LAFTA, the Latin American Free Trade Association (known in its member nations as ALALC, the Asociacion Latino-Americana por la Libre Comerico) came into existence under the terms of the 1960 Treaty of Montevideo and consisted of all South American and Central American nations except for
Panama.[1]
Capital Airlines, at the time the fifth largest carrier in the U.S., was acquired by
United Airlines, making United the world's largest commercial airline.[5]
J. Millard Tawes, Governor of Maryland, dedicated a granite and bronze monument in the grounds of the State House at Annapolis to the memory of the
USS Maryland, nicknamed the "Fighting Mary", and her crew.[9]
SS Canberra, with room for 2,198 passengers and, at 45,270 gross tons, the largest British ocean liner to be built after World War II, departed
Southampton on its maiden voyage, bound for Australia.[10]
The
Vienna summit between U.S. President
John F. Kennedy and Soviet Premier
Nikita Khrushchev began in the capital of
Austria, a neutral site. The two world leaders opened discussions with a 75-minute meeting at the U.S. Embassy in Austria.[14] Although described in the press as "cordial",[15] the first meeting between the young American president and the old Soviet leader was hostile, and Kennedy later described it to New York Times reporter
James Reston as "the worst thing in my life", as Khrushchev lectured him and demanded that Western troops leave Berlin.[16]
Clarence Earl Gideon, a 50-year-old drifter, was arrested in
Panama City, Florida, after being accused of burglary of the Bay Harbor Poolroom. Unable to afford an attorney, convicted and sentenced to five years in prison, Gideon filed his own petition for review in the
United States Supreme Court. The Court's ruling in the landmark case of Gideon v. Wainwright established that state courts would be required to provide counsel for any criminal defendant unable to afford an attorney.[17]
Died: "
G. I. Joe", 18, British
war pigeon who was credited with saving the lives of 1,000 soldiers of the British 56th Infantry. On October 18, 1943, the division had taken control of the village of
Calvi Vecchia in
Italy, shortly before the RAF was preparing to make an air strike there. The pigeon flew 20 miles (32 km) to the airfield just as seven RAF bombers were preparing to depart, and the mission was aborted in time.[18]
On the second day of the
Vienna summit, Premier Khrushchev informed President Kennedy that the Soviet Union would, in December, sign a separate peace treaty with East Germany whereby "all commitments stemming from Germany's surrender will become invalid", including the stationing of occupation forces in the city, precipitating what would become known as the
Berlin Crisis. In that
Berlin was entirely within East Germany, all American, British and French access to the city, including the
corridors across East Germany between West Germany and Berlin. Khrushchev added that "it is up to the U.S. to decide whether there will be war or peace", that the Soviet decision to sign the treaty was "firm and irrevocable", and that the treaty would be signed in December. As noted in the memorandum made at the time, and released in 1998, "The President concluded the conversation by observing that it would be a cold winter."[19]
Died: Former Dominican Army General
Juan Tomas Diaz, 52, who masterminded the assassination of Dominican Republic dictator
Rafael Trujillo five days earlier; in a gunbattle with security agents[20]
In separate 5–4 rulings, the
United States Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the
McCarran Act, requiring the
Communist Party of the United States of America (CPUSA) to register the names of all of its members with the U.S. Justice Department (Communist Party v. Subversive Activities Control Board), and the
Smith Act, which made active Communist Party membership a federal crime "if the individual is aware of the party's subversive goals" (Scales v. United States).[21]
Tony Castellitto, seen as a rival to
Anthony Provenzano's leadership of the
Teamsters Union Local 560 that served New York City, vanished after getting into a car with Provenzano's aide, Salvatore "Sally Bugs" Briguglio. "Tony Pro" was the chief suspect after Teamsters' Boss
Jimmy Hoffa disappeared under similar circumstances on July 30, 1975. Provenzano was convicted in 1978 for Castellitto's murder, though Hoffa's killers were never found.[22]
South Korea's military leaders enacted the "Law Concerning Extraordinary Measures for National Reconstruction", replacing the legislative and executive branch with the "Supreme Council of National Reconstruction", consisting of 32 officers and chaired by Major General
Park Chung Hee.[24]
In the United Kingdom, the commercial television franchise for north and west Wales was awarded to
Teledu Cymru, the Wales Television Association, and would go on the air on September 14, 1962. It failed in less than three years.[26]
The decennial
census was taken in
West Germany, and the final tally was that 56,174,826 people lived there.[27]
California's war against the
Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica) began with the discovery, by an entomologist, of one of the pests feeding on a flower on the grounds of the
California State Capitol in
Sacramento. It was soon discovered that an infestation was imminent. For the next four years, the state worked on preventing the beetles from becoming established, with the risk of hundreds of millions of dollars being lost if even 5% of California's fruit crops were destroyed. After four years, the beetle was declared eradicated.[29]
