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Sula
Sanana
Native to Indonesia, Maluku
Region Sula Islands
Native speakers
(20,000 cited 1983) [1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3 szn
Glottolog sula1245

Sula is a Malayo-Polynesian language of the Central Maluku branch. It is related to the Buru language.

It is definitely endangered, currently under pressure from the local variety of Malay. [2]

Sula has borrowed many lexical items from Ambonese Malay, as well as Ternate, a more dominant language of North Maluku. [2]: 141, 342–535  Dutch loans have entered the language too, perhaps through Malay and Ternate. Standard Indonesian has also been influential. [2]: 141 

Mangole is sometimes listed as a distinct language. [2]: 50 

Phonology

Consonants

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosive/
Affricate
voiceless p t k ʔ
voiced b d ɡ
Nasal m n ŋ
Fricative f s ( ʃ) h
Trill r
Lateral l
Approximant w j

Voiced consonant sounds /b d ɡ/ may also be heard as devoiced [b̥ ɡ̊] in word-final position.

Vowels

Front Central Back
Close i u
Mid e o
Open a

/e/ can also be heard as [ɛ] in lax form. [2]

References

  1. ^ Sula at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ a b c d e Bloyd, Tobias S. (2020). Sula: Its language, land, and people. University of Hawai'i at Mānoa.

Further reading

  • Bloyd, Tobias (2020). Sula: Its Language, Land, and People (PhD thesis). University of Hawai'i at Manoa. hdl: 10125/69017.