. Osorno M. 2009.
Plancha 190 - Chiquinquirá - 1:100,000 , 1.
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Renzoni, Giancarlo; Humberto Rosas, and Fernando
Etayo Serna . 1998.
Plancha 191 - Tunja - 1:100,000 , 1.
INGEOMINAS . Accessed 2017-06-06.
Ulloa, Carlos, and Jorge Acosta. 1998.
Plancha 208 - Villeta - 1:100,000 , 1.
INGEOMINAS . Accessed 2017-06-06.
Montoya, Diana María, and Germán Reyes. 2009.
Plancha 209 - Zipaquirá - 1:100,000 , 1.
INGEOMINAS . Accessed 2017-06-06.
Terraza, Roberto; Giovanni Moreno; José A. Buitrago; Adrián Pérez, and Diana María Montoya. 2010.
Plancha 210 - Guateque - 1:100,000 , 1.
INGEOMINAS . Accessed 2017-06-06.
Ulloa, Carlos E; Erasmo Rodríguez, and Jorge E. Acosta. 1998.
Plancha 227 - La Mesa - 1:100,000 , 1.
INGEOMINAS . Accessed 2017-06-06.
Buitrago, José Alberto; Roberto Terraza M., and Fernando
Etayo . 1998.
Plancha 228 - Santafé de Bogotá Noreste - 1:100,000 , 1.
INGEOMINAS . Accessed 2017-06-06.
Acosta, Jorge E., and Carlos E. Ulloa. 1998.
Plancha 246 - Fusagasugá - 1:100,000 , 1.
INGEOMINAS . Accessed 2017-06-06.
Acosta, Jorge; Juan Carlos Calcedo, and Carlos Ulloa. 1999.
Plancha 265 - Icononzo - 1:100,000 , 1.
INGEOMINAS . Accessed 2017-06-06.
Various, Authors. 1997.
Mapa geológico de Santa Fe de Bogotá – Geological Map Bogotá – 1:50,000 , 1.
INGEOMINAS . Accessed 2017-03-16.
External links