From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Tamanic languages are a small group of languages of
Kapuas Hulu Regency ,
West Kalimantan :
The Tamanic languages are not closely related to other languages on Borneo. Instead, they belong to the
South Sulawesi languages , most probably in one branch together with
Buginese .
[1]
[2]
[3]
Sound changes
Here is a list of sound changes from
Proto-Malayo-Polynesian into various Tamanic languages.
[1]
Consonants
Phonemic mergers:
*D merges into d .
*j merges into s , but merges into d following *n .
*h , *q merge into ∅ , however, in word-final positions their outcomes still differ.
*z merges into d .
Lenition in intervocalic positions:
*-b- > -w- (sometimes deletes).
*-d- > -r- (original *D and *z are also affected).
*-ŋ- , *-k- > -∅- in Taman (*takut > ataut ).
When geminated or following a nasal consonant, the original phonemes remain.
*l is assimilated to r before r in the same or following syllable (*ulaR > urar "snake").
In Taman, *r is further dissimilated to n after *r (urar : uran ).
Development of final glottal stop (-ʔ ) of mostly unexplained origin.
*-q > -ʔ , but *-h > *-∅
Other occurrences are hypothesized from an original Proto-Malayo-Polynesian phoneme -ʔ .
Vowels
*aya , aV > *a: (qi Daya > Embaloh ira: )
In Taman, it was sometimes reflected as ɛ: (
Malay lain > lɛ:n ).
*u was dissimilated to i before *u in the following syllable (*tumpul > timpul "blunt").
*ay , *ey and *aw , *ew were monophthongized into e and o , respectively.
*-iq and *-uq became -e and -o respectively.
West Kalimantan groups
Some Tamanic-speaking Dayak ethnic subgroups and their respective languages in
West Kalimantan province, Indonesia:
[4]
[5]
References
^
a
b K. A. Adelaar. 1994. The classification of the Tamanic languages. In Tom Dutton and Darrell T. Tryon (eds.), Language contact and change in the Austronesian world , 1-42. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
^ K. Alexander Adelaar and Nikolaus Himmelmann. 2005. The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar. London: Routledge.
^ Smith, Alexander D. (2017). "The Western Malayo-Polynesian Problem". Oceanic Linguistics . 56 (2): 435–490.
doi :
10.1353/ol.2017.0021 .
S2CID
149377092 .
^ Bamba, John (ed.) (2008). Mozaik Dayak keberagaman subsuku dan bahasa Dayak di Kalimantan Barat .
Pontianak :
Institut Dayakologi .
ISBN
978-979-97788-5-7 .
^ Istiyani, Chatarina Pancer (2008). Memahami peta keberagaman subsuku dan bahasa Dayak di Kalimantan Barat .
Institut Dayakologi .