From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Columbus before the Queen , imagined by
Emanuel Gottlieb Leutze , 1843
This timeline of European exploration lists major geographic discoveries and other firsts credited to or involving Europeans during the
Age of Discovery and
the following centuries , between the years AD 1418 and 1957.
Despite several significant transoceanic and transcontinental explorations by European civilizations in the preceding centuries, the precise geography of the Earth outside of
Europe was largely unknown to Europeans before the 15th century, when technological advances (especially in
sea travel ) as well as the rise of
colonialism ,
mercantilism , and a host of other social, cultural, and economic changes made it possible to organize large-scale exploratory expeditions to uncharted parts of the globe.
The
Age of Discovery arguably began in the early 15th century with the rounding of the feared
Cape Bojador and
Portuguese exploration of the west coast of
Africa , while in the last decade of the century the
Spanish sent expeditions far across the Atlantic, where the
Americas would eventually be reached, and the Portuguese found a sea route to
India . In the 16th century, various European states funded expeditions to the interior of both North and South America, as well as to their respective west and east coasts, north to
California and
Labrador and south to
Chile and
Tierra del Fuego . In the 17th century,
Russian explorers conquered
Siberia in search of sables, while the
Dutch contributed greatly to the charting of
Australia . The 18th century witnessed the first extensive explorations of the
South Pacific and
Oceania and the exploration of
Alaska , while the 19th was dominated by exploration of the
polar regions and excursions into the heart of Africa. By the early 20th century, the poles themselves had been reached.
15th century
Vasco da Gama lands at
Calicut , illustration for Os Lusíadas, 1880 by Ernesto Casanova
1418 –
Portuguese explorers
João Gonçalves Zarco and
Tristão Vaz Teixeira discover
Porto Santo Island in the
Madeira archipelago .
[1]
1419 –
Gonçalves and Vaz discover the main island of
Madeira .
[1]
1431 –
Diogo de Silves discovers the
Azores .
[1]
1434 –
Gil Eanes passes
Cabo de Não and becomes the first confirmed person to sail beyond
Cape Bojador and return alive.
[2]
1444 –
Dinis Dias reaches the mouth of the
Senegal River .
[3]
1446 – The Portuguese reach the mainland peninsula of
Cape Verde and the
Gambia River .
[3]
1456 –
Alvise Cadamosto and
Diogo Gomes discover the
Cape Verde Islands , 560 kilometres (350 mi) west of the Cape Verde peninsula.
[1]
1460 –
Pêro de Sintra reaches
Sierra Leone .
[1]
1470 –
Cape Palmas is passed.
[3]
1472 –
Fernão do Pó lands on the island of
Bioko .
[4]
1473 –
Lopo Gonçalves is the first European sailor to cross the
Equator .
[3]
[4]
1474–75 – Ruy de Sequeira discovers
São Tomé and Príncipe .
[4]
1482 –
Diogo Cão reaches the
Congo River , where he erects a padrão ("pillar of stone").
[4]
1485–86 – Cão reaches
Cape Cross , where he erects his last padrão .
[4]
1487–92 –
Pêro da Covilhã travels to
Arabia , to the mouth of the
Red Sea , and then eastward by sail to the
Malabar Coast (visiting
Calicut and
Goa on the
Indian subcontinent). He later sails south along the east coast of Africa, visiting the trading stations of
Mombasa ,
Zanzibar , and
Sofala ; on his return journey he visits
Mecca and
Medina before reaching
Ethiopia in search of the mythical
Prester John .
[5]
1488 –
Bartolomeu Dias rounds the "Cape of Storms" (
Cape of Good Hope ), at the southernmost tip of the African continent.
[4]
1492 – Under the patronage of the
Catholic Monarchs of
Spain , Italian explorer
Christopher Columbus explores the
Bahamas ,
Cuba , and "Española" (
Hispaniola ), which are only later recognized as part of the
New World .
[6]
1493–94 – On his second voyage to the
Americas , Columbus reaches
Dominica and
Guadeloupe , among other islands of the
Lesser Antilles , as well as
Puerto Rico and
Jamaica .
[6]
1497 – Under the commission of
Henry VII of England , Italian explorer
John Cabot explores
Newfoundland .
[7]
1497–98 –
Vasco da Gama sails to
India and back.
[3]
1498 – On his third voyage to the Americas, Christopher Columbus reaches mainland
South America .
[6]
1499 – Spanish explorer
Alonso de Ojeda explores the South American mainland from about
Cayenne (in modern
French Guiana ) to
Cabo de la Vela (in modern
Colombia ), reaching the mouth of the
Orinoco River and entering
Lake Maracaibo .
[2]
1499 – Italian explorer
Amerigo Vespucci explores the mouth of the
Amazon River and reaches 6°S latitude, in present-day northern
Brazil .
[8]
1499 –
João Fernandes Lavrador , together with
Pêro de Barcelos , sight
Labrador .
[9]
1499 –
Gaspar and
Miguel Corte-Real reach and map
Greenland .
[10]
16th century
Pedro Álvares Cabral 's ship on the fleet that sighted the Brazilian mainland for the first time on 22 April 1500. From the manuscript Memória das Armadas que de Portugal passaram à Índia
Vasco Núñez de Balboa claiming possession of the Mar del Sur ("South Sea").
Map of the island city
Tenochtitlán and Mexico gulf made by one of
Hernán Cortés ' men, 1524,
Newberry Library , Chicago
Discovery of the Mississippi by
William H. Powell (1823–1879) is a
Romantic depiction of de Soto seeing the Mississippi River for the first time. It hangs in the
United States Capitol rotunda .
Francisco Vásquez de Coronado Sets Out to the North , by
Frederic Remington , 1861–1909
The
Cabrillo National Monument in San Diego, California
Crew of
Willem Barentsz fighting a
polar bear , 1596
1500 –
Vicente Yáñez Pinzón reaches the northeast coast of what today is Brazil at a cape he names "Santa Maria de la Consolación" (
Cabo de Santo Agostinho ) and sails fifty miles up a river he names the "Marañón" (
Amazon ).
[2]
1500 –
Pedro Álvares Cabral makes the "official" discovery of Brazil,
[2] leading the first
expedition that united Europe, America, Africa, and Asia.
[11]
[12]
1500 –
João Fernandes reaches
Cape Farewell ,
Greenland ("Terra do Lavrador", or Land of the Husbandman).
[7]
1500–02 – Gaspar and Miguel Corte Real explore and name the coasts of "Terra Verde" (likely Newfoundland) and Labrador.
[7]
[10]
1500–01 –
Diogo Dias reaches
Madagascar and reaches the gate of the
Red Sea , the
Bab-el-Mandeb Strait.
[2]
1500 –
Rodrigo de Bastidas explores the Colombian coast from Cabo de la Vela to the
Gulf of Urabá .
[2]
1501–02 –
Gonçalo Coelho reaches "Rio de Janeiro" (
Guanabara Bay ).
[2]
1502–03 – On his fourth voyage to the Americas, Christopher Columbus explores the North American mainland from
Guanaja off modern
Honduras to the present-day border of
Panama and
Colombia .
[2]
[6]
1505 –
Juan de Bermúdez discovers
Bermuda .
[2]
1506 –
Lourenço de Almeida reaches the
Maldives and
Sri Lanka .
[13]
1506 –
Tristão da Cunha discovers the remote island of
Tristan da Cunha in the South Atlantic Ocean. [
citation needed ]
1509 –
Diogo Lopes de Sequeira reaches
Sumatra and
Malacca .
[14]
1511 –
Duarte Fernandes leads a diplomatic mission to
Ayutthaya Kingdom (Siam or
Thailand ).
[15]
1511 – Rui Nunes da Cunha leads a diplomatic mission to
Pegu (Burma or
Myanmar ).