The
Sony Corporation made its first public stock offering in the United States, with two million shares offered at $1.75 a share on Wall Street. Within two hours, all shares had been sold.[30]
The
Milwaukee Braves became the first team in Major League Baseball history to hit four consecutive
home runs in one inning, as
Eddie Mathews,
Hank Aaron,
Joe Adcock and
Frank Thomas scored four home runs in four at-bats in the 7th against pitcher Jim Maloney of the
Cincinnati Reds. The Reds (and Maloney) won anyway, 10–8.[32] The feat was duplicated twice in the next three years, on July 31, 1963 (Indians v. Angels) and May 2, 1964 (Twins v. A's); then not again for 40 years until September 18, 2006 (Dodgers v. Padres) and, most recently, on April 22, 2007 (Red Sox v. Yankees).[33]
A mob of 4,000 farmers seized control of the French town of
Morlaix at dawn, blocking the roads in and around the 13,000-population town with tractors and trucks, occupying the city hall, and defying the town's 100-member police force. The
Breton farmers were angry at the limits on the revenue they could receive from their products. The French Interior Ministry sent 130 riot police to disperse the group.[34]
The results of the 1961 population census of Great Britain were delivered to Parliament and showed the total population of the island to be 51,294,604 based on 43,430,972 in England, 5,223,000 in Scotland, and 2,640,632 in Wales.[37]
James A. Chamberlin, Chief, Engineering Division,
Space Task Group (STG), briefed Director
Robert R. Gilruth, senior STG staff members, and
George M. Low and
John H. Disher of
NASA Headquarters on
McDonnell's advanced capsule design. The design was based on increased component and systems accessibility, reduced manufacturing and checkout time, easier pilot insertion and emergency egress procedures, greater reliability, and adaptability to a paraglide landing system. It departed significantly from
Mercury capsule design in placing most components outside the
pressure vessel and increasing
retrograde and posigrade rocket performance. The group was reluctant to adopt what seemed to be a complete redesign of the
Mercury spacecraft, but it decided to meet again on June 12 to review the most desirable features of the new design. After discussing most of these items at the second meeting, the group decided to ask McDonnell to study a minimum-modification capsule to provide an 18-orbit capability.[42]
Jessie James Ferguson was executed in the electric chair in
Louisiana,[43] and on the same day, Nathaniel Lipscomb was put to death in the gas chamber in
Maryland. These would be the last executions in either state for more than 20 years until the reinstatement of capital punishment in both. Robert Wayne Williams would be executed in Louisiana on December 14, 1983,[44] and John Frederick Thanos in Maryland on May 17, 1994.[45]
George York and James Latham, two U.S. Army privates who had gone AWOL from
Fort Hood, Texas, were arrested in a roadblock west of Salt Lake City, bringing to an end a two-week killing spree. They had strangled two women in Florida, shot an elderly man in Tennessee, beat two men to death the next day in Illinois, and shot a man in Kansas and a woman in Colorado before being caught.[49] The two men were hanged on June 22, 1965, in Kansas.[50]
The
Korean Central Intelligence Agency (KCIA), South Korea's secret police force, was created under the leadership of Colonel
Kim Jong Pil, "explicitly designed to spy on its own citizens". Within three years, it had gone from having 3,000 employees on its payroll to 370,000 officials, agents and informers throughout the nation and abroad.[51]
The Soviet news agency
TASS and the East German press service
ADN released copies of two memoranda given by Soviet Premier Khrushchev to U.S. President Kennedy earlier in the week, confirming that the Soviets wanted all but "symbolic" troops to be withdrawn from West Berlin.[52]
Born:Maxi Priest (stage name for Max Elliott), Jamaican reggae singer; in
Lewisham, London[53]
Olivier Gendebien of Belgium and
Phil Hill of the United States won the
1961 24 Hours of Le Mans, setting a new event record, going almost 50 miles (80 km) farther in the allotted time than any previous team. Together, they drove 2,782.19 miles (4,477.50 km) at an average of 115.92 miles per hour (186.56 km/h).[54]
Norm Cash of the
Detroit Tigers hit a home run out of the three-tier high
Tiger Stadium.[55] He would duplicate the feat three more times over the next two seasons, and, after retiring from baseball, would admit that he had cheated by "corking" his bat.[56]
The "
Night of Fire" took place in the
Italian province of
South Tyrol, inhabited by a substantial German-language speaking population. 37 electricity pylons were blown up by political protesters seeking autonomy for the region. Autonomy would be recognized in 1972 and expanded in 2001.[59][60]
The Space Task Group forwarded to NASA Headquarters the instrumentation system details for the
Mercury-Scout mission, planned to check the operational effectiveness of the
Mercury global tracking network.[25]
From June 13 to 25, approximately 750,000 visitors viewed the
Freedom 7 Mercury spacecraft at the Rassegna International Electronic and Nuclear Fair at
Rome, Italy.[25]
A custom-built
1961 Lincoln Continental convertible was delivered to the White House for use of President Kennedy.[63] Kennedy would be assassinated in the car on November 22, 1963.
