English businessman
John Frederick William Birney (known as Ewan Birney)
CBE
FRS
FMedSci
[19]
[20] (born 6 December 1972)
[21]
[11]
[13]
[14] is joint director of EMBL's
European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI),
[22]
[23]
[24] in
Hinxton ,
Cambridgeshire and deputy director general of the
European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL).
[25] He also serves as
non-executive director of
Genomics England ,
[26] chair of the
Global Alliance for Genomics and Health (GA4GH)
[28] and
honorary professor of
bioinformatics at the
University of Cambridge .
[29] Birney has made significant contributions to
genomics , through his development of innovative
bioinformatics and
computational biology tools.
[1] He previously served as an
associate faculty member at the
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute .
[30]
Education
Birney was educated at
Eton College as an
Oppidan Scholar .
[13]
[31] Before going to university, Birney completed a
gap year internship at
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory supervised by
James Watson
[14]
[32] and
Adrian Krainer .
[32]
[33]
[34]
Birney completed his
Bachelor of Arts degree in
Biochemistry at the
University of Oxford in 1996, where he was an undergraduate student at
Balliol College, Oxford .
[13]
[14]
[35] He completed his
PhD at the
Sanger Institute , supervised by
Richard Durbin
[6] while he was a postgraduate student at
St John's College, Cambridge .
[36] His doctoral research used
dynamic programming ,
[37]
finite-state machines and
probabilistic automatons for
sequence alignment .
[6]
While he was a student he completed
internships in the office of the
Mayor of Baltimore and also in
financial services on
valuation of options for the
Swiss Bank Corporation .
[31]
[32] [
when? ]
Research and career
From 2000 to 2003, Birney organised a
scientific wager and
sweepstake known as
GeneSweep ,
[38]
[15] for the genomics community, taking bets on estimates of the total number of genes (and
noncoding DNA
[39] ) in the human genome.
[32]
[40]
[41]
Birney is one of the founders of the
Ensembl genome browser and other databases, and has played a role in the sequencing of the
Human Genome in 2000 and the analysis of genome function in the
ENCODE project.
[41]
[42] He has played a role in annotating the genome sequences of the human,
[43] mouse,
[44] chicken
[45] and several other organisms. His research group focuses on
computational genomics and inter-individual differences in human and other
animals .
[18]
[22]
[24]
[39]
[46]
[47]
[48]
[49]
[50]
[51]
Birney is known for his role in the
ENCODE consortium.
[5]
[41]
[52]
[53]
[54]
[55]
[56] Prior to the ENCODE project, Birney has been involved in creation of a number of widely used
bioinformatics and
computational biology tools, either directly (PairWise,
[57] GeneWise,
[58] GenomeWise,
[59] ), or in collaboration with students and
postdocs , e.g. Exonerate
[60] (with Guy Slater), Enredo (Javier Herrero
[61] ), Pecan (Benedict Paten
[62] ), the
Velvet assembler (Daniel Zerbino
[63]
) and CRAM (Markus Hsi-Yang Fritz,
[64] Rasko Leinonen
[65] and Vadim Zalunin). Birney has also contributed to several other projects including the
Pfam
[66] database,
InterPro ,
[67]
BioPerl ,
[68]
[69] and
HMMER
[70] and
Ensembl genome database project .
[71]
As of 2015
[update] , Birney's research group focuses on
genomic algorithms and studying inter individual differences, in both human and other species. He has supervised several PhD students
[72] and
postdoctoral researchers that have worked in his laboratory.
[73]
[74]
[75]
[76]
[64]
[77]
[78]
[62]
[79]
[80]
[81]
[82]
[83] His research has been funded by the
Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC),
Medical Research Council (MRC)
[84] the
National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI),
[10] the
Wellcome Trust and the
European Union .
[85]
Birney serves as a consultant to
Oxford Nanopore Technologies
[86] and on the scientific advisory board of the
Earlham Institute (formerly TGAC) in Norwich.
[87]
[88] Since 2022, he has served on the
governing board at
Eton College .
[89]
Awards and honours
In 2002, Birney was named as one of the
MIT Technology Review
TR100 top 100 innovators in the world under the age of 35.
[90] In 2003, he gave the inaugural
Francis Crick Lecture at the
Royal Society :
[1] In 2005, he was awarded the
Overton Prize by the
International Society for Computational Biology (ISCB) for his advocacy of
open source bioinformatics, contributions to the BioPerl community and leadership of the Ensembl genome annotation project.