[15]
[16]
1511–12 –
João de Lisboa and Estevão de Fróis explore the "Cape of Santa Maria" (
Punta Del Este ) in the
River Plate , exploring its estuary, and traveling as far south as the
Gulf of San Matias at 42ºS, in present-day
Uruguay and
Argentina (penetrating 300 km (186 mi) "around the Gulf").
[17]
[18]
1511–12 –
António de Abreu sails through the
Strait of Malacca , between Sumatra and
Bangka , and along the coasts of
Java ,
Bali ,
Lombok ,
Sumbawa , and
Flores to the "Spice Islands" (
Maluku ).
[19]
1513 –
Jorge Álvares becomes the first European to reach
China by sea, landing on
Nei Lingding Island at the
Pearl River Delta .
[1]
1513 –
Vasco Núñez de Balboa crosses the
Isthmus of Panama and reaches the
Bay of San Miguel , reaching the "Mar del Sur" (
Pacific Ocean ).
[2]
1513 –
Juan Ponce de León explores "La Florida" (
Florida ) and the
Yucatán .
[2]
1514–15 – António Fernandes reaches present-day
Zimbabwe .
[20]
1515 – Gonzalo de Badajoz crosses the Isthmus of Panama at the site of
Nombre de Dios , reaching as far as the interior of the
Azuero Peninsula .
[21]
1516 –
Juan Díaz de Solís explores the River Plate estuary and names it "La Mar Dulce" ("The Fresh-Water Sea").
[2]
1516 – Portuguese traders land in
Da Nang ,
Champa , naming it
Cochinchina (modern
Vietnam ).
[22]
[23]
1518 – Lourenço Gomes reaches
Borneo .
[24]
1518 –
Juan de Grijalva explores the
Mexican coast from "Patouchan" (
Champotón ) to just north of the
Pánuco River .
[2]
1519 –
Hernán Cortés travels from
Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz to the
Aztec capital of
Tenochtitlan on
Lake Texcoco .
[25]
1519 –
Alonzo Alvarez de Pineda sails around the
Gulf of Mexico to the Pánuco, proving its insularity; also reaches the "Father of Waters" (the
Mississippi ).
[2]
1519 –
Gaspar de Espinosa sails west along the west coasts of modern
Panama and
Costa Rica as far as the
Gulf of Nicoya .
[21]
1519–22 –
Ferdinand Magellan 's expedition reaches the
Maluku Islands travelling westward, discovering the
Strait of All Saints and crossing the
Pacific Ocean . Later,
Juan Sebastian Elcano , a member of the tripulation, is elected captain after Magellan's death and completes the first circumnavigation of the
globe .
[26]
1520–21 –
João Alvares Fagundes explores
Burgeo and
Saint Pierre and Miquelon in Newfoundland, and
Nova Scotia .
[27]
[28]
1521 – Francisco Gordillo and Pedro de Quexos find the mouth of a river they name "Rio de San Juan Bautista" (perhaps
Winyah Bay at the mouth of the
Pee Dee River in modern
South Carolina ).
[29]
1521 –
Cristóvão Jacques explores the Plate River and explores the
Parana River , entering it for about 23 leagues (around 140 km), to near the present city of
Rosario .
[30]
1522 –
Gil González Dávila explores inland from the Gulf of Nicoya, reaching
Lake Nicaragua , while his pilot
Andrés Niño explores along the coast to the west, reaching the
Gulf of Fonseca and perhaps reaching as far as the southwestern coast of modern
Guatemala .
[21]
1524 – Under the commission of
Francis I of France , Italian explorer
Giovanni da Verrazzano explores the eastern seaboard of the present-day
United States from about
Cape Fear to
Maine . He also explores the mouth of the
Hudson River .
[7]
c. 1524 –
Aleixo Garcia travels westward from
Santa Catarina , across the
Paraná River (perhaps sighting
Iguazu Falls ) to the
Paraguay River near the site of
Asunción , then across the
Gran Chaco to the
Andes and the
Inca frontier , somewhere between
Mizque and
Tomina in modern
Bolivia .
[31]
1524–25 –
Francisco Pizarro and
Diego de Almagro explore from Punta Piña (7°56’N) on the southern coast of Panama to the
San Juan River (4°N), on the west coast of Colombia.
[32]
1525 –
Estêvão Gomes probes
Penobscot Bay ,
Maine .
[29]
1525 – The Portuguese reach "Celebes" (
Sulawesi ).
[33]
1525 – Diogo da Rocha and
Gomes de Sequeira explore the
Caroline Islands .
[34]
1526 –
Alonso de Salazar reaches the
Marshall Islands (
Bokak Atoll ).
[35]
1526–28 – Pizarro and his pilot
Bartolomé Ruiz explore the west coast of South America from the San Juan River south to the
Santa River (about 9°S), becoming the first Europeans to sight the coasts of
Ecuador and
Peru .
[32]
1526–27 –
Jorge de Menezes reaches
New Guinea .
[36]
1527–28 –
Sebastian Cabot explores several hundred miles up the Paraná River, past its confluence with the Paraguay.
[2]
1528 –
Diogo Rodrigues explores the
Mascarene Islands (which he names after
Pedro Mascarenhas ), naming the islands of
Réunion ,
Mauritius , and
Rodrigues .
[37]
1528–36 –
Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca and three others are the only survivors of a group of several hundred colonists who travel from the coast of western Florida to the Rio Sinaloa in northern Mexico, where they encounter
Spanish
slavers .
[38]
1531 –
Diego de Ordaz ascends the Orinoco to the Atures rapids, just past its confluence with the
Meta .
[31]
1532–33 – Pizarro explores and conquers inland to
Cajamarca and
Cuzco .
[31]
1533 –
Fortún Ximénez finds the tip of
Baja California .
[39]
1534 –
Jacques Cartier explores the
Gulf of St. Lawrence , discovering
Anticosti Island and
Prince Edward Island .
[7]
1535 –
Fray Tomás de Berlanga explores the
Galapagos Islands .
[40]
1535 – Cartier ascends "La Grande Rivière" or "La Rivière de Hochelaga" (the
St. Lawrence River ) to the village of
Hochelaga (present-day
Montreal ).
[7]
1535–37 – Diego de Almagro leads en expedition from Cuzco to the south, taking the
Inca highway to the southwest shore of
Lake Titicaca , through the
altiplano and the
Salta valley to
Copiapó ; a detachment continues south to the
Maule River . Almagro takes the coastal route back, through the
Atacama Desert .
[31]
1539 –
Francisco de Ulloa sails to the head of the
Gulf of California and around Baja California to
Cedros Island , establishing that Baja is a peninsula.
[39]
1539–43 – An expedition led by
Hernando de Soto explores much of the present-day
Southern United States , becoming the first to cross the
Appalachians (over the
Blue Ridge Mountains ) and the
Mississippi River .
[2]
[29]
1540–42 –
Francisco Vásquez de Coronado travels overland from Mexico in search of the mythical
Seven Cities of Cibola , only to find
villages of mud and thatch in what is now the
Southwestern United States . He sends out smaller parties, one of which, under
García López de Cárdenas , explores the
Grand Canyon ; another reports the discovery of a city of
gold called
Quivira (in modern
Kansas ), which Coronado later visits – although he finds no gold.
[29]
1540 –
Hernando de Alarcón ascends the
Colorado River to the confluence of the
Gila River (near present-day
Yuma, Arizona ).
[39]
1541–42 –
Francisco de Orellana sails down the length of the Amazon River.
[41]
1542–43 –
Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo explores the coasts of modern Baja and
California from Punta Baja to the
Russian River , reaching the
Channel Islands ; after his death, his second-in-command,
Bartolomé Ferrer , reaches
Point Arena .
[42]
1542 or 1543 –
Fernão Mendes Pinto ,
António Mota and Francisco Zeimoto reach
Tanegashima ,
Japan .
[1]
1543 –
Ruy López de Villalobos discovers three islands (
Fais ,
Ulithi and
Yap ) in the
Carolines and eight atolls (
Kwajalein ,
Lae ,
Ujae ,
Wotho ,
Likiep ,
Wotje ,
Erikub and
Maloelap ) in the Marshall Islands.