American singer
Patsy Cline and her brother, Sam, were involved in a head-on car collision on Old Hickory Boulevard in Nashville. The impact threw Cline into the windshield, nearly killing her.[64]
The British government unveiled new
"panda" crossings with push button controls for pedestrians. The new crossings were set to appear on British roads the following year.[65]
At 11:00 a.m.,
Walter Ulbricht, State Council Chairman of East Germany, opened a rare press conference in
East Berlin for Western journalists, restating the Communist demand that Berlin should be a "Free City". Reporter Annamarie Doherr of the Frankfurter Rundschau asked Ulbricht whether a boundary would be erected at the
Brandenburg Gate. Ulbricht responded with the first reference to "die Mauer" (The Wall), "I understand by your question that there are men in West Germany who wish that we would mobilize the construction workers of the GDR in order to build a wall," and added, "No one has the intention of erecting a wall! ("Niemand hat die Absicht, eine Mauer zu errichten!"). Construction of the
Berlin Wall would begin on
August 13.[67]
Forty-five American civil rights activists,
Freedom Riders who had been arrested on June 2 in
Jackson, Mississippi, for protesting against segregation, were transferred from the crowded local jail to the
Mississippi State Penitentiary in
Parchman. Later that morning, two of the men, Felix Singer and Terry Sullivan, both white men from Chicago, were tortured with an electric
cattle prod, in one of the first publicized uses of an electrified
non-lethal weapon as a law enforcement device to control human beings. The 10,000-volt devices continued to be used throughout the 1960s.[68][69] The story of the brutality at Parchman was reported worldwide after another of the protestors was released two weeks later.[70][71]
At the
Jodrell Bankradio telescope, the search ceased for a Soviet
Venus probe "lost" since
February 1961, as visiting Soviet space scientists prepared to leave. The probe was last commanded on February 12.[72]
The dance troupe of Russia's
Kirov Ballet was at
Le Bourget Airport and waiting to board a flight to
London, when the star, dancer
Rudolf Nureyev, was pulled aside by KGB agents and told that he was to take a 12:25 p.m. flight back to
Moscow. Sensing that he would never be allowed to leave the Soviet Union again, Nureyev broke away from the escorts and ran over to two French airport policemen (who had been alerted by Nureyev's friend Clara Bichkova), shouting in English, "Protect me!" France granted the defecting Nureyev asylum.[74][75]
An Ad Hoc Task Group reported to NASA the results of its studies to determine the main problems, the pacing items, and the major decisions required to accomplish the
crewed lunar landing mission. The
direct ascent method was studied intensively with much less attention given to the
rendezvous method.[25]
English motorcycle racer
Ralph Rensen, 28, became the third rider in less than a week to be killed while competing in the
Isle of Man TT series of races. The previous Saturday, Michael Brookes was fatally injured during practice, and on Monday,
Marie Lambert was killed while riding in a sidecar during a race.[76]
The first
President's Daily Brief, a top secret intelligence bulletin intended only for the view of the
President of the United States, was published and delivered to John F. Kennedy under the title President's Intelligence Checklist. After the failure of the
Bay of Pigs invasion, Kennedy had discarded the Central Intelligence Bulletin, which was limited to CIA findings. The daily briefing, compiled by a panel of representatives from all American government intelligence agencies, was renamed the National Intelligence Daily, then the Senior Executive Intelligence Brief, before becoming the "PDB".[78]
The first jet airplane manufactured in India, the
HF-24 Marut, was flown for the first time, by Captain
Suranjan Das.[79]
Died:Jeff Chandler, 42, American film star; of complications from orthopaedic surgery. Chandler had injured his back on April 15 while filming Merrill's Marauders and underwent surgery on May 13. Arterial damage caused by the operation led to a massive hemorrhage, requiring additional surgery on May 18. Chandler died from blood poisoning 30 days later.[80] His physicians were sued for malpractice, a lawsuit settled months later for $233,358.[81]
Died:Eddie Gaedel, 36, the shortest player in Major League Baseball history, after being mugged. On August 19, 1951, the 3-foot-7-inch (1.09 m) Gaedel had appeared for the
St. Louis Browns in a game against the Detroit Tigers, as a stunt for Browns' owner
Bill Veeck.