[2] In 2005 Birney was awarded the
Benjamin Franklin Award in Bioinformatics :
[91]
As expressed by his nominators, Birney has been a significant force in Open Source in Bioinformatics and science. He has been a strong advocate for making genome information freely available to all. His work co-leading the Ensembl project has made high-quality genome annotation available freely over the web, preventing a class system of labs which can and cannot afford to pay subscription fees to proprietary data. The project has worked hard to make the data available in a variety of ways to make the data accessible and easily available for mining. The Ensembl project has been open-source from the outset, enabling researchers and corporations alike to reuse and extend the software system. Birney has been an advocate of
open science as well. Along with
Sean Eddy , he criticised journal decisions to allow papers to be published without releasing the genome sequence data at the same time. He is also the author of the freely available Wise package of tools, which are important parts of genome annotation pipelines. He serves as a co-leader of the open-source bioinformatics toolkit Bioperl and also co-founded and currently serves as president of the
Open Bioinformatics foundation , an organisation that support the development of several bioinformatics toolkits.
Birney was awarded membership of the
European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO)
[3] in 2012
[4] and elected a
Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2014 .
[9]
[1] His certificate of election and candidature reads:
[19]
Ewan has grown to be a force in genomics due to his innovation in genome analysis, both
algorithmic and integrative analyses. He wrote the first error tolerant,
splice aware
protein alignment program, used in the human and subsequent genome analysis; he co-authored one of the first and most widely used
short read assemblers . In terms of
data integration , Ewan has led the analysis in many genomic consortia, in particular
ENCODE , leading the integration of many genomic assays; for example making
robust predictions of
enhancers ,
promoters , and their integration with disease associated regions. He also co-developed many widely used bioinformatics resources.
Birney has been awarded an
Honorary Doctor of Science (DSc) degrees: in 2014 from
Brunel University London
[92] and in 2021 from
University of Tartu ,
[93]
Estonia . In 2015, Birney was elected a
Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences (FMedSci).
[20] Birney was appointed
Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the
2019 New Year Honours .
[94]
[7]
Personal life
Birney married in 2003
[18] and has two children.
[13]
References
^
a
b
c
d Anon (2014).
"Dr Ewan Birney FMedSci FRS" . London:
Royal Society . Archived from
the original on 17 November 2015. One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from the royalsociety.org website where: All text published under the heading 'Biography' on Fellow profile pages is available under
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License . --
"Royal Society Terms, conditions and policies" . Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2016 . {{
cite web }}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
link )
^
a
b
"ISCB Newsletter 8-2 Dr. Ewan Birney Named as the 2005 Overton Prize Winner!" . Archived from
the original on 22 October 2015.
^
a
b
"The EMBO Pocket Directory" (PDF) . European Molecular Biology Organization. Archived from
the original on 16 March 2015.
^
a
b Anon (2012).
"EMBO MEMBER: Ewan Birney" . people.embo.org . Heidelberg: European Molecular Biology Organization.
^
a
b
c
d
Ewan Birney publications indexed by
Google Scholar
^
a
b
c
Birney, Ewan (2000).
Sequence alignment in bioinformatics (PDF) (PhD thesis). University of Cambridge.
OCLC
894597337 .
EThOS
uk.bl.ethos.621653 .
Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 July 2019. Retrieved 19 November 2017 .
^
a
b Anon (2018).
"John BIRNEY: Professor John Frederick William BIRNEY F.R.S."
The London Gazette . London. Archived from
the original on 28 December 2019.
^ Anon (4 November 1993).
"John Frederick William Birney" .
Oxford University Gazette . 124 (4305).
Oxford University Press . Archived from
the original on 16 June 2015.
^
a
b Anon (2015).
"Fellowship of the Royal Society 1660-2015" . London:
Royal Society . Archived from
the original on 15 October 2015.
^
a
b Ewan Birney's
ORCID
0000-0001-8314-8497
^
a
b Anon (2017).
"So, I am Ewan Birney" (PDF) . genome.gov .
National Human Genome Research Institute . Archived from
the original (PDF) on 4 July 2017.
^ Anon (2016).
"John Frederick William BIRNEY, Eagle Genomics Limited" . London:
Companies House . Archived from
the original on 25 April 2016.