[35]
1543 –
Jean Alfonce explores up the
Saguenay River , believing it to be "la mer du Cattay".
[7]
1553 –
Hugh Willoughby seeks a
Northeast Passage over
Russia ; reaches either
Kolguyev Island or
Novaya Zemlya .
[43]
1556 –
Steven Borough reaches as far as
Kara Strait , between Novaya Zemlya and
Vaygach Island .
[43]
1557–59 –
Juan Fernández Ladrillero and Cortés Hojea explore the
Chilean coast from
Valdivia (39° 48’ S) to Canal Santa Barbara (54° S); the former passes through the western entrance of the
Strait of Magellan to its eastern entrance and back.
[2]
1565 –
Miguel López de Legazpi discovers
Mejit ,
Ailuk and
Jemo in the Marshall Islands, while his subordinate
Alonso de Arellano discovers
Lib in the same island group, as well as five islands (
Oroluk ,
Chuuk , Pulap,
Sorol and
Ngulu ) in the Caroline Islands.
[35]
1568 –
Álvaro de Mendaña reaches the
Solomon Islands .
[3]
1576 –
Martin Frobisher discovers "Meta Incognita" ("the unknown bourne";
Baffin Island ) and what he believes to be a passage to Cathay: "Frobishers Streytes" (
Frobisher Bay ).
[7]
1577–80 –
Sir Francis Drake completes the second circumnavigation of the globe.
[44]
1578 – Frobisher sails part way up the "Mistaken Straites" (
Hudson Strait ).
[7]
1581–82 –
Yermak Timofeyevich and his men cross the
Ural Mountains and reach as far as
Isker on the banks of the
Irtysh (near modern
Tobolsk ).
[45]
[46]
1585 –
John Davis explores
Davis Strait , reaching 66°40′ N; also sails up
Cumberland Sound , thinking it to be a "passage to Cathay".
[7]
1587 – Davis sails up the west coast of
Greenland as far as 72°46′ N (about modern
Upernavik ).
[7]
1589 –
João da Gama reaches "Yezo" (
Hokkaido ).
[47]
1592 – Davis discovers the
Falkland Islands .
[48]
1595 – Mendaña discovers the
Marquesas .
[3]
1596 –
Willem Barentsz discovers
Spitsbergen .
[49]
17th century
The Last Voyage of Henry Hudson ,
John Collier 's 1881 painting of
Henry Hudson cast adrift.
A 17th-century
koch in a museum in
Krasnoyarsk . Kochi were used to explore the
Siberian watershed and coasts by men such as Kurochkin, Perfilyev and Dezhnev.
"Murderers' Bay", on the South Island of New Zealand, where several of Tasman's men were killed by Maori in December 1642.
The expedition of Semyon Dezhnyov by
Klavdy Lebedev
Pere Marquette and the Indians at the Mississippi River, oil painting (1869) by
Wilhelm Lamprecht (1838–1906), at
Marquette University .
1600–01 – Prince Miron Shakhovskoi and D. Khripunov descend the
Ob to the
Ob Estuary and ascend the
Taz River , establishing the
ostrog of
Mangazeya about 161 kilometres (100 mi) to 240 kilometres (150 mi) from its mouth.
[46]
[50]
1602–06 – Portuguese missionary
Bento de Góis travels overland from India to China, via
Afghanistan and the
Pamirs .
[51]
1605 –
Ketsk serving men ascend the
Ket , portage to the
Yenisei , and descend it to its confluence with the
Sym .
[52]
1606 – Dutch navigator
Willem Janszoon discovers
Australia at the mouth of the
Pennefather River on the western coast of the
Cape York Peninsula , exploring its coast from
Badu Island south to Cape Keerweer (13°58′S).
[53]
1606 –
Pedro Fernandes de Queirós discovers
Espiritu Santo , the largest island in what is now the nation of
Vanuatu .
[53]
1606 –
Luís Vaz de Torres sails through
the strait that now bears his name.
[53]
1607 – Mangazeyan
promyshlenniki and traders reach the lower
Yenisei , establish
Turukhansk , and ascend the
Lower Tunguska , while Ketsk serving men ascend the Yenisei to the
Angara , which they also ascend.
[52]
1607 –
Henry Hudson coasts the east coast of Greenland, naming "Hold-with-Hope" (around 73°N).
[54]
1609 – Hudson sails the Halve Maen up the
Hudson River as far north as present-day
Albany, New York .
[55]
1610 –
Étienne Brûlé ascends the
Ottawa River and reaches
Lake Nipissing and
Georgian Bay in
Lake Huron .
[56]
1610 – Kondratiy Kurochkin leads an expedition, sailing in
kochi , from Turukhansk to the mouth of the
Yenisei and east to the mouth of the
Pyasina on the
Taymyr Peninsula .
[43]
[46]
1610 – A detachment from Mangazeya ascends the Yenisei a further 640 kilometres (400 mi) to its confluence with the
Sym .
[52]
1610–11 – Hudson sails through
Hudson Strait into
Hudson Bay , where he overwinters in
James Bay .
[57]
1611 – Mangazeyan men reach the
Khatanga .
[58]
1612–13 –
Thomas Button is the first to explore the western shores of
Hudson Bay , where he winters in the mouth of the
Nelson River ; also discovers
Coats and
Southampton Islands .
[59]
1614 –
Whalers discover
Jan Mayen .
[60]
1615–16 – Étienne Brûlé sights the western shore of
Lake Ontario , descends the
Niagara River , explores what are now parts of modern
New York and
Pennsylvania , and descends the
Susquehanna River to
Chesapeake Bay .
[56]
1616 –
Jacob Le Maire and
Willem Schouten discover and name
Le Maire Strait ,
Staten Island , and
Cape Horn ; also discover
Tonga (
Niuafo'ou ,
Niuatoputapu , and
Tafahi ),
Futuna and
Alofi (in modern
Wallis and Futuna ), and several islands in the
Tuamotu (
Takaroa ,
Takapoto ,
Manihi ,
Ahe and
Rangiroa ) and
Bismarck Archipelagos (including
New Hanover and
New Ireland ).
[2]
[35]
1616 –
Robert Bylot and
William Baffin reach 77°30′ N, enter
Baffin Bay , discover
Smith ,
Jones , and
Lancaster Sounds and sight the coasts of
Ellesmere ,
Devon , and
Bylot Islands .
[61]
1616 –
Dirk Hartog explores some 576 kilometres (358 mi) of coastline (the coast of
Western Australia from about 22° to 28° S), discovering
Dirk Hartog Island and
Shark Bay .
[62]
1617 –
English
walrus hunters sight the southern coast of "Sir Thomas Smith's Island" (
Nordaustlandet ).
[49]
1618 – Spanish missionary
Pedro Páez is believed to be the first European to see and describe the source of the
Blue Nile in
Ethiopia .
[63]
1618 –
Lenaert Jacobszoon discovers an "island" at 22°S (the coast of Western Australia from
Point Cloates to
North West Cape ).
[53]
1619 –
Frederick de Houtman sights the coast of Western Australia near
Fremantle and sails along the coast north for over 640 kilometres (400 mi).
[53]
1620 – Mangazeyan serving men reach the
Vilyuy River and descend it to its confluence with the
Lena .
[52]
1621–23 – Étienne Brûlé and his companion Grenolle travel along the
North Channel of Lake Huron (probably sighting
Manitoulin Island ) to "Grand Lac" (
Lake Superior ) via
St. Mary's River .
[56]
1622 – The
Dutch ship Leeuwin discovers land near present-day
Cape Leeuwin .
[62]
1623 –
Jan Carstenszoon discovers the western coast of Cape York Peninsula from Cape Keerweer to the southern mouth of the
Gilbert River ; while his consort Willem Joosten van Colster discovers "Arnhemsland" and "Speultsland" (modern
Arnhem Land and perhaps
Groote Eylandt ).