By a 5–4 margin, the
United States Supreme Court rendered the landmark decision of Mapp v. Ohio, holding that the admission, in a state criminal trial, of evidence obtained in an illegal search was a violation of the
Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Dollree Mapp had been arrested at her home in
Shaker Heights, Ohio, on May 23, 1957, based on materials found without a warrant or probable cause. The decision resulted in the prospective exclusion of improperly obtained evidence from trials in the United States thereafter.[86]
With the exchange of diplomatic notes between
Sir William Luce, the British Political Resident in the
Persian Gulf, and Sheikh
Abdullah III Al-Salim Al-Sabah, the Anglo-Kuwaiti Treaty of January 23, 1899, was terminated, the British
protectorate over
Kuwait (which provided for control of Kuwait's foreign affairs) came to an end, and Kuwait became an independent nation. Less than a week later, the existence of the State of Kuwait would be threatened by Iraq.[87]
The Political Committee of the
Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party, lone party in Communist
Hungary, adopted a resolution that put into effect a government policy for the assimilation of the nation's growing
Romani minority, which constituted 2% of the population. The program was aimed at improved housing and education for the impoverished Romani, while discouraging a separate Romani culture, and continued in effect until 1989.[88]
Ten weeks into his war crimes trial in
Israel, the prosecution having rested,
Adolf Eichmann took the witness stand in his own defense.[89]
The first seawater
desalinization plant in the United States, located near
Freeport, Texas, was opened. At the
White House, President Kennedy pushed a button to set in motion the process to convert salt water from the Gulf of Mexico into fresh water.[90][91]
The
ATL-98Carvair, created by
Aviation Traders, made its first flight. Each of the 21 Carvairs, converted from a
DC-4 airplane, were designed to carry up to five cars and 20 passengers by air.[92][93]
Meeting together in
Switzerland, the three rival princes of
Laos reached an agreement to avoid further civil war and to create a representative government "of national union". Prime Minister
Boun Oum, former premier
Souvanna Phouma, and
Pathet Lao leader (and future President) Prince
Souphanouvong agreed in
Zürich to ask King
Savang Vatthana to select a new government.[95][96]
Egypt's
Al-Azhar University, a religious institution in operation since
970 AD, was nationalized by the terms of Law 103, approved by the National Assembly at the request of President
Gamal Abdel Nasser.[97]
The Space Task Group forwarded Mercury-Redstone 4 (MR-4) recovery requirements to the U.S. Navy.[25] The Redstone booster for Mercury-Redstone 4 was erected on
Pad 5, at Cape Canaveral.[25]
Former Katangan leader
Moise Tshombe was released for lack of evidence of connection to the January murder of Congolese Premier
Patrice Lumumba.
USAF Major
Robert M. White became the first person to fly an airplane faster than one mile per second, or 3,600 miles per hour (5,800 km/h), and the first to pass
Mach 5. White was piloting an
X-15 over California after taking off from
Edwards Air Force Base, and attained a maximum speed of 3,690 miles per hour (5,940 km/h).[99][100] White, who on
March 7 had been the first person to travel faster than Mach 4, would become the first to reach Mach 6, on
November 9.[101][self-published source?]
The
Antarctic Treaty came into effect, after being ratified simultaneously by
Australia,
Argentina and
Chile. Those nations and nine others had signed the treaty on December 1, 1959.[102]
Twenty-seven years after it had first been introduced, in Europe, the
Henry Miller novel Tropic of Cancer was released in the
United States for the first time and distributed through
Grove Press. Although the U.S. Justice Department and the U.S. Post Office had cleared the book (which included graphic descriptions of sexual intercourse) for sale, booksellers across the United States were threatened with prosecution for violating anti-obscenity laws. The U.S. Supreme Court would settle the issue in the 1964 case of Grove Press v. Gerstein.[103][104]
Modifications were made to
the spacecraft designated for the second crewed suborbital
Project Mercury flight. An observation window replaced two view ports and an improved manual control system was installed.[25]
Iraqi prime minister
Abdul Karim Kassem announced at a press conference his nation's intention to annex the tiny, but oil rich, kingdom of
Kuwait, which had become an independent nation the previous week. Kassem told reporters that the takeover would be peaceful and that the Emir of Kuwait would be permitted to become the administrator of Iraq's new province. The basis of Iraq's claim was that both Iraq and Kuwait had both been part of the Ottoman Empire province of Basra, which had been partitioned in 1918.[106] British troops moved into the area to defend against the chance of an Iraqi invasion, and Kassem rescinded his position on July 8.[107]
White supremacist
George Lincoln Rockwell, accompanied by 20 of his followers in the
American Nazi Party, appeared for "the first and last event to which [he] was invited as a speaker".[108] Rockwell had been invited as a guest of black supremacist
Elijah Muhammad to address a Chicago rally of the
Nation of Islam, more commonly known as the Black Muslims.
