| Tamangic | |
|---|---|
| Geographic distribution | Nepal, India ( Sikkim) |
| Linguistic classification |
Sino-Tibetan
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| Subdivisions | |
| Glottolog | kaik1248 |
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The Tamangic languages, TGTM languages, or West Bodish languages or Kaike-Ghale-Tamangic languages ( Glottolog), are a family of Sino-Tibetan languages spoken in the Himalayas of Nepal. They are called "West Bodish" by Bradley (1997), from Bod, the native term for Tibet. TGTM stands for Tamang- Gurung- Thakali- Manang.
Proto-TGTM has been reconstructed in Mazaudon (1994). Tamangic is united with the Bodish and West Himalayish languages in Bradley's (1997) "Bodish" and Van Driem's (2001) Tibeto-Kanauri.
Languages
The Tamangic languages are:
- Tamang (several divergent varieties, with a million speakers)
- Gurung (two varieties with low mutual intelligibility)
- Thakali (including the Seke dialect; ethnically Tamang)
- Manang language cluster: the closely related Manang, Gyasumdo, Nar Phu, and Nyeshangte languages.
- Chantyal
- Ghale languages ( Ghale and Kutang): spoken by ethnic Tamang, perhaps related to Tamangic.
- Kaike (moribund): may be the most divergent.
Footnotes
References
- Bradley, David (1997). " Tibeto-Burman languages and classification". In Tibeto-Burman languages of the Himalayas, Papers in South East Asian linguistics. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
- George van Driem (2001) Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region. Brill.
- Georg, Stefan (1996). Marphatan Thakali. Untersuchungen zur Sprache des Dorfes Marpha im Oberen Kali-Gandaki-Tal/Nepal. München: LINCOM EUROPA. ISBN 90-04-09905-0.
- Mazaudon, Martine. 1994. Problèmes de comparatisme et de reconstruction dans quelques langues de la famille tibéto-birmane. Thèse d'Etat, Université de la Sorbonne Nouvelle.
Sino-Tibetan branches | |||||
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| Western
Himalayas ( Himachal, Uttarakhand, Nepal, Sikkim) |
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| Eastern
Himalayas ( Tibet, Bhutan, Arunachal) | |||||
| Myanmar and Indo-Burmese border |
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| East and Southeast Asia |
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Dubious (possible
isolates) ( Arunachal) |
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| Proposed groupings | |||||
| Proto-languages | |||||
Italics indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches. | |||||
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| Indigenous languages |
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