[62]
[64]
1624 –
António de Andrade becomes the first known European to cross the
Himalayas (through the
Mana Pass ), reaching
Tibet .
[51]
1627 –
Jesuit missionaries
Estêvão Cacella and
João Cabral cross the
Himalayas and are the first to enter
Bhutan .
[51]
[65]
1627 –
François Thijssen , accompanied by
Pieter Nuyts , discovers over 1,609 kilometres (1,000 mi) of coastline east of
Cape Leeuwin to the eastern end of the
Great Australian Bight .
[53]
1628 – Cabral is the first to enter
Nepal .
[51]
1628 – Gerrit Frederikszoon de Witt captain of the
Vianen discovers "Witsland" about 21° S, sailing 320 kilometres (200 mi) along the coast and discovering
Barrow Island and parts of the
Dampier Archipelago .
[62]
1628–30 – Vasilii Bugor ascends the
Upper Tunguska and portages to the upper Lena, descending it to its confluence with the
Kirenga .
[46]
[52]
1631–32 –
Luke Foxe and
Thomas James , in separate expeditions, both circumnavigate Hudson Bay in search of a Northwest Passage; Foxe sails through
the channel and into
the basin now named after him to 66°47′N, while James winters in
the bay named after him.
[59]
1632–33 –
Pyotr Beketov descends the Lena as far as its great bend, erects the ostrog
Yakutsk , and sends a detachment some 720 kilometres (450 mi) downriver (where the zimovie
Zhigansk is built) and another east up the
Aldan as far as the
Amga (which they also ascend in search of
yasak ).
[46]
[50]
1633–34 – French trader
Jean Nicolet discovers
Lake Michigan and likely reaches
Green Bay, Wisconsin .
[66]
1633–38 –
Ilya Perfilyev and Ivan Rebrov sail from Zhigansk in kochi some 800 kilometres (500 mi) downriver to the mouth of the Lena and sail along the coast east and west, reaching the mouths of the
Olenyok ,
Yana , and
Indigirka rivers.
[46]
[67]
1638–40 – Poznik Ivanov crosses the
Verkhoyansk Range into the upper reaches of the Yana, and then portages over the
Chersky Range into the Indigirka River system.
[46]
[67]
1639–40 –
Maksim Perfilyev ascends the
Vitim River to the
Tsipa , which he also ascends (until rapids force him to turn back), becoming the first Russian to enter
Transbaikal .
[46]
1639–41 –
Ivan Moskvitin ascends the
Maya , portages across the
Dzhugdzhur Mountains , and descends the
Ulya to the
Sea of Okhotsk ; two groups are sent to the north and south, reaching the mouths of the
Taui and
Uda rivers, respectively.
[45]
[46]
1641 – Dmitri Zyrian discovers the
Alazeya , which he ascends as far as the
tree line .
[46]
1642–43 – Dutch explorer
Abel Tasman discovers "Anthony van Diemenslandt" (
Tasmania ) and "Staten Landt" (
New Zealand ). The following year he discovers "'t Eylandt Amsterdam" (
Tongatapu ),
Fiji and
New Britain .
[35]
[62]
1643 –
Kurbat Ivanov reaches the western shores of
Lake Baikal , opposite
Olkhon .
[68]
1643 –
Maarten Gerritsz Vries sails along the eastern coast of "Yezo" (
Hokkaidō ), between
Iturup and
Urup , to
Sakhalin .
[3]
1643 – Vasiliy Sychev discovers the
Anabar , where he establishes the zimovie Anabarskoye.
[58]
[69]
1643–45 –
Vassili Poyarkov crosses the
Stanovoy Range and descends the
Zeya to the
Amur , which he follows to its mouth; from here, he coasts along the Sea of Okhotsk to the Ulya (on the way sighting the
Shantar Islands ).
[70]
1644 – Tasman maps the northern coast of Australia, connecting "Nova Guinea" (the Cape York Peninsula) with "the land of D'Eendracht" (Western Australia).
[62]
1644 –
Mikhail Stadukhin reaches the
Kolyma .
[46]
1644–47 – Ivan Pokhabov is the first to ascend the Angara to Lake Baikal, which he crosses to the
Selenga ; he later ascends it and reaches
Urga (in present-day
Mongolia ).
[46]
[50]
1646 – Isaya Ignatyev reaches
Chaunskaya Bay .
[43]
1648–49 –
Semyon Dezhnyov sails from the Kolyma, rounds
Cape Dezhnev (thus proving Asia and America are separate), and reaches the
Anadyr River , which he ascends for some 563 kilometres (350 mi) (here he builds the zimovie
Anadyrsk ).
[45]
1649–51 –
Yerofey Khabarov ascends the
Olyokma River , crosses the northern
Yablonoi Mountains , and descends the Amur to its confluence with the
Songhua .
[45]
[70]
1650 – Stadukhin and Semen Motora travel from the Kolyma, across the Anyuyskiy Range, to Anadyrsk.
[45]
1651–57 – Stadukhin travels from Anadyrsk to the mouth of the
Penzhina River , then west along the northern coast of the Sea of Okhotsk to
Okhotsk .
[46]
[67]
1653–54 – Beketov ascends the
Khilok , crosses the southern Yablonoi Mountains, and descends the
Ingoda and
Shilka rivers to the latter's confluence with the
Nercha (where his men build the ostrog
Nerchinsk ).
[46]
1654 –
Médard Chouart des Groseilliers explores the entire western shore of Lake Michigan.
[71]
1659 – Groseilliers and
Pierre-Esprit Radisson explore the southern shore of Lake Superior as far west as
Chequamegon Bay .
[71]
1661 – Jesuit missionaries
Johann Grueber and
Albert Dorville are the first to visit
Lhasa .
[72]
1669 –
René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle discovers the
Ohio River , descending it as far as the
Falls of the Ohio near the site of modern
Louisville, Kentucky .
[73]
1673 – French-Canadian explorer
Louis Jolliet and Jesuit missionary
Jacques Marquette reach the upper
Mississippi River , descending it to its confluence with the
Arkansas River and becoming the first Europeans to map the surrounding river valley. They also discover the
Missouri River .
[73]
1675 – During a commercial voyage, English merchant
Anthony de la Roché accidentally discovers
South Georgia Island , the first ever discovery of land south of the
Antarctic Convergence .[
citation needed ]
1682 – Robert de La Salle descends the "Rivière de Colbert" (
Mississippi ) to its mouth.
[73]
1688–89 –
Jacques de Noyon discovers
Rainy Lake and
Lake of the Woods .
[71]
1690–92 –
Henry Kelsey travels from
York Factory southwestward, probably reaching the
Saskatchewan and the headwaters of the
Assiniboine , in the process becoming the first European to see the
Canadian Prairies .
[71]
1696 –
Luka Morozko travels almost halfway down the west coast of
Kamchatka , reaching the
Tigil River .
[67]
1697–99 –
Vladimir Atlasov reaches as far as the
Golygina River on the southwest coast of Kamchatka, from which he sights
Atlasov Island ; also crosses the
Sredinny Range (twice), reaching
Olyutor Gulf and the
Kamchatka River .
[46]
[67]
18th century
Cook's map of New Zealand
Resolution and
Adventure in Matavai Bay by
William Hodges
"Mount Rainier from the south Part of Admiralty Inlet". The mountain was discovered by Vancouver during his exploration of Puget Sound in the spring of 1792.
Inscription at the end of the Alexander Mackenzie's Canada crossing located at
52°22′43″N 127°28′14″W / 52.37861°N 127.47056°W / 52.37861; -127.47056
1702 – The Spanish ship Rosario discovers
Rosario Island , later renamed Nishinoshima in 1904, around 940 km (584 mi) south-southeast of
Tokyo .
[74]
1706 – Mikhail Nasedkin reaches
Cape Lopatka and sights
Shumshu , northernmost of the
Kuril Islands .