Malcolm X appeared as a speaker later in the program. The common link for both groups was a belief in separation of races.
The
Bill Evans Trio completed a two-week booking at
The Village Vanguard in New York, with a live performance that was recorded for later release. This was the last time the trio would play together, as virtuoso bassist
Scott LaFaro was killed in an auto accident 10 days later.[109]
Miriam 'Ma' Ferguson, 86, American politician who was Governor of Texas from 1925 to 1927 and again from 1933 to 1935. Ferguson was only the second woman in history to be inaugurated as Governor of an American state.
Douglas McCurdy, 74, Canadian aviator and Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia
After having gone into hiding in
South Africa to avoid arrest,
African National Congress leader
Nelson Mandela issued the manifesto "The Struggle Is My Life", signaling that the ANC leaders had not fled the country, and changing tactics from passive resistance to armed struggle.[111] A militant wing of the ANC,
Umkhonto we Sizwe ("Spear of the Nation"), was founded as part of the new direction.[112]
Ernest Hemingway was released from hospitalization for the last time, after spending two months at the psychiatric hospital at the
Mayo Clinic for suicidal behavior. The renowned author would shoot himself six days later.[113]
Died:Hélène Dutrieu, 83, Belgian aviator who set several records in the early days of airplane flying
President Kennedy issued
National Security Action Memorandum (NSAM) 55, entitled "Relations of the Joint Chiefs of Staff to the President in Cold War Operations". NSAM-55, along with memoranda #56 and #57, transferred responsibility for planning of U.S. paramilitary operations in peacetime from the
CIA to the
Joint Chiefs of Staff. The directives, proposed by General
Maxwell D. Taylor following the failure of the Bay of Pigs Invasion, were so secret that copies were not released to either the CIA or to the U.S. Department of State.[115]
Using Mercury spacecraft No. 5, a spacecraft seaworthiness test was conducted 65 miles (105 km) east of
Wallops Island. Sea conditions varied with 2-foot (0.61 m) to 4-foot (1.2 m) ground swells and wave heights of from 1 foot (0.30 m) to 2 feet (0.61 m). Spacecraft flotation characteristics were found to be quite satisfactory.[25]
The "first in-orbit break-up event in space history"[118] took place at 06:08:10 UTC, when the upper stage of an American
Thor-Able rocket exploded into 298 fragments at an orbital altitude of roughly 600 miles (970 km). The launch marked the first three-satellite payload[119] lifted into space: the
Transit 4A navigational satellite, which was the first nuclear-powered device in orbit, with energy supplied by the
Systems for Nuclear Auxiliary Power (SNAP) system, powered by the
isotopeplutonium-238;[120] the
Injun I, "the first university-built satellite", designed to gather information on the Earth's radiation belts;[121] and the second
Galactic Radiation and Background satellite (GRAB 2), which measured stellar radiation, but also served as a spy satellite.[122]
You Bet Your Life, a thirty-minute game show hosted by comedian
Groucho Marx, was broadcast for the last time on television, at 10:00 p.m. After starting on CBS Radio in 1947, it had an eleven-season run on NBC from 1950 onward.[123]
From June 29 to 30, factory roll-out inspection of
Atlas launch vehicle 88-D, designated for the
Mercury-Atlas 4 mission, was conducted at
Convair. Personnel strength of the Space Task Group was now 794.[25]
Kuwait requested the assistance of British forces to protect it from possible invasion by Iraq. The next day, an initial contingent of 600 soldiers was dispatched. Kuwait applied for
United Nations membership on the same day.[125]
The
Value Line Composite Index, a weighted measure of the value of individual stocks traded on the various exchanges in the United States, was inaugurated.[126]
Ernest Hemingway returned to his home in Ketchum, Idaho, after treatment at the
Mayo Clinic; two days later, he committed suicide.
Died:Lee de Forest, 87, American inventor whose creation of the
Audionvacuum tube in 1908 revolutionized electronics and radio broadcasting. Despite patenting over 300 inventions, DeForest did not attempt to recover royalties, and left an estate of only $1,250.[128]
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