^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h Anon (2015).
"Birney, Dr John Frederick William, (Ewan)" .
Who's Who (online
Oxford University Press ed.). A & C Black.
doi :
10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U281970 . (Subscription or
UK public library membership required.)
^
a
b
c
d Hopkin, Karen (June 2005).
"Bring Me Your Genomes: The Ewan Birney Story" .
The Scientist . 19 (11): 60. Archived from
the original on 31 March 2012. Retrieved 10 June 2011 .
^
a
b
Pennisi, E. (2003). "Human Genome: A Low Number Wins the GeneSweep Pool". Science . 300 (5625): 1484b–1484.
doi :
10.1126/science.300.5625.1484b .
ISSN
0036-8075 .
PMID
12791949 .
S2CID
82493401 .
^ ENCODE Project Consortium; Birney E;
Stamatoyannopoulos JA ; Dutta A; Guigó R; Gingeras TR; Margulies EH; Weng Z; Snyder M; Dermitzakis ET; et al. (2007).
"Identification and analysis of functional elements in 1% of the human genome by the ENCODE pilot project" . Nature . 447 (7146): 799–816.
Bibcode :
2007Natur.447..799B .
doi :
10.1038/nature05874 .
PMC
2212820 .
PMID
17571346 .
^
Hubbard, T. ; Barker, D.;
Birney, E. ; Cameron, G.; Chen, Y.; Clark, L.; Cox, T.; Cuff, J.; Curwen, V.; Down, T.; Durbin, R.; Eyras, E.; Gilbert, J.; Hammond, M.; Huminiecki, L.; Kasprzyk, A.; Lehvaslaiho, H.; Lijnzaad, P.; Melsopp, C.; Mongin, E.; Pettett, R.; Pocock, M.; Potter, S.; Rust, A.; Schmidt, E.; Searle, S.; Slater, G.; Smith, J.; Spooner, W.; Stabenau, A. (2002).
"The Ensembl genome database project" . Nucleic Acids Research . 30 (1): 38–41.
doi :
10.1093/nar/30.1.38 .
PMC
99161 .
PMID
11752248 .
^
a
b
c Pennisi, Elizabeth (2012). "Profile of Ewan Birney: Genomics' Big Talker".
Science . 337 (6099): 1167–1169.
doi :
10.1126/science.337.6099.1167 .
PMID
22955814 .
^
a
b
"Certificate of election EC/2014/06: Ewan Birney FRS" . London:
Royal Society . Archived from
the original on 9 July 2019.
^
a
b Anon (2015).
"Dr Ewan Birney FRS FMedSci" . acmedsci.ac.uk . London: Academy of Medical Sciences. Archived from
the original on 6 July 2015.
^
NHGRI's Oral History Collection: Interview with Ewan Birney on
YouTube
^
a
b
Ewan Birney publications from
Europe PubMed Central
^
Parkhill, J ;
Birney, E ; Kersey, P (2010).
"Genomic information infrastructure after the deluge" . Genome Biology . 11 (7): 402.
doi :
10.1186/gb-2010-11-7-402 .
PMC
2926780 .
PMID
20670392 .
^
a
b
Kellis, M ; Wold, B; Snyder, M. P.; Bernstein, B. E.; Kundaje, A; Marinov, G. K.; Ward, L. D.; Birney, E; Crawford, G. E.; Dekker, J; Dunham, I; Elnitski, L. L.; Farnham, P. J.; Feingold, E. A.; Gerstein, M; Giddings, M. C.; Gilbert, D. M.; Gingeras, T. R.; Green, E. D.; Guigo, R; Hubbard, T; Kent, J; Lieb, J. D.; Myers, R. M.; Pazin, M. J.; Ren, B; Stamatoyannopoulos, J. A.; Weng, Z; White, K. P.; Hardison, R. C. (2014).
"Defining functional DNA elements in the human genome" . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 111 (17): 6131–6138.
Bibcode :
2014PNAS..111.6131K .
doi :
10.1073/pnas.1318948111 .
PMC
4035993 .
PMID
24753594 .
^
Heard, Edith (2020).
"Restructure of senior management" . embl.org . Heidelberg: European Molecular Biology Laboratory.
^ Anon (2016).
"Professor Ewan Birney appointed to the Genomics England Board" . genomicsengland.co.uk . Genomics England. Archived from
the original on 11 July 2017.