[67]
1710 –
Yakov Permyakov discovers
Bolshoy Lyakhovsky Island .[
citation needed ]
1713 – Ivan Kozyrevsky reaches Shumshu and
Paramushir .
[67]
1714 –
Étienne de Veniard, Sieur de Bourgmont ascends the Missouri River as far as its confluence with the
Platte River , becoming the first European to enter present-day
Nebraska .
[29]
1720 – Pedro de Villasur travels from
Santa Fe , through what is now part of southeastern
Colorado , to the lower Platte in eastern Nebraska.
[29]
1722 – Dutch explorer
Jacob Roggeveen discovers "Paasch Eiland" (
Easter Island ) and
Tutuila and
Upolu .
[75]
[76]
1728 – In the service of the
Russian Empire , Danish explorer
Vitus Bering sails through
the strait that now bears his name. He also discovers and names
Saint Lawrence Island .
[43]
1732 –
Mikhail Gvozdev discovers the "Large Country" (
Alaska ).
[70]
1734 –
Jean Baptiste de La Vérendrye discovers
Lake Winnipeg .
[71]
1734–37 – Stepan Muravev and Mikhail Pavlov chart the Russian coast from
Arkhangelsk to just east of the
Pechora , while
Stepan Malygin charts it from there to the Ob River, including the
Yamal Peninsula .
[45]
1735–36 –
Vasili Pronchishchev charts the Russian coast from the Lena west to the
Khatanga .
[45]
1737 –
Dmitry Ovtsyn charts the Russian coast from the mouth of the Ob to the Yenisei.
[45]
1738 –
Pierre de La Vérendrye visits
Mandan villages near the site of present-day
Bismarck, North Dakota .
[77]
1738–40 –
Fyodor Minin charts the Russian coast from the Yenisei to the Pyasina.
[45]
1739 –
Jean Bouvet de Lozier discovers "Cape Circumcision" (
Bouvet Island ).
[78]
1739–41 –
Dmitry Laptev charts the Russian coast from the Lena to just east of the Kolyma.
[45]
1741 – Bering sights
Mount St. Elias , the entrance of
Prince William Sound , the
Alaska Peninsula (from Cape Providence to Chignik Bay) and several of the
Aleutian Islands (discovering
Great Sitkin ,
Atka , and
Kiska ), as well as discovering
Kayak ,
Montague ,
Hinchinbrook ,
Sitkalidak , and the
Shumagin and
Commander Islands ; his second-in-command,
Aleksei Chirikov , sights
Mounts Fairweather and
Douglas and discovers Noyes and
Baker Islands (both off the west coast of
Prince of Wales Island ), as well as
Baranof ,
Chichagof ,
Kruzof ,
Yakobi ,
Kodiak ,
Afognak , the Aleutian Islands (
Umnak ,
Adak ,
Agattu ,
Attu , and the
Islands of Four Mountains ), and the
Kenai Peninsula .
[79]
1741–42 –
Khariton Laptev and
Semion Chelyuskin chart the
Taymyr Peninsula , with the latter reaching
Cape Chelyuskin , the northernmost point of Asia.
[45]
1742 –
Christopher Middleton discovers
Wager Bay and
Repulse Bay .
[80]
1742–43 –
Louis-Joseph Gaultier de La Vérendrye and his brother
François reach the
Big Horn Mountains of modern
Wyoming ; on their return they reach the vicinity of present-day
Pierre, South Dakota .
[77]
[81]
1747 – Jeremiah Westall discovers
Chesterfield Inlet and sails about sixty miles up it.
[80]
1761–62 – William Christopher sails 370 kilometres (230 mi) into Chesterfield Inlet to the western end of
Baker Lake .
[80]
1767 –
Samuel Wallis discovers "King George's Land" (
Tahiti ).
[82]
1769 – José Ortega discovers
San Francisco Bay .
[39]
1769–70 – English explorer
James Cook circumnavigates both islands of
New Zealand , proving they are not part of
Terra Australis Incognita . He also charts the east coast of Australia from
Cape Howe to
Cape York .
[82]
1771–72 –
Samuel Hearne reaches the
Coppermine , descending it to what would become known as
Coronation Gulf ; the following year, on his way back, he becomes the first to sight and cross
Great Slave Lake .
[29]
1772 –
Yves-Joseph de Kerguelen-Trémarec discovers the
Kerguelen Islands .
[78]
1772 –
Pedro Fages sights the
Sierra Nevada .
[83]
1773 –
Ivan Lyakhov reaches
Kotelny Island .
[43]
1773–75 – Cook is the first to cross the
Antarctic Circle , reaching 71° 10’ S, thus finally disproving the existence of Terra Australis Incognita; also discovers
New Caledonia and the
South Sandwich Islands .
[82]
1774 –
Juan José Pérez Hernández explores the western coast of
North America from
Cape Mendocino northwards, discovering the
Queen Charlotte Islands ,
Vancouver Island , and
Dall Island .
[84]
1775 –
Bruno de Heceta discovers the mouth of the
Columbia River ; his consort
Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra discovers
Prince of Wales Island (
Bucareli Bay ).
[85]
1776 – Attempting to travel overland to
Las Californias , Franciscan priests
Atanasio Domínguez and
Silvestre Vélez de Escalante follow the
Rio Grande north to the modern state of
Colorado and then travel west, discovering
Utah Lake and exploring much of the
Four Corners region before returning to
Santa Fe .
[29]
1777–78 – James Cook discovers
Christmas Island and
Hawaii , and also explores the Alaskan coast as far north as
Icy Cape , discovering
Cook Inlet and
Prince William Sound .
[82]
1787 –
Charles William Barkley discovers the
Strait of Juan de Fuca .
[80]
1788 – Captain
Arthur Phillip arrives with
The First Fleet in
Botany Bay on the coast of
Sydney, Australia .
1789 –
Alexander Mackenzie descends the
Mackenzie River to its mouth in the
Arctic Ocean .
[86]
1791 –
Francisco de Eliza discovers the "Canal de Nuestra Señora del Rosario" (
Strait of Georgia );
José María Narváez explores up it, passing the mouth of the
Fraser River and reaching as far north as
Texada Island .
[85]
1791–95 –
George Vancouver , together with
William Broughton ,
Peter Puget ,
Joseph Whidbey , and
James Johnstone , charts the modern states of
Oregon and
Washington , the coast of
British Columbia , and the
Alaska Panhandle , discovering
Admiralty ,
Mitkof and
Wrangell Islands in the
Alexander Archipelago , as well as proving the insularity of
Kuiu and
Revillagigedo Islands . The expedition also charts
Admiralty Inlet and
Puget Sound and discovers the
Chatham Islands and
The Snares .
[87]
1792 – Spanish naval officers
Dionisio Alcalá Galiano and
Cayetano Valdés y Flores circumnavigate Vancouver Island, proving its insularity.
[29]
1792 –
Jacinto Caamaño enters
Clarence Strait , showing that much of the Alaska Panhandle is an archipelago and not part of the mainland, as had been presumed. He also sights the southwest coast of Revillagigedo Island.
[29]
1792–93 – Mackenzie ascends the
Peace and
Parsnip , crosses the
Canadian Rockies to the headwaters of the
Fraser , ascends the
West Road River and crosses the
Coast Mountains , reaching the
Bella Coola , which he descends to
North Bentinck Arm and
Dean Channel .
[86]
1796 – Scottish explorer
Mungo Park reaches the upper
Niger , exploring it from
Ségou to
Silla .
[88]
1797–98 –
George Bass explores from Cape Howe to
Western Port , discovering the
Bass Strait .
[62]
1798 –
John Fearn discovers "Pleasant Island" (
Nauru ).
[35]
1798 –
Francisco de Lacerda travels from
Tete northwest to
Lake Mweru .
[89]
1798–99 – English cartographer
Matthew Flinders and George Bass circumnavigate
Tasmania , proving its insularity.
[62]
19th century
The famous map of Lewis and Clark's expedition. It changed mapping of northwest America by providing the first accurate depiction of the relationship of the sources of the
Columbia and
Missouri rivers, and the Rocky Mountains.
Colour drawing of Simon Fraser's 1808 descent of the Fraser River.
"The Crews of H.M.S. Hecla & Griper Cutting into Winter Harbour, 26 September 1819". An engraving from the journal published in 1821.
John Franklin's party encamped at Point Turnagain, the furthest point he reached.
HMS Investigator , on the northwestern coast of Banks Island, 20 August 1851.
Map drawn by Robert McClure detailing the Northwest Passage, including the 1851 route of the Investigator .
The first ascent of the Matterhorn, by
Gustave Doré .
The original survey map created by L.M. D'Albertis in 1876.
Nansen and Johansen finally depart on their polar journey, 14 March 1895. Nansen is the tall figure, second from left; Johansen is standing second from right.
1800 –
James Grant discovers the Australian coastline from
Cape Banks to
Cape Otway .
[62]
c. 1801–04 – A fur trading post is built on
Great Bear Lake .
[90]
1802 –
John Murray discovers
Port Phillip Bay .
[62]
1802 – Matthew Flinders explores the coast from
Fowlers Bay to
Encounter Bay , discovering
Spencer Gulf ,
Kangaroo Island , and
Gulf St. Vincent .
[62]
1802 –
Nicolas Baudin explores the coast from Cape Banks to Encounter Bay, where he meets Flinders.
[62]
1802–03 – Flinders circumnavigates Australia.
[62]
1805–06 –
Meriwether Lewis and
William Clark , from
Fort Mandan , ascend the Missouri to its headwaters, cross the
Continental Divide via
Lemhi Pass in the
Bitterroot Range to enter the present state of
Idaho , and descend the
Clearwater and
Snake rivers to the Columbia, which they descend to its mouth; on the way back Lewis explores the
Blackfoot and
Sun rivers , as well as the headwaters of the
Marias , while Clark travels through
Bozeman Pass and descends the
Yellowstone to its confluence with the Missouri.
[91]
1805–06 – Mungo Park descends the Niger as far as the Bussa rapids, where he is drowned.
[88]
1806 –
Yakov Sannikov discovers
New Siberia Island .
[78]
1806 –
Abraham Bristow discovers the
Auckland Islands .
[92]
1808 –
Simon Fraser descends the
Fraser River for some 800 kilometres (500 mi) to its mouth, reaching the Strait of Georgia.
[29]
1810 –
Frederick Hasselborough discovers
Campbell and
Macquarie Islands .
[78]
1811–12 –
Wilson Price Hunt discovers
Union Pass in the
Wind River Range and reaches the upper Snake River, while
Robert Stuart discovers
South Pass —his route would later become the
Oregon Trail .
[29]
1816 –
Otto von Kotzebue discovers
Kotzebue Sound .
[29]
1819 –
William Smith discovers the
South Shetland Islands .
[93]
1819–20 –
William Edward Parry enters
Lancaster Sound and reaches
Melville Island , discovering and naming
Cornwallis ,
Bathurst , and
Somerset Islands ; the following year sights "Banks Land" (
Banks Island ).
[94]
1820 –
Edward Bransfield sights the
Antarctic Peninsula ; also discovers northernmost islands of the South Shetlands.
[78]
1820–21 –
Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen discovers the northernmost islands of the South Sandwich group; following year discovers
Peter I and
Alexander Islands .
[95]
1821 – English naval officer
John Franklin explores over 800 kilometres (500 mi) of coastline from the mouth of the Coppermine River to Point Turnagain on the
Kent Peninsula .
[96]
1821 – Sealers
Nathaniel Palmer and George Powell discover "Powell's Islands" (
South Orkney Islands ).
[97]
1821–23 – Parry explores the eastern side of the
Melville Peninsula , reaching the western entrance of
Fury and Hecla Strait ; also explores the northern coast of
Foxe Basin .
[98]
1823 –
Dixon Denham ,
Walter Oudney , and
Hugh Clapperton are the first Europeans to sight
Lake Chad .
[99]
1823 – Sealer
James Weddell sails to 74°15′S into "King George IV's Sea" (
Weddell Sea ).
[100]
1824 –
Samuel Black ascends the
Finlay to
Thutade Lake , source of the Finlay-Peace-Slave-Mackenzie river system, then portages to the
Stikine and
Turnagain .
[101]
1824–25 –
Étienne Provost ,
Jim Bridger , and
Peter Skene Ogden independently reach the
Great Salt Lake .
[29]
1825–26 – Franklin explores the Arctic coastline from the mouth of the Mackenzie River west to Point Beechey, while his partner
John Richardson explores east to the Coppermine River, naming
Dolphin and Union Strait and discovering "
Wollaston Land " (part of the southern coast of
Victoria Island ) — combining to chart over 1,930 kilometres (1,200 mi) of coastline; Richardson also surveys the five arms of
Great Bear Lake .
[102]
1826 –
Frederick William Beechey charts the Alaskan coastline from Icy Cape to
Point Barrow ; also discovers
Vanavana ,
Fangataufa , and
Ahunui in the
Tuamotu archipelago .
[103]
1826 – Scottish explorer
Alexander Gordon Laing becomes the first European to reach the fabled city of
Timbuktu , but is murdered upon leaving the city.
[99]
1827 –
Jedediah Smith crosses the Sierra Nevada (via
Ebbetts Pass ) and the
Great Basin .
[29]
1828 – French explorer
René Caillié is the first European to return alive from Timbuktu.
1829–30 –
John Ross discovers "Boothia Felix" (the
Boothia Peninsula ); the following year his nephew
James Clark Ross crosses its narrow
isthmus and reaches
King William Island .
[104]
1830 – English explorer
Richard Lander and his brother
John descend the
Niger for more than 643 kilometres (400 mi) from
Bussa to its mouth.
[5]
1831–32 –
John Biscoe discovers
Enderby Land ; following year discovers
Adelaide ,
Anvers , and
Biscoe Islands .
[78]
1833 –
Andrei Glazunov and Semyon Lukin discover the mouth of the
Yukon River .
[29]
1833–35 –
Pyotr Pakhtusov and
Avgust Tsivolko chart the entire east coast of
Yuzhny Island , as well as the east coast of
Severny Island north to nearly 74°24’ N.
[78]
1834 –
George Back descends the
Back River to
Chantrey Inlet .
[105]
1837 – Glazunov ascends the
Unalakleet and portages to the middle Yukon.
[106]
1837–39 –
Peter Warren Dease and
Thomas Simpson reach
Point Barrow from the east; following two summers they map the region from Point Turnagain to just north of the
Castor and Pollux River on the Boothia Peninsula and chart the coastline of "Victoria Land" (Victoria Island) from Point Back to Point Parry.
[107]
1838 – Pyotr Malakhov reaches
Nulato , near the confluence of the
Koyukuk and Yukon.
[106]
1838–40 –
Jules Dumont d'Urville discovers the
Joinville Island group and
Adélie Land (138°21′ E).
[78]
1839 –
John Balleny discovers the
Balleny Islands and sights the
Sabrina Coast (121° E).
[92]
1840 – An expedition led by United States Navy Lieutenant
Charles Wilkes discovers
Wilkes Land , mapping 2,414 kilometres (1,500 mi) of the Antarctic coast from Piner Bay (140°E) to the
Shackleton Ice Shelf (97°E), proving that
Antarctica is a
continent .
[108]
1841–43 – James Clark Ross discovers the
Ross Sea , reaches 78°09′30″S, and discovers the active volcano
Mount Erebus on
Ross Island , the
Ross Ice Shelf , and
Victoria Land . He also sights
Snow Hill ,
Seymour , and
James Ross Island .
[109]
1845 –
John Bell discovers the
Porcupine River , which he descends to its confluence with the
Yukon .
[106]
1846 – Candido José da Costa Cardoso discovers
Lake Malawi .