^ Birney, Ewan (2017).
"About Ewan Birney" . ewanbirney.com . Archived from
the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 19 November 2017 .
^ Anon (12 December 2014).
"Honorary Professors" .
Cambridge University Reporter . CXLV (5). University of Cambridge. Archived from
the original on 15 March 2015.
^ Anon (2015).
"Sanger Faculty" . Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. Archived from
the original on 16 March 2015.
^
a
b Anon (2015).
"Dr Ewan Birney FRS" . thescientific23.com . Archived from
the original on 6 July 2015.
^
a
b
c
d
Al-Khalili, Jim (2013).
"The Life Scientific, Ewan Birney" . bbc.co.uk .
BBC .
^
Birney, E. ; Kumar, S.; Krainer, A. (1992).
"A putative homolog of U2AF65 in S. Cerevisiae" . Nucleic Acids Research . 20 (17): 4663.
doi :
10.1093/nar/20.17.4663 .
PMC
334203 .
PMID
1408772 .
^ Birney, Ewan (10 February 2013).
"Scientists and their emotions: the highs ... and the lows: A computational biologist describes the elation of making a breakthrough – and the misery of not doing so – while three other scientists tell us how their work plays on their emotions" . theguardian.com . London: The Observer.
^ Anon (2012).
"The age of the genome, Ewan Birney in Floreat Domus" . balliol.ox.ac.uk . Balliol College newspaper. Archived from
the original on 24 February 2012.
^ Smaglik, Paul (2012).
"Turning point: Ewan Birney" .
Nature . 482 (7383): 123–728.
doi :
10.1038/nj7383-123a .
S2CID
144288448 .
^ Birney, Ewan; Durbin, Richard (1997). "Dynamite: A flexible code generating language for dynamic programming methods used in sequence comparison". Proceedings. International Conference on Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology . 5 : 56–64.
PMID
9322016 .
^
Pearson, Helen (2003).
"Geneticists play the numbers game in vain" . Nature . 423 (6940): 576.
Bibcode :
2003Natur.423..576P .
doi :
10.1038/423576a .
ISSN
0028-0836 .
PMID
12789304 .
S2CID
54588944 .
^
a
b Hall, Stephen S. (2012). "Journey to the genetic interior. What was once known as junk DNA turns out to hold hidden treasures, says computational biologist Ewan Birney".
Scientific American . 307 (4): 80–82, 84.
doi :
10.1038/scientificamerican1012-80 .
PMID
23029896 .
^ Pertea, M.;
Salzberg, S. L. (2010).
"Between a chicken and a grape: Estimating the number of human genes" .
Genome Biology . 11 (5): 206.
doi :
10.1186/gb-2010-11-5-206 .
PMC
2898077 .
PMID
20441615 .
^
a
b
c
Graur, D. ; Zheng, Y.; Price, N.; Azevedo, R. B. R.; Zufall, R. A.; Elhaik, E. (2013).
"On the Immortality of Television Sets: "Function" in the Human Genome According to the Evolution-Free Gospel of ENCODE" . Genome Biology and Evolution . 5 (3): 578–590.
doi :
10.1093/gbe/evt028 .
PMC
3622293 .
PMID
23431001 .
^
"ENCODE: Encyclopedia of DNA Elements" on
YouTube
^
Lander, E. S. ; Linton, M.; Birren, B.; Nusbaum, C.; Zody, C.; Baldwin, J.; Devon, K.; Dewar, K.; Doyle, M.; Fitzhugh, W.; Funke, R.; Gage, D.; Harris, K.; Heaford, A.; Howland, J.; Kann, L.; Lehoczky, J.; Levine, R.; McEwan, P.; McKernan, K.; Meldrim, J.; Mesirov, J. P.; Miranda, C.; Morris, W.; Naylor, J.; Raymond, C.; Rosetti, M.; Santos, R.; Sheridan, A.; et al. (February 2001).
"Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome" (PDF) . Nature . 409 (6822): 860–921.
Bibcode :
2001Natur.409..860L .
doi :
10.1038/35057062 .
ISSN
0028-0836 .
PMID
11237011 .