[89]
1846 – Rodrigues Graça travels from
Angola to southwestern
Katanga .
[89]
1846–47 – Scottish explorer
John Rae maps over 1,046 kilometres (650 mi) of coastline from
Lord Mayor Bay to Cape Crozier, discovering
Committee Bay .
[110]
c. 1847–48 –
António da Silva Porto reaches the upper
Zambezi .
[89]
1848 – German missionary
Johannes Rebmann is the first European to sight
Mount Kilimanjaro .
[111]
1849 –
David Livingstone and
William Cotton Oswell cross the
Kalahari Desert to
Lake Ngami .
[89]
1849 – James Clark Ross charts 240 kilometres (150 mi) of the west coast of Somerset Island south to Cape Coulman, discovering
Peel Sound .
[112]
1850 –
Edwin De Haven sails up
Wellington Channel , discovering and naming "Grinnell Land" (the
Grinnell Peninsula , which forms the northwestern corner of Devon Island).
[112]
1850–54 –
Robert McClure transits the
Northwest Passage (by boat and sledge); he and his men also chart some 2,736 kilometres (1,700 mi) of new coastline, consisting of the entire coast of Banks Island and much of the northwestern coast of Victoria Island (from just east of Point Reynolds in the north to
Prince Albert Sound in the south), in the process discovering
Prince of Wales Strait and
McClure Strait .
[113]
[114]
1851 – Rae charts over 965 kilometres (600 mi) of the southern coastline of Victoria Island, from Cape Back to Pelly Point.
[110]
1851 –
Erasmus Ommanney ,
Sherard Osborn and William Browne chart the northern half of
Prince of Wales Island , Osborn west to Sherard Osborn Point (72°20’ N) and Browne east to
Pandora Island ; meanwhile, Robert D. Aldrich charts the west coast of the Bathurst Island group north to Cape Aldrich (about 76°11’ N, on
Île Vanier ) and Dr. Abraham Bradford charts the east coast of Melville Island north to Bradford Point.
[78]
[115]
1851 –
Robert Campbell descends the
Pelly to the Yukon, which he descends to its confluence with the Porcupine, reaching
Fort Yukon .
[106]
1851–52 –
William Kennedy and
Joseph René Bellot discover
Bellot Strait and cross Prince of Wales Island east to west, reaching
Ommanney Bay .
[112]
1852 –
Edward Augustus Inglefield reaches 78° 28’ N, entering Smith Sound; also charts Jones Sound as far west as 84° 10’ W.
[116]
1852–53 –
Edward Belcher sails two of his squadron to the northwestern coast of the Grinnell Peninsula, wintering at 77° 52’ N, 97° W; later circumnavigates the peninsula via Arthur Strait (now Fiord), discovering
Cornwall and
North Kent .
[112]
1853 –
Richard Vesey Hamilton and
George Henry Richards chart the Sabine Peninsula of Melville Island from Cape Mudge east to Bradford Point; the latter, along with Sherard Osborn, also charts the northern coast of Bathurst Island.
[112]
[117]
1853 –
George Mecham discovers
Prince Patrick and
Eglinton Islands and charts the southwest corner of Melville Island; along with
Francis Leopold McClintock , he charts nearly the entire coast of Prince Patrick; McClintock also charts the northwest coast of Melville Island, from Cape Fisher northwest to Cape Scott and south along its west coast to Cape Purchase.
[117]
[118]
1853–54 – American explorer
Elisha Kent Kane and his men chart the
Kane Basin and discover
Kennedy Channel . One of his men, William Morton, reaches as far north as Kap Constitution (81°22’N).
[119]
1853–56 – Livingstone becomes the first to traverse Africa from west to east, traveling from
Luanda in Angola to
Quelimane in
Mozambique ; also explores much of the upper Zambezi and discovers and names
Victoria Falls .
[89]
1854 – Rae charts the Boothia Peninsula from the Castor and Pollux River north to Point de la Guiche, discovering
Rae Strait and proving the insularity of King William Island.
[110]
1858 –
Richard Francis Burton and
John Hanning Speke discover
Lake Tanganyika and
Lake Victoria .
[120]
1859 – McClintock charts the remaining 193 kilometres (120 mi) of the continental coastline of America (on the west coast of the Boothia Peninsula), while his companion
Allen Young charts the southern half of Prince of Wales Island.
[112]
1860–61 –
Robert O'Hara Burke and
William Wills are the first to cross Australia from south to north, traveling from
Melbourne to the
Flinders River .
[5]
1862 – Speke discovers the Nile flowing from the northern end of Lake Victoria.
[5]
1862 – Ivan Lukin ascends the Yukon to Fort Yukon.
[106]
1864 –
Samuel Baker discovers "Luta Nzige" (
Lake Albert ); in the distance he sights the
Mountains of the Moon (the
Rwenzori ).
[5]
1865 –
Edward Whymper is the first to ascend the
Matterhorn .
[5]
1866–68 – A group of
French colonial officers, led by
Ernest Doudard de Lagrée , undertakes a
naval exploration and scientific expedition of the Mekong River and into
Southern China .
[121]
1869 – American naturalist
John Wesley Powell leads the first expedition to travel the entire length of the
Colorado River through the
Grand Canyon .
1869–70 –
Carl Koldewey and
Julius von Payer explore the east coast of Greenland from 74°18’ to 77°01’N.
[122]
1871 –
Charles Francis Hall reaches
Robeson Channel , sailing his ship as far north as 82°11’N; he later travels by sledge to 83°05’N.
[123]
1872 – William Adams proves the insularity of Bylot Island.
[78]
1873–74 –
Karl Weyprecht and Von Payer discover and name
Franz Josef Land .
[122]
1875–76 –
George Nares sails as far north as 82°24’N; the following year,
Albert Hastings Markham sledges to 83°20’26" N, while
Pelham Aldrich sledges along the northern coast of
Ellesmere Island east to Alert Point and
Lewis A. Beaumont explores the northwestern coast of
Greenland .
[123]
1875–77 –
Henry Morton Stanley circumnavigates both Lakes Tanganyika and Victoria, sights
Lake George , and descends the
Lualaba and
Congo to the sea.
[124]
1876 –
Luigi D'Albertis ascends over 800 kilometres (500 mi) up the
Fly River in New Guinea.
[125]
1878–79 –
Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld is the first to transit the
Northeast Passage .
[126]
1881–83 –
Adolphus Greely explores the interior of Ellesmere Island, discovering
Lake Hazen ; one of his men,
James Booth Lockwood , crosses the island and reaches
Greely Fiord , as well as sledging eastwards to the vicinity of Kap Washington (reaching 83° 23’08" N in the process).
[123]
1883–84 – German-American anthropologist
Franz Boas is the first to see
Nettilling Lake on
Baffin Island .
[78]
1887–89 – Stanley traverses the
Ituri Rainforest , explores the Rwenzori, and follows the
Semliki to its source (which he names
Lake Edward ).
[124]
1892 –
Robert Peary discovers and names
Independence Bay and
Peary Land .
[122]
1893–96 –
Fridtjof Nansen and
Hjalmar Johansen sledge to 86°13'06" N; their ship, the
Fram , under
Otto Sverdrup , drifts in the ice from the New Siberian Islands west to the northwest coast of Spitsbergen, reaching 85°55'05" N—a new record for a ship.
[122]
1898–1902 – Sverdrup and
Gunnar Isachsen chart the western coast of Ellesmere Island and discover and name
Axel Heiberg ,
Ellef Ringnes ,
Amund Ringnes , and
King Christian Islands .
[127]
20th century
Amundsen's party at the South Pole, December 1911. From left to right:
Amundsen ,
Hanssen ,
Hassel and
Wisting (photo by fifth member
Bjaaland) .
Scott's party at the South Pole, 18 January 1912. L to R: (standing)
Wilson ,
Scott ,
Oates ; (seated)
Bowers ,
Edgar Evans .
Severnaya Zemlya – raising of the Russian flag in 1913.
1900 – Peary explores the north coast of Greenland from
Cape Washington to
Cape Clarence Wyckoff , on the way reaching
Cape Morris Jesup , the most northern point of mainland Greenland.
[128]
1902–04 –
Robert Falcon Scott traces the length of the Ross Ice Shelf, discovers the
Edward VII Peninsula , reaches about 82°11’ S (in the process tracing 600 kilometres (370 mi) of the west coast of the shelf), crosses the
Transantarctic Mountains and discovers the
Antarctic Plateau , penetrating nearly 240 kilometres (150 mi) into it; he is also the first to see the
dry valleys of the
Antarctic .
[129]
1903–06 – Norwegian polar explorer
Roald Amundsen leads the first expedition to traverse the entire
Northwest Passage , in the sloop
Gjøa ; Godfred Hansen, his second-in-command, charts the east coast of Victoria Island north to Cape Nansen (72°02'N, 104°45'W).
[130]
1906–07 –
Ludvig Mylius-Erichsen and
Johan Peter Koch chart the northeast coast of Greenland from
Cape Bismarck (76°42' N) to Cape Clarence Wyckoff (82°52' N), discovering
Danmark Fjord .
[78]
1908–09 –
Frederick Cook and Peary each claim to have reached the
North Pole —the former is a fraud, the latter widely doubted.
[122]
1910–11 –
Bernhard Hantzsch crosses Baffin Island from Cumberland Sound to the
Koukdjuak River , exploring the west coast of the island north to 68°45’N.
[78]
1911–12 – Amundsen becomes the first person to reach the
South Pole . Scott and his team reach the Pole over a month later, all perishing on the return journey.
[129]
1913 –
Frederick Bailey and
Henry Morshead on their
exploration of the Tsangpo Gorge discover the route of the
Yarlung Tsangpo river.
[131]
1913–14 –
Boris Vilkitsky and Per Novopashennyy discover
Severnaya Zemlya , surveying parts of its eastern coast from
Mys Arkticheskiy to Mys Vaygacha (its southeast point), as well as much of its south coast west to Mys Neupokoyeva.
[132]
1915–17 –
Vilhjalmur Stefansson discovers
Brock ,
Mackenzie King ,
Borden ,
Meighen , and
Lougheed Islands ; one of his men, Storker T. Storkerson, charts part of the northeast coast of Victoria Island, discovering the Storkerson Peninsula and
Stefansson Island .
[78]
[133]
1924–29 –
Joseph Dewey Soper explores the interior of Baffin Island before surveying its west coast north to Hantzsch River.
[78]
1926 – Amundsen,
Lincoln Ellsworth and
Umberto Nobile in the airship
Norge are the first definitely known to have sighted the North Pole.
[122]
1927 –
George P. Putnam charts the north coast of the Foxe Peninsula from Cape Dorchester to
Bowman Bay .
[78]
1930–32 –
Georgy Ushakov and
Nikolay Urvantsev survey the entire coast of Severnaya Zemlya, showing it to be made up of four main islands:
October Revolution ,
Komsomolets ,
Pioneer , and
Bolshevik Islands —in all surveying some 2,200 kilometres (1,400 mi) of coastline and interior.
[132]
1932 – W. A. Poole discovers
Prince Charles Island .
[134]
1934 –
Richard E. Byrd discovers and names
Roosevelt Island .
1937–41 –
Thomas and Ella Manning map the west coast of Baffin Island from the Hantzsch River to
Steensby Inlet .
[78]
1940 – Byrd discovers
Thurston Island , believing it to be a peninsula.
1948 – E. C. Kerslake charts Prince Charles,
Air Force , and
Foley Islands .
[29]
1950 –
Maurice Herzog and
Louis Lachenal of the
French Annapurna expedition become the first climbers to reach the summit of an
8,000-metre peak.
[135]
1953 –
Edmund Hillary and
Tenzing Norgay are the first to ascend
Mount Everest .
[136]
1954 –
Lino Lacedelli and
Achille Compagnoni are the first to ascend
K2 on the
Italian Karakoram expedition .
[137]
1957 –
Finn Ronne discovers
Berkner Island .
See also
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^ Beechey, Frederick William (1832).
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^ Edinger, Ray (2003). Fury Beach: The Four-year Odyssey of Captain John Ross and the Victory . New York: Berkley Books.
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^ McClure, Robert (1856).
Osborn, Sherard (ed.).
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^ Armstrong, Alexander (1857).
A Personal Narrative of the Discovery of the Northwest Passage . London: Hurst and Blackett.
^ Osborn, Sherard (1852).
Stray leaves from an Arctic journal, or, Eighteen months in the polar regions : in search of Sir John Franklin's expedition, in the years 1850–51 . New York: Putnam’s. Sherard Osborn.
^ Inglefield, E. A., George Dickie, and Peter C. Sutherland (1853).
A Summer Search for Sir John Franklin: with a Peep into the Polar Basin . London: T. Harrison. A summer search for Sir John Franklin; with a peep into the polar basin. {{
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The eventful voyage of H.M. discovery ship "Resolute" to the Arctic regions, in search of Sir John Franklin and the missing crews of H.M. discovery ships "Erebus" and "Terror," 1852, 1853, 1854 . London: Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, & Roberts. p.
452 . The Eventful Voyages of HMS Resolute.
^ Murphy, David (2004). The Arctic Fox: Francis Leopold McClintock, discoverer of the fate of Franklin . Toronto: Dundurn Press.
^ Kane, Elisha Kent (1856).
Arctic Explorations: The Second Grinnell Expedition in Search of Sir John Franklin, 1853, '54, '55 . Chicago: S. C. Griggs & Co. Elisha Kent Kane.
^ Speke, John Hanning (1864).
What led to the discovery of the source of the Nile . Edinburgh: Blackwood & Sons. John Hanning Speke Lake Tanganyika.
^ Keay, John (November 2005).
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Ninety Degrees North: The Quest for the North Pole . New York: Grove Press.
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^ D’Albertis, L. M. (1879).
"Journeys up the Fly River and in other parts of New Guinea" . Royal Geographical Society . 1 (1): 4–16.
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^ Leslie, Alexander (1879).
The Arctic Voyages of Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld. 1858–1879 . London: Macmillan and Co.
^ Sverdrup, Otto and Ethel Harriet Hearn (1904).
New Land; Four Years in the Arctic Regions . London: Longmans, Green, and Co.
^ Mirsky, Jeannette (1970).
To the Arctic: The story of northern exploration from earliest times to the present . Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
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^
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Scott of the Antarctic: A Life of Courage and Tragedy . New York: Alfred N. Knopf.
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^ Amundsen, Roald and Godfred Hansen (1908).
Roald Amundsen's "The North West Passage"; being the record of a voyage of exploration of the ship "Gjøa" 1903–1907 . London: A Constable and Co.
^ Mason, Kenneth (1932).
"In Memoriam: Henry Treise Morshead" . Himalayan Journal . 4 .
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b Barr, William (1975). "Severnaya Zemlya: the last major discovery". Geographical Journal . 141 (1): 59–71.
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^ Stefansson, Vilhjalmur (1922).
The Friendly Arctic: The Story of Five Years in Polar Regions . New York: Macmillan.
^ Hayes, Derek. Newestfoundland (Canadian Geographic , October -November 2003 issue).
^ Herzog, Maurice (1997).
Annapurna, first conquest of an 8000-meter peak (26,493 feet) . New York: Lyons & Burford.
^ Hillary, Edmund (1955). High Adventure: The True Story of the First Ascent of Everest . Hodder & Stoughton, London.
^ Curran, Jim (1995). K2: The Story of the Savage Mountain . Hodder & Stoughton.
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Further reading
Morris, Richard B. and Graham W. Irwin, eds. Harper encyclopedia of the modern world: a concise reference history from 1760 to the present (1970)
online
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Lists of explorers
By country of origin By environment