^ Chinwalla, A. T.; Waterston, L. L.; Lindblad-Toh, K. D.; Birney, G. A.; Rogers, L. A.; Abril, R. S.; Agarwal, T. A.; Agarwala, L. W.; Ainscough, E. R.; Alexandersson, J. D.; An, T. L.; Antonarakis, W. E.; Attwood, J. O.; Baertsch, M. N.; Bailey, K. H.; Barlow, C. S.; Beck, T. C.; Berry, B.; Birren, J.; Bloom, E.; Bork, R. H.; Botcherby, M. C.; Bray, R. K.; Brent, S. P.; Brown, P.; Brown, E.; Bult, B.; Burton, T.; Butler, D. G.; et al. (2002).
"Initial sequencing and comparative analysis of the mouse genome" . Nature . 420 (6915): 520–562.
Bibcode :
2002Natur.420..520W .
doi :
10.1038/nature01262 .
PMID
12466850 .
^ Eyras, E.; Reymond, A.; Castelo, R.; Bye, J. M.; Camara, F.; Flicek, P.; Huckle, E. J.; Parra, G.; Shteynberg, D. D.; Wyss, C.; Rogers, J.; Antonarakis, S. E.; Birney, E.; Guigo, R.; Brent, M. R. (2005).
"Gene finding in the chicken genome" . BMC Bioinformatics . 6 : 131.
doi :
10.1186/1471-2105-6-131 .
PMC
1174864 .
PMID
15924626 .
^
"Churchill College: Biographies: Ewan Birney" . chu.cam.ac.uk . Archived from
the original on 3 April 2011.
^ Goldman, N.; Bertone, P.; Chen, S.;
Dessimoz, C. ; Leproust, E. M.; Sipos, B.;
Birney, E. (2013).
"Towards practical, high-capacity, low-maintenance information storage in synthesized DNA" . Nature . 494 (7435): 77–80.
Bibcode :
2013Natur.494...77G .
doi :
10.1038/nature11875 .
PMC
3672958 .
PMID
23354052 .
^
"An Interview with Ewan Birney: Keynote Speaker at O'Reilly's Bioinformatics Technology Conference" . oreilly.com .
O'Reilly Media . Archived from
the original on 27 May 2015.
^
Ewan Birney publications indexed by the
Scopus bibliographic database. (subscription required)
^ Jupp, S; Malone, J; Bolleman, J; Brandizi, M; Davies, M; Garcia, L; Gaulton, A; Gehant, S; Laibe, C; Redaschi, N; Wimalaratne, S. M.; Martin, M; Le Novère, N; Parkinson, H;
Birney, E ; Jenkinson, A. M. (2014).
"The EBI RDF platform: Linked open data for the life sciences" .
Bioinformatics . 30 (9): 1338–9.
doi :
10.1093/bioinformatics/btt765 .
PMC
3998127 .
PMID
24413672 .
^ Marti-Solano, M;
Birney, E ; Bril, A; Della Pasqua, O;
Kitano, H ;
Mons, B ; Xenarios, I; Sanz, F (2014). "Integrative knowledge management to enhance pharmaceutical R&D". Nature Reviews Drug Discovery . 13 (4): 239–40.
doi :
10.1038/nrd4290 .
PMID
24687050 .
S2CID
20972353 .
^
Kellis, M. ; Wold, B.; Snyder, M. P.; Bernstein, B. E.; Kundaje, A.; Marinov, G. K.; Ward, L. D.; Birney, E.; Crawford, G. E.; Dekker, J.; Dunham, I.; Elnitski, L. L.; Farnham, P. J.; Feingold, E. A.; Gerstein, M.; Giddings, M. C.; Gilbert, D. M.; Gingeras, T. R.; Green, E. D.; Guigo, R.; Hubbard, T.; Kent, J.; Lieb, J. D.; Myers, R. M.; Pazin, M. J.; Ren, B.; Stamatoyannopoulos, J.; Weng, Z.; White, K. P.; Hardison, R. C. (2014).
"Reply to Brunet and Doolittle: Both selected effect and causal role elements can influence human biology and disease" . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 111 (33): E3366.
Bibcode :
2014PNAS..111E3366K .
doi :
10.1073/pnas.1410434111 .
ISSN
0027-8424 .
PMC
4143047 .
PMID
25275169 .
^
Birney, Ewan (2012).
"The making of ENCODE: Lessons for big-data projects" . Nature . 489 (7414): 49–51.
Bibcode :
2012Natur.489...49B .
doi :
10.1038/489049a .
PMID
22955613 .
S2CID
32178490 .
^ Dunham, I.; Bernstein, A.; Birney, S. F.; Dunham, P. J.; Green, C. A.; Gunter, F.; Snyder, C. B.; Frietze, S.; Harrow, J.; Kaul, R.; Khatun, J.; Lajoie, B. R.; Landt, S. G.; Lee, B. K.; Pauli, F.; Rosenbloom, K. R.; Sabo, P.; Safi, A.; Sanyal, A.; Shoresh, N.; Simon, J. M.; Song, L.; Trinklein, N. D.; Altshuler, R. C.; Birney, E.; Brown, J. B.; Cheng, C.; Djebali, S.; Dong, X.; et al. (2012).
"An integrated encyclopedia of DNA elements in the human genome" . Nature . 489 (7414): 57–74.
Bibcode :
2012Natur.489...57T .
doi :
10.1038/nature11247 .
PMC
3439153 .
PMID
22955616 .
^ ENCODE Project Consortium (2011).
Becker PB (ed.).
"A User's Guide to the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE)" .
PLOS Biology . 9 (4): e1001046.
doi :
10.1371/journal.pbio.1001046 .
PMC
3079585 .
PMID
21526222 .
^
Ewan Birney at
DBLP Bibliography Server
^
Birney, E. ; Thompson, J.; Gibson, T. (1996).
"PairWise and SearchWise: Finding the optimal alignment in a simultaneous comparison of a protein profile against all DNA translation frames" . Nucleic Acids Research . 24 (14): 2730–2739.
doi :
10.1093/nar/24.14.2730 .
PMC
145991 .
PMID
8759004 .
^
Birney, E. ;
Durbin, R. (2000).
"Using GeneWise in the Drosophila annotation experiment" . Genome Research . 10 (4): 547–548.
doi :
10.1101/gr.10.4.547 .
PMC
310858 .
PMID
10779496 .
^
Birney, E. ; Clamp, M.;
Durbin, R. (2004).
"GeneWise and Genomewise" . Genome Research . 14 (5): 988–995.
doi :
10.1101/gr.1865504 .
PMC
479130 .
PMID
15123596 .
^ Slater, G.;
Birney, E. (2005).
"Automated generation of heuristics for biological sequence comparison" . BMC Bioinformatics . 6 : 31.
doi :
10.1186/1471-2105-6-31 .
PMC
553969 .
PMID
15713233 .
^ Paten, B.; Herrero, J.; Beal, K.; Fitzgerald, S.;
Birney, E. (2008).
"Enredo and Pecan: Genome-wide mammalian consistency-based multiple alignment with paralogs" .
Genome Research . 18 (11): 1814–1828.
doi :
10.1101/gr.076554.108 .
PMC
2577869 .
PMID
18849524 .
^
a
b Paten, Benedict John (2006).
Large-scale multiple alignment and transcriptionally associated pattern discovery in vertebrate genomes (PhD thesis). University of Cambridge.
OCLC
890155216 .
EThOS
uk.bl.ethos.612811 .
^ Zerbino, D. R.; Birney, E. (2008).
"Velvet: Algorithms for de novo short read assembly using de Bruijn graphs" . Genome Research . 18 (5): 821–829.
doi :
10.1101/gr.074492.107 .
ISSN
1088-9051 .
PMC
2336801 .
PMID
18349386 .
^
a
b Fritz, Markus (2011).
Exploiting high throughput DNA sequencing data for genomic analysis (PhD thesis). University of Cambridge.
OCLC
890152397 .
EThOS
uk.bl.ethos.610819 . Archived from
the original on 30 August 2018. Retrieved 30 August 2018 .
^ Leinonen, R.; Akhtar, R.; Birney, E.; Bonfield, J.; Bower, L.; Corbett, M.; Cheng, Y.; Demiralp, F.; Faruque, N.; Goodgame, N.; Gibson, R.; Hoad, G.; Hunter, C.; Jang, M.; Leonard, S.; Lin, Q.; Lopez, R.; Maguire, M.; McWilliam, H.; Plaister, S.; Radhakrishnan, R.; Sobhany, S.; Slater, G.; Ten Hoopen, P.; Valentin, F.; Vaughan, R.; Zalunin, V.; Zerbino, D.; Cochrane, G. (2009).
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